Globally, there are 103 described species of
DNA barcoding with the COI mitochondrial gene has been an accurate approach for species identification in
Nematodes included in this study were collected as part of a series of plant disease surveys as described in Ozbayrak et al. (2019).
NID # | Species | Stage | Locality | Host | Marker | GenBank# |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N3873 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878313 |
N3873 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490313 |
N3880 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878314 |
N3880 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | ITS1 | OK490336 |
N8136 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878315 |
N8137 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878316 |
N8139 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878317 |
N8139 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490314 |
N8145 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878318 |
N8145 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490315 |
N8146 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878319 |
N8148 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878320 |
N8154 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878321 |
N8156 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878322 |
N8170 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | MK878323 |
N8170 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490316 |
N9793 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489823 |
N9793 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490317 |
N9793 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA SSU | OK490342 |
N9795 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA SSU | OK490343 |
N9809 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | ITS1 | OK490337 |
N10037 |
|
F | Buffalo Co., NE | Corn | COI | MK878324 |
N10039 |
|
F | Buffalo Co., NE | Corn | COI | MK878325 |
N10053 |
|
F | Buffalo Co., NE | Corn | COI | MK878326 |
N11506 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489824 |
N11506 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490318 |
N11507 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489825 |
N11508 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489826 |
N11509 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489827 |
N11509 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490319 |
N11510 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489828 |
N11592 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489829 |
N11593 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489830 |
N11593 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490320 |
N11594 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA SSU | OK490344 |
N11595 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489831 |
N11595 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490321 |
N11600 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489832 |
N11602 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489833 |
N11603 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490322 |
N11605 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489834 |
N11607 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489835 |
N11612 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489836 |
N11613 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489837 |
N11614 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489838 |
N11614 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490323 |
N11618 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489839 |
N12448 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489840 |
N12451 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489841 |
N12451 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489842 |
N12453 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489843 |
N12453 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490324 |
N12454 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | ITS1 | OK490338 |
N12457 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489844 |
N12458 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489845 |
N12459 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489846 |
N12463 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489847 |
N12463 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490325 |
N12464 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489848 |
N12465 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489849 |
N12466 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489850 |
N12467 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489851 |
N12468 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489852 |
N12469 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489853 |
N12470 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489854 |
N12470 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490326 |
N12471 |
|
F | Shawnee Co., KS* | Corn | COI | OK489855 |
N3717 |
|
M | Madison Co., NE | Corn | COI | MK877458 |
N3717 |
|
M | Madison Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490293 |
N7381 |
|
F | Saline Co., IL** | Soybean | COI | MK877459 |
N7382 |
|
M | Saline Co., IL** | Soybean | COI | MK877460 |
N10848 |
|
J | Saline Co., IL** | Soybean | rDNA LSU | OK490294 |
N10850 |
|
F | Saline Co., IL** | Soybean | COI | MK877461 |
N10850 |
|
F | Saline Co., IL** | Soybean | rDNA LSU | OK490295 |
