[1. Zaki H, Darmstadt GL, Baten A, Ahsan CR, Saha SK. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B and delta virus infection in Bangladesh. J Trop Pediatr. 2003; 49:371-4.10.1093/tropej/49.6.371]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004; 11:97-107.10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Pakistan country profile. Pakistan: World Health Organization. (Accessed 2009 Jul 23). Available at http://www.whopak.org/pakprofile.htm.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Andre F. Hepatitis B epidemiology in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Vaccine. 2000; 18:20-2.10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00456-9]Search in Google Scholar
[5. United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report (1996). New York:Oxford University Press. 1996.]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Abbas Z, Jafri W, Shah HA, Khokhar N, Zuberi SJ. PGS Consensus statement on management of Hepatitis B virus infection-2003. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004; 54: 150-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Akhtar S, Rozi S. An autoregressive integrated moving average model for short-term prediction of hepatitis C virus seropositivity among male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. World J Gastroenterol. 2009; 15:1607-12.10.3748/wjg.15.1607266994519340903]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[8. Waheed Y, Shafi T, Safi SZ, Qadri I. Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors. World J Gastroentrol. 2009; 15:5647-53.10.3748/wjg.15.5647278921619960560]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Alam MM, Zaidi SZ, Malik SA, Naeem A, Shaukat S, Sharif S, et al. Serology based disease status of Pakistani population infected hepatitis B virus. BMC Infec Dis. 2007; 7:64.10.1186/1471-2334-7-64191352917597512]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Abdulla EM, Abdulla FE. Seropositive HBsAg frequency in Karachi and interior Sindh, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2007; 23:157-60.]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Chaudhary IA, Shah SK, Majrooh MA, Alvi AA. Seroprevalence of hepatitis-B and C among patients reporting in surgical OPD at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawlapindi. Review of 5 year literature. Pak J Med Sci. 2007; 23:514-17.]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Tanveer A, Batool K, Qureshi AW. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C in university of the Punjab, Quaid-e- Azam campus, Lahore. ARPN J Agri Biol Sci. 2008; 3: 30-2.]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Noorali S, Hakim ST, McLean D, Kazmi SU, Bagasra O. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotype D in females in Karachi, Pakistan. J Infect Devel Count. 2008; 2:373-8.10.3855/jidc.200]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Agboatwala M, Isomura S, Miyake K, Yamashita T, Morishita T, Akram DS. Hepatitis A, B and C seroprevalence in Pakistan. Indian J Pediatr. 1994; 61: 545-49.10.1007/BF027517167538098]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[15. Khan HI. A study of seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in mothers, and children in Lahore. Pak Ped J. 1996; 20:163-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Jafri W, Jafri N, Yakoob J, Islam M, Tirmizi SFA, Jafar T, et al. Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2006; 6:101.10.1186/1471-2334-6-101153900716792819]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[17. Aziz S, Muzaffar R, Hafiz S, Abbas Z, Zafar MN, Naqvi SA, et al. helicobacter pylori, hepatitis viruses A, C, E, antibodies and HBsAg-prevalence and associated risk factors in pediatric communities of Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2007; 17:195-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Ali N, Khattak J, Anwar M, Tariq WZ, Nadeem M, Irfan M, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and C antibodies in young healthy adults. Pak J Pathol. 2002; 13:3-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Mirza I A, Mirza SH, Irfan S, Siddiqi R, Tariq WZ, Asif. Sero prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in young Adults seeking recruitment in armed forces. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2006; 56:192-7.]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Sharif TB, Tariq WZ. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C in healthy adult male recruits. Pak J Pathol. 2006; 17:142-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Alam M, Tariq WZ, Akram S, Qureshi TZ. Frequency of hepatitis B and C in central Punjab. Pak J Pathol. 2006; 17:140-1.]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Altaf C, Akhtar S, Qadir A, Malik KZ, Ahmed P, Tariq WZ. Frequency of hepatitis B and C among healthy adult males from central Sind. Pak J Pathol. 2007; 18: 113-5.]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Butt T, Ami MS. