A Systematic Review of Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

Singh D, Dewan I, Pandey AN, Tyagi S. Spectrum of unnatural fatalities in the Chandigarh zone of north-west India: a 25 year autopsy study from a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Forensic Med 2003;10:145-52.10.1016/S1353-1131(03)00073-7Search in Google Scholar

Gupta S, Ahlawat SK. Aluminum phosphide poisoning: a review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1995;33:19-24.10.3109/155636595090202117837309Search in Google Scholar

Shadnia S, Sasanian G, Allami P, Hosseini A, Ranjbar A, Amini-Shirazi N, Abdollahi M, 2009. A retrospective 7-years study of aluminum phosphide poisoning in Tehran: opportunities for prevention. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009;28:209-13.10.1177/096032710809719419734272Search in Google Scholar

Bogle RG, Theron P, Brooks P, Dargan PI, Redhead J. Aluminium phosphide poisoning. Emerg Med J 2006;23:e03.10.1136/emj.2004.015941256414816373788Search in Google Scholar

Andersen TS, Holm JW, Andersen TS. Forgiftning med muldvarpegasningsmidlet aluminiumfosfid [Poisoning with aluminum phospholipide used as a poison against moles, in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger 1996;158:5308-9.Search in Google Scholar

Alter P, Grimm W, Maisch B. Lethal heart failure caused by aluminium phosphide poisoning. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:327.10.1007/s00134000074411280664Search in Google Scholar

Anger F, Paysant F, Brousse F, Le Normand I, Develay P, Gaillard Y, Baert A, Le Gueut MA, Pepin G, Anger JP. Fatal aluminum phosphide poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2000;24:90-2.10.1093/jat/24.2.9010732945Search in Google Scholar

Gurjar M, Baronia AK, Azim A, Sharma K. Managing aluminum phosphide poisonings. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011;4:378-84.10.4103/0974-2700.83868316270921887030Search in Google Scholar

Shadnia S, Rahimi M, Pajoumand A, Rasouli MH, Abdollahi M. Successful treatment of acute aluminium phosphide poisoning: possible benefit of coconut oil. Hum Exp Toxicol 2005;24:215-8.10.1191/0960327105ht513oa15957538Search in Google Scholar

Eddleston M, Phillips MR. Self poisoning with pesticides. Br Med J 2004;328:42-4.10.1136/bmj.328.7430.4231390914703547Search in Google Scholar

Jeyaratnam J. Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. World Health Stat Q 1990;43:139-44.Search in Google Scholar

Mehrpour O, Singh S. Rice tablet poisoning: a major concern in Iranian population. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010;29:701-2.10.1177/096032710935964320097728Search in Google Scholar

Lauterbach M, Solak E, Kaes J, Wiechelt J, Von Mach MA, Weilemann LS. Epidemiology of hydrogen phosphide exposures in humans reported to the poison center in Mainz, Germany, 1983-2003. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005;43:575-81.10.1081/CLT-200068847Search in Google Scholar

Price NR, Moles KA, Humphires OA. Phosphine toxicity and catalase activity in susceptible and resistant strains of lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica). Comp Biochem Physiol 1982;73:411-5.10.1016/0306-4492(82)90144-7Search in Google Scholar

Bolter CJ, Chefurka W. Extramitochondrial release of hydrogen peroxide from insect and mouse liver mitochondria using the respiratory inhibitors phosphine, myxothiazol, and antimycin and spectral analysis of inhibited cytochromes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;278:65-72.10.1016/0003-9861(90)90232-NSearch in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Arora V, Sharma A, Chugh K. Free radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning. Indian J Med Res 1996;104:190-3.Search in Google Scholar

Dua R, Gill KD. Aluminium phosphide exposure: implications on rat brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;89:315-9.10.1034/j.1600-0773.2001.d01-167.x11903958Search in Google Scholar

Abdollahi M, Ranjbar A, Shadnia S, Nikfar S, Rezaie A. Pesticides and oxidative stress: a review. Med Sci Monit 2004;10:RA141-7.Search in Google Scholar

Nath NS, Bhattacharya I, Tuck AG, Schlipalius DI, Ebert PR. Mechanisms of phosphine toxicity. J Toxicol 2011;2011:494168. Epub 2011 Apr 28.10.1155/2011/494168313521921776261Search in Google Scholar

Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. A review on the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia induced by organophosphorus pesticides. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2007;88:115-21.10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.10.003Search in Google Scholar

Al-Azzawi MJ, Al-Hakkak ZS, Al-Adhami BW. In vitro inhibitory effects of phosphine on human and mouse serum cholinesterase. Toxicol Environ Chem 1990;29:53-6.10.1080/02772249009357617Search in Google Scholar

Wilson R, Lovejoy FH, Jaeger RJ, Landrigan PL. Acute phosphine poisoning aboard a grain freighter. Epidemiologic, clinical, and pathological findings. JAMA 1980;244:148-50.10.1001/jama.1980.03310020024020Search in Google Scholar

Mehrpour O, Dolati M, Soltannejad K, Shadnia S, Nazparvar B. Evaluation of histopathological changes in fatal aluminum phosphide poisoning. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol 2008;2:34-6.Search in Google Scholar

Proudfoot AT. Aluminium and zinc phosphide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009;47:89-100.10.1080/1556365080252067519280425Search in Google Scholar

Chin KL, Mai X, Meaklim J, Scollary GR, Leaver DD. The interaction of phosphine with haemoglobin and erythrocytes. Xenobiotica 1992;22:599-607.10.3109/004982592090531231413875Search in Google Scholar

Potter WT, Rong S, Griffith J, White J, Garry VF. Phosphine-mediated Heinz body formation and hemoglobin oxidation in human erythrocytes. Toxicol Lett 1991;57:37-45.10.1016/0378-4274(91)90117-OSearch in Google Scholar

Shadnia S, Soltaninejad K, Hassanian-Moghadam H, Sadeghi A, Rahimzadeh H, Zamani N, Ghasemi-Toussi A, Abdollahi M. Methemoglobinemia in aluminum phosphide poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011;30:250-3.10.1177/0960327110384287Search in Google Scholar

Popp W, Mentfewitz J, Götz R, Voshaar T. Phosphine poisoning in a German office. Lancet 2002;359:1574.10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08518-5Search in Google Scholar

Aggarwal P, Handa R, Wig N, Biswas A, Saxena R, Wali JP. Intravascular hemolysis in aluminium phosphide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:488-9.10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90255-3Search in Google Scholar

Sood AK, Mahajan A, Dua A. Intravascular haemolysis after aluminium phosphide ingestion. J R Soc Med 1997;90:47-8.10.1177/014107689709000116Search in Google Scholar

Singh RB, Singh RG, Singh U. Hypermagnesemia following aluminum phosphide poisoning. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991;29:82-5.Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Dushyant, Ram S, Arora B, Malhotra KC. Incidence and outcome of aluminium phosphide poisoning in a hospital study. Indian J Med Res 1991;94:232-5.Search in Google Scholar

Chhina RS, Thukral R, Chawla LS. Aluminum phosphide-induced gastroduodenitis. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:635-6.10.1016/S0016-5107(92)70546-XSearch in Google Scholar

Nijhawan S, Rastogi M, Tandon M, Mathur A, Rai RR. Aluminum phosphide-induced esophageal stricture: an unusual complication. Endoscopy 2006;38(Suppl 2):E23.10.1055/s-2006-94463717366390Search in Google Scholar

Talukdar R, Singal DK, Tandon RK. Aluminium phosphide-induced esophageal stricture. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006;25:98-9.Search in Google Scholar

Madan K, Chalamalasetty SB, Sharma M, Makharia G. Corrosive-like strictures caused by ingestion of aluminium phosphide. Natl Med J India 2006;19:313-4.Search in Google Scholar

Shadnia S, Mehrpour O, Abdollahi M. Unintentional poisoning by phosphine released from aluminum phosphide. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008;27:87-9.10.1177/096032710708624118480154Search in Google Scholar

Bhargava S, Rastogi R, Agarwal A, Jindal G. Esophagobronchial fistula - A rare complication of aluminum phosphide poisoning. Ann Thorac Med 2011;6:41-2.10.4103/1817-1737.74276302387121264171Search in Google Scholar

Jain RK, Gouda NB, Sharma VK, Dubey TN, Shende A, Malik R, Tiwari G. Esophageal complications following aluminium phosphide ingestion: an emerging issue among survivors of poisoning. Dysphagia 2011;25:271-6.10.1007/s00455-009-9251-y19727954Search in Google Scholar