N8539 |
|
F | County Galway, IRE | Pasture | rDNA LSU | OK490296 |
N9774 |
|
J | Rwanda | - | COI | OK489810 |
N6350 |
|
F | Atchison Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490297 |
N6351 |
|
J | Atchison Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490298 |
N6438 |
|
F | Graham Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490299 |
N7726 |
|
F | Big Horn Co., WY | Drybean | rDNA LSU | OK490300 |
N10849 |
|
J | Saline Co., IL | Soybean | rDNA LSU | OK490301 |
N10756 |
|
F | Seward Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490302 |
N11481 |
|
F | Gallatin Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489811 |
N11483 |
|
F | Gallatin Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489812 |
N11485 |
|
F | Broadwater Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489813 |
N11487 |
|
F | Broadwater Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489814 |
N11489 |
|
F | Broadwater Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489815 |
N11491 |
|
F | Treasure Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489816 |
N11499 |
|
F | Yellowstone Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489817 |
N6260 |
|
M | Fairbanks Co., AK | Peony | rDNA LSU | OK490303 |
N6261 |
|
J | Fairbanks Co., AK | Peony | rDNA LSU | OK490304 |
N7091 |
|
F | Fairbanks Co., AK | Peony | rDNA LSU | OK490305 |
N11414 |
|
F | British Columbia, CAN |
|
COI | OK489818 |
N11415 |
|
F | British Columbia, CAN |
|
COI | OK489819 |
N11416 |
|
F | British Columbia, CAN |
|
COI | OK489820 |
N11417 |
|
F | British Columbia, CAN |
|
COI | OK489821 |
N11424 |
|
F | British Columbia, CAN |
|
COI | OK489822 |
N6383 |
|
F | Marshall Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490306 |
N7833 |
|
J | Custer Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490307 |
N7839 |
|
J | Custer Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490308 |
N7845 |
|
F | Custer Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490309 |
N10274 |
|
F | Kearney Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490310 |
N10301 |
|
F | Phelps Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490311 |
N10306 |
|
F | Phelps Co., NE | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490312 |
P130021 |
|
- | Maryland | - | ITS1 | OK490333 |
P156024 |
|
F | Florida | - | ITS1 | OK490334 |
P344041 |
|
- | - | - | ITS1 | OK490335 |
N7566 |
|
F | Treasure Co., MT | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490327 |
N7567 |
|
F | Treasure Co., MT | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490328 |
N11495 |
|
F | Yellowstone Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489856 |
N11497 |
|
F | Yellowstone Co., MT | Corn | COI | OK489857 |
N11422 |
|
F | British Columbia, CAN |
|
COI | OK489858 |
N10764 |
|
F | Sumner Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490329 |
N12456 |
|
M | Shawnee Co., KS | Corn | COI | OK489859 |
N10685 |
|
F | Seward Co., KS | Corn | rDNA LSU | OK490330 |
N8930 |
|
F | Lincoln Co., AR | Soybean | rDNA LSU | OK490331 |
N10841 |
|
J | Cross Co., AR | Soybean | rDNA LSU | OK490332 |
P156016 |
|
F | Lancaster Co., NE | Leadplant | ITS1 | OK490339 |
P156019 |
|
F | Gage Co., NE | Big Bluestem | ITS1 | OK490340 |
P201006 |
|
- | Idaho | - | ITS1 | OK490341 |
N84 |
|
M | Xalatlaco, MEX | - | COI | OK489860 |
N85 |
|
M | Xalatlaco, MEX | - | COI | OK489861 |
N194 |
|
J | Sioux Co., NE | Sugarbeet | COI | OK489862 |
N452 |
|
- | Zacatecas, MEX | Drybean | COI | OK489863 |
N537 |
|
J | Chacra, ARG | Tomato | COI | OK489864 |
N658 |
|
J | Lisandro Olmos, ARG | - | COI | OK489865 |
Note: *Type locality for
Nematodes isolated from soil were first examined using a dissecting stereomicroscope. Individual nematodes were mounted in water on temporary glass slides, measured, and digitally photographed using a Leica DMLB light microscope with differential interference contrast optics and a Leica DC300 video camera. A set of 26 standard measurements were taken on individual specimens allowing for the combined retention of morphological and molecular characters. Temporary slides were dismantled after morphological analysis, the nematode was crushed in 18 μl of sterile water with a micropipette tip and frozen in individual PCR microfuge tubes. Both adult females and males, as well as juveniles, were subjected to morphological and molecular analyses. Voucher specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde plus 2% glycerol, and the slow evaporation method was used prior to mounting.
Nematodes were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by fixation in 4% glutaraldehyde followed by post-fixation with 2% Osmium Tetroxide, dehydration in a graded series of alcohol to 100% ethyl alcohol, critical point drying, mounting on SEM specimen stubs, and coating with silver. Images were obtained on a Hitachi S4700 Field-Emission scanning electron microscope. Microscopic images of all specimens were stored in an in-house database in the Department of Plant Pathology at University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Polymerase chain reaction amplifications were performed using three different markers: the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), the internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1), and the large-subunit ribosomal RNA (28S) (Table 2). The PCR reaction mixtures and thermocyler conditions for each marker were as follows.
Primers.