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and c infections among young adult males in Pakistan. East Med Health J. 2008; 14:791-7.]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Azam N, Mufti K, Zafar N. Frequency of Hepatitis B &C in young male recruits from rural Pakistan. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2009; 2:59-64]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Mujeeb SA, Mehmood K. Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among family blood donors. Ann Saudi Med. 1996; 16:702-3.10.5144/0256-4947.1996.70217429278]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[26. Syed AM. Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among family blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. Int Conf AIDS. 1998; 12:391.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Mujeeb SA, kausar A, Khalid M. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among college first time volunteer blood donors. J Pak Med Assoc. 2000; 5:269-70.]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Ahmad F, Shah SH, Tariq M, Khan JA. Prevalence of hepatitis B carrier and HIV in healthy donors at Ayub teaching hospital. Pak J Med. 2000; 39:91-2.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Khattak MF. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2002; 52:398-402.]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Mumtaz S, Rehman MU, Muzaffar M, Hassan M, Iqbal W. Frequency of seropositive blood donors for hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses in railway hospital Rawalpindi. Pak J Med Res. 2002; 41:51-3.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Rehman MU, Akhtar GN, Lodhi Y. Transfusion transmitted HIV and HBV infections in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2002; 8:18-25.]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Khan MA, Rehman A, Ashraf M, Ali A, Ahraf M, Ditta A. Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in blood donors at Liaquetpur. Profess Med J. 2006; 13:23-6.10.29309/TPMJ/2006.13.01.5050]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Asif N, Khokhar N, Ilahi F. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among voluntary non remunerated and replacement donors in northern Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2004; 20:24-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Ahmad J, Taj AS, Rahim A, Shah A, Rehman M. Frequency of hepatitis B and C in healthy blood donors of NWFP: A single centre experience. J Post Med Inst. 2004; 18:343-52.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Akhtar S, Younus M, Adil S, Hassan F, Jafri SH. Epidemiologic study of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Gastroenterology. 2005; 5:26.10.1186/1471-230X-5-26]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Fayyaz M, Khan MA, Qazi MA, Chaudhary GMD, Ahmed G. Hepatitis B, C and HIV: sero-prevalence of infection in blood donors. Profess Med J. 2006; 13: 632-6.10.29309/TPMJ/2006.13.04.4941]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Jehangir W, Ali F, Shahnawaz U, Iqbal T, Qureshi HJ. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors of south Punjab. Esculapio. 2006; 2:67.]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Chaudhary IA, Samilluah, Khan SS, Masood R, Sardar MA, Mallhi AA. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the healthy blood donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak J Med Sci. 2007; 23:64-7.]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Aziz MS. Prevalence of Anti hepatitis C antibodies and hepatitis B surface antigen in healthy blood donors in Baltistan. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2006; 56:189-91.]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Mujeeb SA, Nanan D, Sabir S, Altaf A, Kadir M. Hepatitis B and C infection in first-time blood donors in Karachi - a possible subgroup for sentinel surveillance. East Mediterr Health J. 2006; 12:735-41.]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Khan MS, Jamil M, Jan S, Zardad S, Sultan S, Sahibzada AS. Prevalence of hepatitis ‘B’ and ‘C’ in orthopedics patients at Ayub teaching Hospital Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2007; 19: 82-4.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Khan ZT, Asim S, Tariq Z, Ehsan IA, Malik RA, Ashfaq B, et al. Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infection in healthy blood donors in Rawalpinid district, Pakistan - a five year study. Int J Pathol. 2007; 5:21-5.]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Khan ZA, Aslam MI, Ali S. The frequency of hepatitis B and C among volunteer blood donors in Balochistan. Hep Mon. 2007; 7:73-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Bhatti FA, Ullah Z, Salamat N, Ayub M, Ghani E. Anti-hepatitis B core antigen testing, viral markers, and occult hepatitis B virus infection in Pakistani blood donors: implications for transfusion practice. Transfusion. 