Frangides CY, Pneumatikos IA. Persistent severe hypoglycemia in acute zinc phosphide poisoning. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:223.10.1007/s00134-001-1164-7Search in Google Scholar

Akkaoui M, Achour S, Abidi K, Himdi B, Madani A, Zeggwagh AA, Abouqal R. Reversible myocardial injury associated with aluminum phosphide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007;45:728-31.10.1080/15563650701517350Search in Google Scholar

Bayazit AK, Noyan A, Anarat A. A child with hepatic and renal failure caused by aluminum phosphide. Nephron 2000;86:517.10.1159/000045849Search in Google Scholar

Memiş D, Tokatlioglu D, Koyuncu O, Hekimoglu S. Fatal aluminium phosphide poisoning. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007;24:292-3.10.1017/S0265021506001451Search in Google Scholar

Saleki S, Ardalan FA, Javidan-Nejad A. Liver histopathology of fatal phosphine poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 2007;166:190-3.10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.033Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Ram S, Mehta LK, Arora BB, Malhotra KC. Adult respiratory distress syndrome following aluminium phosphide ingestion. Report of 4 cases. J Assoc Physicians India 1989;37:271-2.Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Aggarwal HK, Mahajan SK. Zinc phosphide intoxication symptoms: analysis of 20 cases. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36:406-7.Search in Google Scholar

Singh S, Singh D, Wig N, Jit I, Sharma BK. Aluminum phosphide ingestion: a clinico-pathologic study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996;34:703-6.10.3109/15563659609013832Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Chugh K, Ram S, Malhotra KC. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in aluminium phosphide poisoning with special reference to its incidence, pathogenesis, mortality and histopathology. J Indian Med Assoc 1991;89:32-5.Search in Google Scholar

Katira R, Elhence GP, Mehrotra ML, Srivastava SS, Mitra A, Agarwala R, Ram A. A study of aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning with special reference to electrocardiographic changes. J Assoc Physicians India 1990;38:471-3.Search in Google Scholar

Bhasin P, Mittal HS, Mitra A. An echocardiographic study in aluminium phosphide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1991;39:851.Search in Google Scholar

Kalra GS, Anand IS, Jit I, Bushnurmath B, Wahi PL. Aluminium phosphide poisoning: haemodynamic observations. Indian Heart J 1991;43:175-8.Search in Google Scholar

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh DS. Cardiovascular manifestations of aluminium phosphide intoxication. J Assoc Physicians India 1989;37:590-2.Search in Google Scholar

Siwach SB, Singh H, Jagdish, Katyal VK, Bhardwaj G. Cardiac arrhythmias in aluminium phosphide poisoning studied by on continuous holter and cardioscopic monitoring. J Assoc Physicians India 1998;46:598-601.Search in Google Scholar

Mehrpour O, Shadnia S, Soltannejad K, Yaghmaei A. Evaluation of electrolytes and blood glucose level in aluminum phosphide poisoning. Scientific J Forensic Med 2009;15:49-53.Search in Google Scholar

Dua R, Kumar V, Sunkaria A, Gill KD. Altered glucose homeostasis in response to aluminium phosphide induced cellular oxygen deficit in rat. Indian J Exp Biol 2010;48:722-30.Search in Google Scholar

Easterwood L, Chaffin MK, Marsh PS, Porter B, Barr C. Phosphine intoxication following oral exposure of horses to aluminum phosphide-treated feed. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:446-50.10.2460/javma.236.4.446Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Kishore K, Aggarwal N, Attri S. Aluminium phosphide (ALP) is a widely used fumigant posticide. J Assoc Physicians India 2000;48:855-6.Search in Google Scholar

Singh B, Gupta S, Minocha SK, Aggarwal NM. Hypoglycaemia in aluminium phosphide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1994;42:663.Search in Google Scholar

Patial RK, Bansal SK, Kashyap S, Sharma AK, Sharma B. Hypoglycaemia following zinc phosphide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1990;38:306-7.Search in Google Scholar

Abder-Rahman H. Effect of aluminum phosphide on blood glucose level. Vet Hum Toxicol 1999;41:31-2.Search in Google Scholar