Marker | Primer set | Amplicon Size (kb) | Primer Sequence (5′→ 3′) | Direction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
COIa | PsmoF4 | 0.42 | 5′-ATY GCS CCC GCC TTT GG-3’ | Forward | This manuscript |
COI | JB5 | 5′-AGC ACC TAA ACT TAA AAC ATA ATG AAA ATG-3′ | Reverse | Derycke et al. (2005) | |
COI | JB3 | 0.43 | 5′-TTTTTTGGGCATCCTGAGGTTTAT-3′ | Forward | Bowles et al., (1992) |
COI | JB5 | 5′-AGCACCTAAACTTAAAACATAATGAAAATG-3′ | Reverse | Derycke et al. (2005) | |
COI | F1KF | 0.95 | 5′- CCTACTATGATTGGTGGTTTTGGTAATTG-3′ | Forward | Kanzaki & Futai (2002) |
COI | JB5 | 5′-AGCACCTAAACTTAAAACATAATGAAAATG-3′ | Reverse | Derycke et al. (2005) | |
COI | F7bPrat | 0.78 | 5′-GGDTGRACWTTHTAYCCNCC-3′ | Forward | Ozbayrak et al. (2019) |
COI | JB5 | 5′-AGCACCTAAACTTAAAACATAATGAAAATG-3′ | Reverse | Derycke et al. (2005) | |
ITS1b | rDNA2 | 0.62 | 5′-TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3′ | Forward | Vrain et al. (1992) |
ITS1 | rDNA1.58Sa | 5′-ACGAGCCGAGTGATCCACC-3′ | Reverse | Cherry et al. (1997) | |
rDNA LSUc | D2A | 0.75 | 5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTTG-3′ | Forward | De Ley et al. (1999) |
rDNA LSU | D3B | 5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3 | Reverse | De Ley et al. (1999) | |
rDNA LSU | 28s-PratF3 | 0.48 | 5′-TTTGCAAGTGGAGTGCGT-3′ | Forward | This manuscript |
rDNA LSU | 28s-PratR1 | 5′-AATAGTTCACCATCTTTCGGG -3′ | Reverse | This manuscript |
Note: aCytochrome oxidase subunit I. bInternal transcribed spacer 1. crDNA Large Subunit.
For a final PCR reaction mixture volume of 30μl/amplification, 5-10 μl of nematode template were added to each reaction mixture of 1.6 μM final concentration for both forward and reverse primers and a 0.05U/μl final concentration of Sigma 2X JumpStart RED Taq ReadyMix. After loading the thermocycler with the reaction mixtures at a Hotstart (94°C), the thermocycler PCR conditions were: one cycle of initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, then 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec; annealing for 30 sec; and extension at 72°C for 90 sec. Annealing temperatures were 50°C, 55°C, and 48°C for COI, ITS1, and 28S amplifications, respectively. A one-cycle final extension stage at 72°C ran for 5 min before the thermocycler program settled at 24°C.
All PCR reactions were conducted on a Techne Prime Thermal Cycler, 60 × 0.5ml (Bibby Scientific Ltd., Staffordshire, UK). To evaluate amplifications, 3 μl of each PCR product was loaded into 1% Low EEO agarose gels and stained with 1% ethidium bromide. Gels were placed into electrophoresis with 0.5X Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE) running buffer for 35 min at 155V. UV-visualized gel images were digitally recorded. Successful PCR amplifications were purified with a Gel/PCR DNA Fragment Extraction Kit (IBI Scientific, Dubuque, IA) following the manufacturer’s guidelines. Purified DNA amplicons were sequenced in both directions by the UCDNA Sequencing Facility at the University of California-Davis or ETON BioSciences Inc. Sequences were edited and aligned on CodonCode Aligner Version 9.0 (CodonCode Corp, Centerville, Massachusetts). The nucleotide sequences obtained in this study were deposited into the GenBank database (NCBI) under the accession numbers OK489810-OK489865 (COI) and OK490293-OK490344 (28S, ITS1, and 18S).