2007; 47:74-9.10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01066.x]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Mehnaz A, Hashmi H, Syed S, Kulsoom. Hepatitis B markers in mothers and its transmission in newborn. J Coll Physic Surg Pak. 2002; 12:240-2.]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Kazmi K. Ghafoor A, Qureshi W. Mother-infant transmission of hepatitis B in Pakistan. Pak J Med Res. 2006; 42:152-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Hakeem A, Khan MS, Abdullah M, Rehman MA, Hashmi MI. Prevalence of HbSAg and anti HCV in pregnant ladies attending antenatal clinic at sheikh Zayed Medical complex, Rahim Yar Khan. Esculapio. 2006; 2:8-10.]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Rana G, Akmal N, Akhtar N. Prevalence of hepatitis B in pregnant females. Ann King Edward Med Coll. 2006; 12:313.10.21649/akemu.v12i2.911]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Yousfani S, Mumtaz F, Memon A, Memon MA, Sikandar R. Antenatal screening for hepatitis B and C virus carrier state at a university hospital. J Liaquat Uni Med Health Sci. 2006; 5:24-7.10.22442/jlumhs.06510081]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Ahmad A, Khichi GQK, Rehman A. Hepatitis markers; its transmission in newborns from mothers. Profess Med J. 2007; 14:307-11.10.29309/TPMJ/2007.14.02.4894]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Ali HS, Memon MA. Prevalence of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital. Infect Dis J. 2007; 16:35-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Sami S, Korejo R, Bhutta SZ. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C: a Jinnah postgraduate medical centre experience. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009; 35:533-38.10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00991.x]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[53. Sheikh SM. Hepatitis B and C: value of universal antenatal screening. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009; 19:179-82.]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Mujeeb SA, Khatri Y, Khanani R. Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among operation room personnel. J Hosp Infect. 1998; 38:133-7.10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90066-4]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[55. Rehman K, Khan AA, HaiderZ, Shahzad A, Iqbal J, Khan RU, et al. Prevalence of seromarkers of HBV and HCV in health care personnel and apparently healthy blood donors. J Pak Med Assoc. 1996; 46: 152-4.]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Naz S, Ahmad M, Asghar H. Prevalence of Hepatitis ‘B’ among hospital personnel in combined military hospital (CMH) Muzzafarabad. Int J Agri Biol. 2002; 4: 227-30.]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Aziz S, Memon A, Tily HI, Rasheed K, Jehangir K, Quraishy MS. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of civil hospital Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2006; 56:48-50.]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Sarwar J, Gul N, Idris M, Anis-ur-Rehman, Farid J, Adell MY. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in health care workers in Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008; 20:27-9.]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Mohammad J, Hussain M, Khan MA. Frequency of hepatitis B and C infection in thalassemic children. Pak Paed J. 2003; 27:161-4.]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Hussain M, Khan MA, Jan M, Jan A. Frequency of hepatitis B and C in hemophiliac children. Pak Pead J. 2003; 27:157-60.]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Khokhar N, Naz F. Hepatits B surface antigenemia in patients on hemodialysis. Rawal Med J. 2004; 29:18-21.]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Shah SMA, Khan MT, Zahour Ullah, Ashfaq NY. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused thalassemia major in North West Frontier Province. Pak J Med Sci. 2005; 21:281-3.]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Malik N, Hussain Z. Marker of viral hepatitis in hemophiliacs. Biomedica. 2006; 22:48-50.]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Rahman M, Lodhi Y. Prospects and future of conservative management of beta thalassemia major in adeveloping country country. Pak J Med Sci. 2004; 20:105-12.]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Ghauri AK, Rehman N, Shah SA, Memon MA. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis in injecting drug users at Karachi. Int Conf AIDS. 2002; 14:7-12.]