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The impact of chemical nematicides on entomopathogenic nematode survival and infectivity

Mustapha Touray

Mustapha Touray

Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydin, Turkey
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Touray, Mustapha
, 
Harun Cimen

Harun Cimen

Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydin, Turkey
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Cimen, Harun
, 
Sebnem H. Gulsen

Sebnem H. Gulsen

Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydin, Turkey
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Gulsen, Sebnem H.
, 
Derya Ulug

Derya Ulug

Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydin, Turkey
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Ulug, Derya
, 
Dolunay Erdogus

Dolunay Erdogus

Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, YenimahalleAnkara, Turkey
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Erdogus, Dolunay
, 
David Shapiro-Ilan

David Shapiro-Ilan

USDA-ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research StationByron, Georgia
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Shapiro-Ilan, David
 e 
Selcuk Hazir

Selcuk Hazir

Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydin, Turkey
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Hazir, Selcuk
  
02 giu 2021
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Pubblicato online: 02 giu 2021
Pagine: 1 - 17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-049
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© 2021 Mustapha Touray et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Experimental design using 7.5 cm glass slides to investigate the response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-odor control after 3, 6 and 24 h.
Experimental design using 7.5 cm glass slides to investigate the response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-odor control after 3, 6 and 24 h.

Figure 2:

Comparison of the survival rates (mean ± SE) of different nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Meloidogyne incognita) after 24-hour exposure to the recommended field rate of the nematicides in 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).
Comparison of the survival rates (mean ± SE) of different nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Meloidogyne incognita) after 24-hour exposure to the recommended field rate of the nematicides in 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3:

Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-h exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.
Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-h exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.

Figure 4:

Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-hour exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.
Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-hour exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.

Figure 5:

Mortality of Galleria mellonella (mean ± SE) after exposure to nematicide-treated Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles.
Mortality of Galleria mellonella (mean ± SE) after exposure to nematicide-treated Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles.

Figure 6:

Percentage (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) invading the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).
Percentage (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) invading the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 7:

Mean (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) emerging from the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).
Mean (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) emerging from the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 8:

Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.
Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.

Figure 9:

Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.
Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.

Figure 10:

Response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-treated control (distilled water) after 3, 6 and 24 h. A CI score close to −1 shows a high aversion, 0 shows neutrality, and + 1 shows a strong attraction.
Response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-treated control (distilled water) after 3, 6 and 24 h. A CI score close to −1 shows a high aversion, 0 shows neutrality, and + 1 shows a strong attraction.

Nematicide products used in this study_

Active ingredient Concentration (g/L) Commercial name Manufacturer Recommended field rate (ml/l) Pesticide class Formulation
Fluopyram 400 Velum Prime® SC400 Bayer CropScience, Germany 0.6 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor SC
Fosthiazate 150 Versus® 150EC Hektas©, Turkey 10 Organophosphate EC
Metam potassium 510 Rotabent® Hektas©, Turkey 1000 Dithiocarbamate Salt SL
Fenamiphos 400 Nemacur® 400EC Hektas©, Turkey 75 Organophosphate EC
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