Host trials were conducted in 0.5 l Deepots (Stuewe & Sons Inc.) containing pasteurized Eudora silt loam soil from the type location and inoculated with 1,000 to 1,500 nematodes extracted from field-grown corn roots. Trials consisted of (1) commercial corn hybrids, (2) agronomic crops, with two cultivars each of corn, sorghum, soybean, and wheat, and (3) diverse cover crops with corn as the control. Host status was determined by root incubation of eight-week-old plants followed by nematode extraction as described by Georgi et al. (1983). All trials were conducted as randomized complete block designs with four to five replications, and repeated in time once or twice.
* The specific epithet is proposed to honor Dr. James Smolik
Figure 1. (Plate of
Figures 2–5. (Plates of SEM
Measurements see Table 3. (Table 3. Morphometric parameters of live specimens of
Measurements of
Holotype |
|
Females |
|
Males |
|
Juveniles | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | 491 | 22 | 511.4 |
25 | 456.8 |
4 | 320.5 |
a | 21.0 | 22 | 24.4 |
25 | 27.1 |
4 | 20.5 |
b | 5.4 | 21 | 5.6 |
25 | 5.3 |
4 | 3.7 |
b′ | 4.2 | 22 | 4.3 |
25 | 4.1 |
4 | 3.0 |
c | 19.5 | 22 | 22.1 |
25 | 22.6 |
4 | 17.7 |
c′ | 1.9 | 22 | 1.9 |
24 | 1.6 |
4 | 1.8 |
V % | 79.4 | 22 | 79.2 |
||||
Lip annules | 2 | 22 | 2.0 |
25 | 2.0 |
4 | 2.0 |
St | 16 | 22 | 15.1 |
25 | 14.2 |
4 | 12.7 |
M % | 50 | 22 | 48.3 |
25 | 47.7 |
4 | 44.9 |
DGO | 3 | 22 | 2.7 |
25 | 2.9 |
4 | 2.3 |
O % | 17.3 | 22 | 17.7 |
25 | 20.0 |
4 | 18.3 |
MB % | 45.1 | 22 | 44.1 |
25 | 44.6 |
4 | 42.0 |
Overlap | 22 | 29.1 |
25 | 26.2 |
4 | 19.4 |
|
Body ann W | 1.6 | 22 | 1.4 |
24 | 1.3 |
4 | 1.2 |
LFL | 4 | 24 | 4.0 |
||||
PUS/Bw | 0.6 | 22 | 0.9 |
||||
PUS/V-A % | 16.1 | 22 | 22.5 |
||||
Sthc L/W | 22 | 1.1 |
|||||
T % | 25 | 44.1 |
|||||
Spicule | 25 | 16.8 |
|||||
Gubernaculum | 24 | 4.3 |
|||||
Bursa: % tail | 25 | 96.5 |
|||||
Tail | 25 | 22 | 23.4 |
25 | 20.7 |
4 | 18.2 |
T/VA | 0.3 | 22 | 0.3 |
||||
Ran | 21 | 22 | 19.7 |
6 | 18.6 |
4 | 18.0 |
Body slender, vermiform, tapering anteriorly, ventrally arcuate to slightly sinuate when relaxed. Body annuli approximately 1 to 2 μm wide at mid-body. Lateral field mostly with four lines, but sometimes supplemented with additional inner lines or striae from midbody to the vulval region, giving the appearance under the light microscope of 5, 6 or even 10 lines. Lateral field beginning 7.1 ± 1.5 (4-11) μm from the anterior end and 7.2 ± 1.6 (5-11) μm wide, occupying 23 to 45% of body diameter at mid-body. Areolation not readily observed in light microscopy, but more apparent in SEM. Lateral field extending 83 to 91% of tail length, terminating 2.6 ± 0.6 (2-4) μm from the tail tip.
Lip region cap-like, narrower than the succeeding body contour, with two lip annuli; 2.3 ± 0.3 (2-3) μm high and 7.3 ± 0.5 (6-8) μm wide, anterior margin truncate with rounded edges. Head immediately posterior to second lip annulus 9.4 ± 0.7 (8-11) μm wide. Cephalic framework moderately developed.