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Altaf A, Shah SA, Zaidi NA, Memon A, Nadeem-ur-Rehman, Wray N. High risk behaviors of injection drug users registered with harm reduction programme in Karachi, Pakistan. Harm Reduct J. 2007; 14:7.10.1186/1477-7517-4-7180084117291354]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Achakzai M, Kassi M, Kasi PM. Seroprevalences and co-infections of HIV, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus in injecting drug users in Quetta, Pakistan. Trop Doct. 2007; 37:43-5.10.1258/00494750777995198917326891]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Alam MM, Zaidi SZ, Shaukat S, Sharif S, Angez M, Naeem A, et al. Common genotypes of hepatitis B virus prevalent in injecting drug abusers(addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Vir J. 2007; 4:63.10.1186/1743-422X-4-63191059817597548]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[69. Baig S, Siddiqui AA, Chakarvarty R, Moatter T, Unnissa T, Nazr-ul-hasnain. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus in Pakistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008; 18:688-94.]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Ahmed CS, Wang A, Bin Z, Chen J, Kamal M, Hou J. Hepatitis B virus genotypes, subgenotypes, precore, and basal core promoter mutations in the two largest provinces of Pakistan. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 24:569-73.10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05642.x]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Baig S, Siddiqui A, chakarvarty R, Moattar T. Hepatitis B virus subgenotypes D1 and D3 are prevalent in Pakistan. BMC Res Notes. 2009; 2:1.10.1186/1756-0500-2-1]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[72. Luby SP, Qamruddin K, Shah AA, Omair A, Pahsa O, Khan AJ, et al. The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad. Pak Epidemiol Infect. 1997; 119:349-56.10.1017/S0950268897007899]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Zafar A, Habib F, Hadwani R, Ejaz M, Khowaja K, Khowaja R, et al. Impact of infection control activities on the rate of needle stick injuries at a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan over a period of six years: an observational study. BMC Inf Dis. 2009; 9:78.10.1186/1471-2334-9-78]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Altaf A, Janjua NZ, Hutin Y. The cost of unsafe injections in Pakistan and challenges for prevention program. J Coll Physic Surg Pak. 2007; 16:622-4.]Search in Google Scholar
[75. World Health Organization. Unsafe injection practices having serious large-scale consequences. Press Release WHO/14. Geneva: WHO: 2000:1-2.]Search in Google Scholar
[76. Waheed Y, Saeed U, Safi SZ, Chaudhry WN, Qadri I. Awareness and risk factors associated with barbers in transmission of hepatitis B and C from Pakistani population: barber’s role in viral transmission. Asian Biomed. 2010; 4:435-42.10.2478/abm-2010-0053]Search in Google Scholar
[77. Khaliq AA, Smego RA. Barber shaving and bloodborne disease transmission in developing countries. S Afr Med J. 2005; 95:94-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[78. Janjua NZ, Nizamy MA. Knowledge and Practices of barbers about hepatitis B and C transmission in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004; 54: 116-9.]Search in Google Scholar
[79. Candan F, Alagozlu H, Poyraz O, Sumer H. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in barbers in Sivas region of Turkey. Occup Med. 2002; 52:31-4.10.1093/occmed/52.1.31]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[80. Zahraoui-Mehadji M, Baakrim MZ, Laraqui S, Laraqui O, El Kabouss Y, Verger C, et al. Infectious risks associated with blood exposure for traditional barbers and their customers in Morocco. Sante. 2004; 14:211-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[81. Alam M, Tariq WZ. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about hepatitis B and C among young healthy males. Pak J Pathol. 2006; 17:147-50.]Search in Google Scholar
[82. Talpur AA, Memon NA, Solangi RA, Ghumro AA. Knowledge and attitude of patients towards Hepatitis B and C. Pak J Surg. 2007; 23:162-5.]Search in Google Scholar
[83. Zuberi BF, Zuberi FF, Vasvani A, Faisal N, Afsar S, Rehman J, et al. Appraisal of the knowledge of internet users of Pakistan regarding hepatitis using on-line survey. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008; 20:91-3.]Search in Google Scholar
[84. World Health Organization: Hepatitis B. Fact sheet 2000. WHO/204.]Search in Google Scholar
[85. WHO/UNICEF. Review of National Immunization Coverage.1980-2008. Pakistan. 2009; 7.]Search in Google Scholar
[86. Raza SA, Clifford GM, Franceschi S. Worldwide variation in the relative importance of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Br J Cancer. 2007; 96:1127-34.10.1038/sj.bjc.6603649]Search in Google Scholar
[87. Demaria N, Manno M, Villa E. Sex hormones and liver cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002; 193:59-63.10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00096-5]Search in Google Scholar
[88. Baig S, Siddiqui AA, Ahmed W, Qureshi H, Arif A. The association of complex liver disorder with HBV genotypes prevalent in Pakistan. Virol J. 2007; 4:128.10.1186/1743-422X-4-128221263818042293]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[89. Baig S. Gender Disparity in infections of Hepatitis B virus. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009; 19:598-600.]Search in Google Scholar