Mehrpour O, Alfred S, Shadnia S, Keyler DE, Soltaninejad K, Chalaki N, Sedaghat M. Hyperglycemia in acute aluminum phosphide poisoning as a potential prognostic factor. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008;27:591-5.10.1177/0960327108096382Search in Google Scholar

Mehrpour O, Keyler D, Shadnia S. Comment on aluminum and zinc phosphide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009;47:838-9.10.1080/15563650903203684Search in Google Scholar

Singh RB, Saharia RB, Sharma VK. Can aluminium phosphide poisoning cause hypermagnesaemia? A study of 121 patients. Magnes Trace Elem 1990;9:212-8.Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Jaggal KL, Sharma A, Arora B, Malhotra KC. Magnesium levels in acute cardiotoxicity due to aluminium phosphide poisoning. Indian J Med Res 1991;94:437-9.Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Kamar P, Sharma A, Chugh K, Mittal A, Arora B. Magnesium status and parenteral magnesium sulphate therapy in acute aluminum phosphide intoxication. Magnes Res 1994;7:289-94.Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Kolley T, Kakkar R, Chugh K, Sharma A. A critical evaluation of anti-peroxidant effect of intravenous magnesium in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning. Magnes Res 1997;10:225-30.Search in Google Scholar

Dueñas A, Pérez-Castrillon JL, Cobos MA, Herreros V. Treatment of the cardiovascular manifestations of phosphine poisoning with trimetazidine, a new antiischemic drug. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:219-20.10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90075-XSearch in Google Scholar

Siwach SB, Singh P, Ahlawat S, Dua A, Sharma D. Serum and tissue magnesium content in patients of aluminium phosphide poisoning and critical evaluation of high dose magnesium sulphate therapy in reducing mortality. J Assoc Physicians India 1994;42:107-10.Search in Google Scholar

Siwach SB, Singh P, Ahlawat S. Magnesium in aluminium phosphide poisoning - where have we erred? J Assoc Physicians India 1994;42:193-4.Search in Google Scholar

Mostafazadeh B, Pajoumand A, Farzaneh E, Aghabiklooei A, Rasouli MR. Blood levels of methemoglobin in patients with aluminum phosphide poisoning and its correlation with patient's outcome. J Med Toxicol 2011;7:40-3.10.1007/s13181-010-0121-7361410421057909Search in Google Scholar

Shadnia S, Soltaninejad K. Spontaneous ignition due to intentional acute aluminum phosphide poisoning. J Emerg Med 2011;40:179-81.10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.02819625157Search in Google Scholar

Wahab A, Rabbani MU, Wahab S, Khan RA. Spontaneous self-ignition in a case of acute aluminium phosphide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 2009;27:752.e5-6.10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.04519751640Search in Google Scholar

Yadav J, Athawal BK, Dubey BP, Yadav VK. Spontaneous ignition in case of celphos poisoning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:353-5.10.1097/PAF.0b013e31815b4bed18043026Search in Google Scholar

Brautbar N, Howard J. Phosphine toxicity: report of two cases and review of the literature. Toxicol Ind Health 2002;18:71-5.10.1191/0748233702th133oa12868795Search in Google Scholar

Kurzbauer H, Kiesler A. Zawodowe zatrucie fosforowodorem [Occupational phosphine poisoning, in Polish]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1987;21:415-7.Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Ram S, Chugh K, Malhotra KC. Spot diagnosis of aluminium phosphide ingestion: an application of a simple test. J Assoc Physicians India 1989;37:219-20.Search in Google Scholar

Bumbrah GS, Krishan K, Kanchan T, Sharma M, Sodhi GS. Phosphide poisoning: A review of literature. Forensic Sci Int 2012;214:1-6.10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.01821763089Search in Google Scholar

Anand R, Binukumar BK, Gill KD. Aluminum phosphide poisoning: an unsolved riddle. J Appl Toxicol 2011;31:499-505.10.1002/jat.169221607993Search in Google Scholar

Siwach SB, Gupta A. The profile of acute poisonings in Harayana-Rohtak Study. J Assoc Physicians India 1995;43:756-9.Search in Google Scholar

Pajoumand A, Jalali N, Abdollahi M, Shadnia S. Survival following severe aluminum phosphide poisoning. J Pharm Pract Res 2002;32:297-9.10.1002/jppr2002324297Search in Google Scholar