Stylet short, robust; knobs rounded to rhomboid, flat or slightly indented anteriorly and 4.5 ± 0.4 (4-5) μm wide. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.7 ± 0.3 (2-3) μm posterior to base of knobs. Median bulb muscular, round to ovoid, 13.1 ± 1.3 (11-16) long × 10.7 ± 0.7 (9-12) μm wide, occupying 51-73% of the corresponding body diameter. Cuticularized valve plates prominent. Nerve ring encircling isthmus, 66.7 ± 4.5 (58-75) μm from anterior end. Isthmus 16.5 ± 3.7 (10-22) μm long, about 2 μm wide. Hemizonid 3.1 ± 0.3 (2-4) μm long, located up to 7 μm anterior to secretory-excretory pore, but usually within 2 to 5 μm. Secretory-excretory pore usually anterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction. Pharyngeal glands in tandem, elongate, overlapping intestine ventrally, 43.9 ± 7.5 (28-68) μm long; pharyngeal gland nuclei in tandem. Intestine lacking fasciculi. Reproductive system monodelphic, prodelphic, 169.7 ± 36.1 (91-258) μm long, ovary outstretched with single row of oocytes, vulva usually slightly less than 80% of total body length from anterior end, vulval lips usually slightly protruding, occasionally slightly sunken; lateral flaps and epiptygma absent. Spermatheca rounded to ovoid, 13.9 ± 2.8 (8-19) μm long by 13.1 ± 2.3 (7-18) μm wide, containing spherical sperm, often with distinct nuclei. Post-vulval uterine sac 18.3 ± 4.2 (10-27) μm long, 0.9 times anal body diameter or about 22.5% of the vulva-anus distance. Distance from vulva to anus 82.9 ± 11.9 (63-98) μm. Tail short, conoid to subcylindrical, sometimes slightly ventrally arcuate, with 14 to 26 annuli. Tail tip blunt, subhemispherical to truncate, smooth or slightly irregular. Phasmid pore-like, located 7 to 11 annules posterior to anus, 27 to 51% of total tail length. Hyaline portion of tail terminus 1.8 ± 0.5 (1-3) μm thick.
Abundant, morphology generally similar to that of female, [including
Holotype Specimen Measurements (nematode identification number [NID] 9793) from the Kansas River Valley (KRV) Experiment Field, near Silver Lake, Kansas.
Holotype tissue from NID9793 has been deposited with accession number P-2021-052 and catalog number HWML-112258 in the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, W-529 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska State Museum curated by Dr. Scott Gardner. Three additional paratype slides, each containing two females and two males, were distributed to the United States Department of Agriculture Nematode Collection, Beltsville, MD, USA. As required by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, the ZooBank registration number for the new Linnaean binomials is LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9B64E021-C835-420A-A479-F5E688DC61B3.
Two slides, each containing two females and two males, of the reference
The matrix code of the new species, according to Castillo and Vovlas (2007) is: A1, B2, C2, D2, E2(3), F2(34), G(2)3, H1, I1(23), J1(23), K1.
The main morphological characters distinguishing
From
It should be noted, however, that overlap of the range values of all of these morphological characters makes the separation of these species by morphology alone difficult and unreliable.
Other
From
Compared with
Also morphologically similar is
Recently another new species of
Estimates of evolutionary divergence (p-distances) over sequence pairs within (bold) and between groups.
