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Recurrent mutations and genetic alterations in Myelodysplastic syndrome (24,25)

Cytogenetic alterations Risk category
del(11q), -Y Very good
del(5q), del(12p), del(20q), double including del(5q), normal karyotype Good
del(7q), + 8, + 19, isochromosome i(17q), any other single or double independent clones Intermediate
-7, inv(3)/t(3q)/del(3q), double including - 7/del(7q), complex karyotype: > 3 alterations Poor
complex karyotype: > 3 alterations Very poor
Biallelic TP53 Very poor
SF3B1 Favorable risk
EZH2, ASXL1 Lower risk
RUNX1, NRAS Associated with chromosome 7 abnormalities

Recurrent mutations and genetic alterations in mature lymphoid neoplasms

BNHL Molecular alterations Risk stratification
B-CLL/SLL del 13q, 11q, 17p13, 6q21, trisomy 12

Very high-risk disease: 17p deletion and/or TP53 mutations

High-risk disease: IGHV unmutated (without 17p deletion and TP53 mutation)

Standard-risk disease: IGHV mutated (without 17p deletion and TP53 mutation) (5,6)

Burkitt lymphoma translocation at 8q24 (MYC) with 14q32(IGH); translocations at 22q11(IGL) or 2p12 (IGK) MYC_translocation, including deletion of 13q, a gain of 7q, or complex cytogenetics may portend a worse prognosis Double hit mutations in ID3, CCND3, and mutations in 18q21 CN-LOH indicate a poor response to therapy and poor prognosis (29)
DLBCL rearrangements of IGH, IGK, IGL,MYC, 3q27, t(14;18) 16q22-q24, 6p21-p25, 12q22-q24, 11q23-q25, 19q13, 1q21-q23, 8q24, and 19p13, and -17 appeared to be associated with a worse prognosis (30)
Follicular lymphoma t(14;18), abnormalities BCL6 and 3q27 deletions of 1p, 6q, and 17p, and gains of 7 and 12q are strongly associated with a poor prognosis also correlate with a higher risk of transformation (31)
Hairy cell leukemia BRAF V600E
MALT lymphoma t(11;18), t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(3;14)
Mantle cell lymphoma t(11;14)(q13;q32)

Cluster C1Best prognosis mutated IGHV, CCND1 and TP53, amplification of 11q13, and active BCR signaling

Cluster C2—deletion of 11q, ATM mutations, upregulated TNF-α, NF-kB, and DNA repair pathways

Cluster C3—mutations in NOTCH1, NSD2, SP140, and KMT2D; amplification of 13q; deletion of 6q; and downregulated TNF-α, NF-kB, BCR signaling, and MYC target pathways

Cluster C4—Worst prognosis deletion of 13q, 17p/TP53, and 9p; TP53 mutations, complex copy number abnormalities; upregulated MYC pathways (11)

Risk groups in AML according to the European Leukemia Net risk stratification

Favorable risk Intermediate risk Adverse risk
t(8;21)(q22;q22.1)/RUNX1::RUNX1T1 FLT-ITD (regardless of allelic ratio or NPM1 mutation t(6;9)(p23;q34.1)/DEK::NUP214
inv(16)(p13.1;q22) t(9;11)(p21.3;q23.3)/MLLT3::KMT2A t(v;11q23.3/KMT2A rearranged
t(16;16)(p13.1;q22)/CBFB::MYH1 cytogenetic and/or molecular abnormalities not classified as favorable or adverse t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2)/BCR::ABL1
mutated NPM1 without FLT3-ITD (8;16)(p11;p13)/KAT6A:CREBBP
bZIP in-frame mutated CEBPA inv(3)(q21.3;q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2)/GATA2,MECOM (EVI1)
t(3q26.2;v) MECOM (EVI1) rearranged
monosomy 5 or del(5q)
monosomy 7
monosomy 17/abn(17p)
complex karyotype > 3 unrelated chromosomal abnormalities
mutated ASXL1, BCOR, EZH2, RUNX1, SF3B1, SRSF2, STAG2, U2AF1 or ZRSF2
mutated TP53 (variant allele frequency > 10%)

Recurrent mutations and genetic alterations in multiple myeloma (16, 17).

Genetic abnormalities Affected genes Frequency Prognosis
t(4;14) FGFR3, MMSET 11-15% High risk
t(6;14) CCND3 1-2% Standard risk
t(11;14) CCND1 15% Intedmerdiate risk
t(14;16) MAF 3-5% High risk
t(14;20) MAFB 1% High risk
Del 1q FAM46C, CDC14A, MTF2, CDKN2C 30% Shorter survival
Gain of 1q CKS1B, MUC1, MCL1, ANP32E, BCL9, PSMD, PDZK1 50% NDMM Poor prognosis
Del 13q RB1 45% del(13q) – independent favorable impact on OS monosomy 13 – shorter OS
Del 17p TP53 5-12% NDMM Shorter survival
KRAS ~ 50% Neutral
NRAS ~ 50% Worse outcome
BRAF ~ 50% Negative influence on survival
EGR1 ~ 50% Favorable effect on outcomes

Recurrent mutations and genetic alterations in Ph negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (19)

Gene Location Mutation Protein function Frequency Consequence
JAK2 9p24 JAK2V617F tyrosine kinase associated with cytokine receptors 95% PV 50-60% PMF 50-60% ET increased RBC, WBC, PLT production
JAK2 exon 12 3% PV
MPL 1p34 MPL515L/K/A/R MPLS505N TPOR 2-3% ET increased PLT production
other missense mutations 3-5% PMF
CALR 19p13 indel exon 9 Mutant: activator MPL 20-25% ET 25-30% PMF increased PLT production
eISSN:
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Inglese
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3 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Cardiology