Bajwa SJ, Bajwa Kaur SK, Kaur J, Singh K, Panda A. Management of celphos poisoning with a novel intervention: A ray of hope in the darkest of clouds. Anesth Essays Res 2010;4:20-4.10.4103/0259-1162.69301417333725885082Search in Google Scholar

Mehrpour O, Farzaneh E, Abdollahi M. Successful Treatment of aluminum phosphide poisoning with digoxin: a case report and review of literature. Int J Pharmacol 2011;7:761-4.10.3923/ijp.2011.761.764Search in Google Scholar

Siddaiah L, Adhyapak S, Jaydev S, Shetty G, Varghese K, Patil C, Iyengar S. Intra-aortic balloon pump in toxic myocarditis due to aluminum phosphide poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2009;5:80-3.10.1007/BF03161093Search in Google Scholar

Baeeri M, Shariatpanahi M, Baghaei A, Ghasemi-Niri SF, Mohammadi H, Mohammadirad A, Hassani S, Bayrami Z, Hosseini A, Rezayat SM, Abdollahi M. On the benefit of magnetic magnetic magnesium nanocarrier in cardiovascular toxicity of aluminum phosphide. Toxicol Ind Health 2011. [Epub ahead of print]10.1177/0748233711425074Search in Google Scholar

Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Pajoumand A. Two years epidemiological survey of aluminium phosphide poison. Iranian J Toxicol 2007;1:1-9.Search in Google Scholar

Hsu C, Han B, Liu M, Yeh C, Casida JE. Phosphine-induced oxidative damage in rats: attenuation by melatonin. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:636-42.10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00277-4Search in Google Scholar

Hsu CH, Chi BC, Liu MY, Li JH, Chen CJ, Chen RY. Phosphine-induced oxidative damage in rats: role of glutathione. Toxicology 2002;179:1-8.10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00246-9Search in Google Scholar

Saidi H, Shojaie S. Effect of sweet almond oil on survival rate and plasma cholinesterase activity of aluminum phosphide-intoxicated rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011. [Epub ahead of print]10.1177/096032711140722921508069Search in Google Scholar

Saidi H, Shokraneh F, Ghafouri HB, Shojaie SJ. Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on survival time of aluminum phosphide intoxicated rats. J Res Med Sci 2011;16:1306-12.Search in Google Scholar

Sanaei-Zadeh H, Farajidana H. Is there a role for digoxin in the management of acute aluminum phosphide poisoning? Med Hypotheses 2011;76:765-6.10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.02321388748Search in Google Scholar

Marashi SM, Arefi M, Behnoush B, Nasrabad MG, Nasrabadi ZN. Could hydroxyethyl starch be a therapeutic option in management of acute aluminum phosphide toxicity? Med Hypotheses 2011;76:596-8.10.1016/j.mehy.2011.01.00921288649Search in Google Scholar

Chugh SN, Pal R, Singh V, Seth S. Serial blood phosphine levels in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1996;44:184-5.Search in Google Scholar

Shadnia S, Mehrpour O, Soltaninejad K. A simplified acute physiology score in the prediction of acute aluminum phosphide poisoning outcome. Indian J Med Sci 2010;64:532-9.10.4103/0019-5359.75928Search in Google Scholar

Louriz M, Dendane T, Abidi K, Madani N, Abouqal R, Zeggwagh AA. Prognostic factors of acute aluminum phosphide poisoning. Indian J Med Sci 2009;63:227-34.10.4103/0019-5359.53386Search in Google Scholar

Soltaninejad K, Nelson LS, Khodakarim N, Dadvar Z, Shadnia S. Unusual complication of aluminum phosphide poisoning: Development of hemolysis and methemoglobinemia and its successful treatment. Indian J Crit Care Med 2011;15:117-9.10.4103/0972-5229.83021314529621814377Search in Google Scholar

Azad A, Lall SB, Mittra S. Effect of N-acetylcysteine and L-NAME on aluminium phosphide induced cardiovascular toxicity in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001;22:298-304.Search in Google Scholar

Mittra S, Peshin SS, Lall SB. Cholinesterase inhibition by aluminium phosphide poisoning in rats and effects of atropine and pralidoxime chloride. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001;22:37-9.Search in Google Scholar