N. aberrans | P. alleni | P. crenatus | P. hexicisus | P. neglectus | P. penetrans | P. scribneri | P. sp. 3 | P. sp Clay | P. dakotaensis | P. smoliki n. sp. | P. sp. 9 & 10 | P. sp. 7 | P. sp. 5 | P. thornei | P. vulnus | P. zeae | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nacobbus aberrans | 0.105 | ||||||||||||||||
P. alleni | 0.328 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||
P. crenatus | 0.358 | 0.316 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
P. hexincisus | 0.416 | 0.217 | 0.36 | 0.029 | |||||||||||||
P. neglectus | 0.314 | 0.3 | 0.36 | 0.381 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
P. penetrans | 0.325 | 0.323 | 0.32 | 0.379 | 0.31 | 0.032 | |||||||||||
P. scribneri | 0.36 | 0.172 | 0.32 | 0.198 | 0.329 | 0.334 | 0.007 | ||||||||||
P. sp. 3 | 0.365 | 0.181 | 0.356 | 0.23 | 0.339 | 0.348 | 0.187 | 0.004 | |||||||||
P._sp_Clay | 0.373 | 0.188 | 0.329 | 0.196 | 0.329 | 0.339 | 0.112 | 0.191 | 0 | ||||||||
P. dakotaensis | 0.335 | 0.216 | 0.306 | 0.286 | 0.322 | 0.307 | 0.242 | 0.228 | 0.247 | 0.078 | |||||||
P. smoliki n. sp. | 0.412 | 0.219 | 0.381 | 0.21 | 0.377 | 0.362 | 0.227 | 0.19 | 0.221 | 0.298 | 0.101 | ||||||
P. sp. 9 & 10 | 0.378 | 0.204 | 0.336 | 0.23 | 0.355 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.226 | 0.205 | 0.254 | 0.229 | 0.105 | |||||
P. sp. 7 | 0.351 | 0.171 | 0.303 | 0.215 | 0.311 | 0.321 | 0.142 | 0.188 | 0.15 | 0.212 | 0.235 | 0.212 | 0.091 | ||||
P. sp. 5 | 0.38 | 0.195 | 0.333 | 0.179 | 0.358 | 0.349 | 0.127 | 0.2 | 0.079 | 0.26 | 0.206 | 0.204 | 0.161 | 0 | |||
P. thornei | 0.311 | 0.34 | 0.372 | 0.386 | 0.298 | 0.311 | 0.355 | 0.352 | 0.348 | 0.32 | 0.373 | 0.349 | 0.328 | 0.366 | 0.002 | ||
P. vulnus | 0.335 | 0.241 | 0.321 | 0.3 | 0.333 | 0.305 | 0.265 | 0.287 | 0.276 | 0.241 | 0.319 | 0.259 | 0.246 | 0.297 | 0.316 | 0.051 | |
P. zeae | 0.326 | 0.326 | 0.346 | 0.398 | 0.315 | 0.331 | 0.352 | 0.332 | 0.34 | 0.314 | 0.394 | 0.36 | 0.331 | 0.36 | 0.317 | 0.327 | 0.012 |
P. horti | 0.331 | 0.26 | 0.331 | 0.296 | 0.317 | 0.31 | 0.243 | 0.23 | 0.244 | 0.217 | 0.308 | 0.246 | 0.228 | 0.277 | 0.295 | 0.254 | 0.299 |
P. fallax | 0.279 | 0.302 | 0.292 | 0.359 | 0.278 | 0.153 | 0.311 | 0.332 | 0.321 | 0.271 | 0.39 | 0.342 | 0.297 | 0.346 | 0.272 | 0.296 | 0.309 |
P. pseudocoffeae | 0.326 | 0.18 | 0.339 | 0.22 | 0.326 | 0.326 | 0.193 | 0.181 | 0.173 | 0.243 | 0.229 | 0.222 | 0.184 | 0.197 | 0.345 | 0.277 | 0.331 |
P. coffeae | 0.314 | 0.231 | 0.28 | 0.302 | 0.324 | 0.293 | 0.229 | 0.249 | 0.237 | 0.224 | 0.291 | 0.24 | 0.224 | 0.257 | 0.304 | 0.244 | 0.303 |
P. hippeastri | 0.307 | 0.234 | 0.318 | 0.3 | 0.325 | 0.307 | 0.247 | 0.246 | 0.255 | 0.201 | 0.278 | 0.256 | 0.228 | 0.267 | 0.326 | 0.246 | 0.317 |
P. loosi | 0.301 | 0.223 | 0.311 | 0.302 | 0.281 | 0.302 | 0.242 | 0.236 | 0.246 | 0.215 | 0.301 | 0.248 | 0.235 | 0.263 | 0.298 | 0.271 | 0.296 |
P. convallariae | 0.315 | 0.337 | 0.316 | 0.385 | 0.316 | 0.167 | 0.329 | 0.349 | 0.333 | 0.291 | 0.389 | 0.346 | 0.308 | 0.351 | 0.31 | 0.305 | 0.323 |
P. sp | 0.324 | 0.222 | 0.287 | 0.284 | 0.309 | 0.309 | 0.228 | 0.242 | 0.254 | 0.204 | 0.288 | 0.242 | 0.227 | 0.252 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.296 |
P. speijeri | 0.306 | 0.235 | 0.29 | 0.274 | 0.307 | 0.312 | 0.216 | 0.253 | 0.233 | 0.198 | 0.3 | 0.236 | 0.224 | 0.248 | 0.305 | 0.231 | 0.306 |
P. capsici | 0.299 | 0.313 | 0.329 | 0.365 | 0.296 | 0.194 | 0.312 | 0.319 | 0.317 | 0.277 | 0.368 | 0.342 | 0.306 | 0.339 | 0.296 | 0.3 | 0.326 |
P. brachyurus | 0.316 | 0.323 | 0.339 | 0.396 | 0.31 | 0.233 | 0.341 | 0.341 | 0.366 | 0.296 | 0.388 | 0.371 | 0.328 | 0.369 | 0.283 | 0.317 | 0.328 |
P. flakkensis | 0.317 | 0.342 | 0.377 | 0.392 | 0.352 | 0.305 | 0.356 | 0.349 | 0.343 | 0.324 | 0.384 | 0.354 | 0.336 | 0.371 | 0.292 | 0.335 | 0.332 |
P. parazeae | 0.386 | 0.368 | 0.394 | 0.398 | 0.366 | 0.385 | 0.368 | 0.355 | 0.368 | 0.353 | 0.398 | 0.388 | 0.359 | 0.374 | 0.346 | 0.359 | 0.264 |
P. horti | P. fallax | P. pseudocoffeae | P. coffeae | P. hippeastri | P. loosi | P. convallariae | P. sp. C1 | P. speijeri | P. capsici | P. brachyurus | P. flakkensis | P. parazeae | |||||
P. horti | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
P. fallax | 0.292 | 0.007 | |||||||||||||||
P. pseudocoffeae | 0.248 | 0.325 | 0 | ||||||||||||||
P. coffeae | 0.229 | 0.291 | 0.252 | 0.008 | |||||||||||||
P. hippeastri | 0.224 | 0.304 | 0.256 | 0.185 | 0.023 | ||||||||||||
P. loosi | 0.221 | 0.305 | 0.249 | 0.193 | 0.209 | 0.026 | |||||||||||
P. convallariae | 0.305 | 0.145 | 0.331 | 0.279 | 0.297 | 0.306 | 0.021 | ||||||||||
P. sp. C1 | 0.238 | 0.298 | 0.27 | 0.143 | 0.197 | 0.193 | 0.296 | 0.018 | |||||||||
P. speijeri | 0.215 | 0.294 | 0.241 | 0.118 | 0.164 | 0.181 | 0.283 | 0.109 | 0.005 | ||||||||
P. capsici | 0.276 | 0.169 | 0.334 | 0.295 | 0.278 | 0.284 | 0.187 | 0.292 | 0.28 | 0.006 | |||||||
P. brachyurus | 0.308 | 0.202 | 0.356 | 0.308 | 0.316 | 0.296 | 0.229 | 0.298 | 0.279 | 0.211 | 0.014 | ||||||
P. flakkensis | 0.314 | 0.292 | 0.356 | 0.299 | 0.291 | 0.292 | 0.337 | 0.335 | 0.333 | 0.289 | 0.315 | 0.04 | |||||
P. parazeae | 0.352 | 0.377 | 0.389 | 0.361 | 0.373 | 0.37 | 0.389 | 0.353 | 0.357 | 0.357 | 0.353 | 0.356 | 0.049 |
Topotype specimens of
Host range trials were conducted to assess the reproductive potential of
Root-lesion nematodes are typically characterized as “polyphagous”, with wide host ranges (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007). Nevertheless, large ranges in host suitability have been reported for