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Integrative taxonomy, distribution, and host associations of Geocenamus brevidens and Quinisulcius capitatus from southern Alberta, Canada

Maria Munawar
Maria Munawar
, 
Dmytro P. Yevtushenko
Dmytro P. Yevtushenko
 e 
Pablo Castillo
Pablo Castillo
   | 01 gen 2021
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Pubblicato online: 01 gen 2021
Pagine: 1 - 15
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-015
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© 2021 Authors, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Light photomicrographs of Geocenamus brevidens. (A) Entire female, (B) Esophageal region, (C) Lip region, (D) Posterior esophageal region, (E) Deirids, (F) Posterior region with complete reproductive system, (G) Lateral lines, (H-J) Vulval region, (K-O) Female tails. Scale bars: (A) 50 μm; (B-D, E, H-O) 20 μm, (F) 50 μm, (G) 5 μm. Arrows point to (a) anus, (d) deirids, (exp) excretory pore, (ph) phamsid, and (v) vulva.
Light photomicrographs of Geocenamus brevidens. (A) Entire female, (B) Esophageal region, (C) Lip region, (D) Posterior esophageal region, (E) Deirids, (F) Posterior region with complete reproductive system, (G) Lateral lines, (H-J) Vulval region, (K-O) Female tails. Scale bars: (A) 50 μm; (B-D, E, H-O) 20 μm, (F) 50 μm, (G) 5 μm. Arrows point to (a) anus, (d) deirids, (exp) excretory pore, (ph) phamsid, and (v) vulva.

Figure 2:

Light photomicrographs Quinisulcius capitatus. (A) Entire female, (B) Esophageal region, (C) Lip region, (D) Basal esophageal bulb, (E) Posterior region with complete reproductive system, (F) Posterior region with eggs, (G-J) Vulval region, (K) Lateral lines, (L-P) Female tails. Scale bars: (A) 100 μm, (B, C, F-J; L-P) 20 μm, (E) 50 μm, (D, K) 5 μm. Arrows point to (a) anus, (d) deirids, (exp) excretory pore, (ph) phasmid, and (v) vulva.
Light photomicrographs Quinisulcius capitatus. (A) Entire female, (B) Esophageal region, (C) Lip region, (D) Basal esophageal bulb, (E) Posterior region with complete reproductive system, (F) Posterior region with eggs, (G-J) Vulval region, (K) Lateral lines, (L-P) Female tails. Scale bars: (A) 100 μm, (B, C, F-J; L-P) 20 μm, (E) 50 μm, (D, K) 5 μm. Arrows point to (a) anus, (d) deirids, (exp) excretory pore, (ph) phasmid, and (v) vulva.

Figure 3:

Phylogenetic relationships within selected genera of subfamily Telotylenchinae and subfamily Merliniinae as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the 18S of the rRNA gene sequence dataset with the GTR + I + G model (lnL = 1,910.5101; AIC = 4,017.0201; freq A = 0.2500; freq C = 0.2500; freq G = 0.2500; freq T = 0.2500; R(a) = 1.0000; R(b) = 3.9248; R(c) = 1.0000; R(d) = 1.0000; R(e) = 4.6930; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probability of more than 70% is given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold. *** need to be revised by integrative taxonomy.
Phylogenetic relationships within selected genera of subfamily Telotylenchinae and subfamily Merliniinae as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the 18S of the rRNA gene sequence dataset with the GTR + I + G model (lnL = 1,910.5101; AIC = 4,017.0201; freq A = 0.2500; freq C = 0.2500; freq G = 0.2500; freq T = 0.2500; R(a) = 1.0000; R(b) = 3.9248; R(c) = 1.0000; R(d) = 1.0000; R(e) = 4.6930; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probability of more than 70% is given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold. *** need to be revised by integrative taxonomy.

Figure 4:

Phylogenetic relationships within selected genera of subfamily Telotylenchinae and subfamily Merliniinae as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the 28S of the rRNA gene sequence dataset with the GTR + I + G model (lnL = 6,015.1425; AIC = 12,526.2851; freq A = 0.1987; freq C = 0.2072; freq G = 0.3206; freq T = 0.2736; R(a) = 0.4322; R(b) = 2.5823; R(c) = 1.2662; R(d) = 0.2497; R(e) = 5.4146; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probability of more than 70% is given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.
Phylogenetic relationships within selected genera of subfamily Telotylenchinae and subfamily Merliniinae as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the 28S of the rRNA gene sequence dataset with the GTR + I + G model (lnL = 6,015.1425; AIC = 12,526.2851; freq A = 0.1987; freq C = 0.2072; freq G = 0.3206; freq T = 0.2736; R(a) = 0.4322; R(b) = 2.5823; R(c) = 1.2662; R(d) = 0.2497; R(e) = 5.4146; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probability of more than 70% is given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.

Figure 5:

Phylogenetic relationships within selected genera of subfamily Telotylenchinae and subfamily Merliniinae as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the ITS of the rRNA gene sequence dataset with the GTR + I + G model (lnL = 10,413.7629; AIC = 21119.5049; freq A = 0.1932; freq C = 0.2202; freq G = 0.2725; freq T = 0.3141; R(a) = 0.8338; R(b) = 3.3701; R(c) = 1.6297; R(d) = 0.6490; R(e) = 3.3701; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probability of more than 70% is given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold. **previously unidentified.
Phylogenetic relationships within selected genera of subfamily Telotylenchinae and subfamily Merliniinae as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the ITS of the rRNA gene sequence dataset with the GTR + I + G model (lnL = 10,413.7629; AIC = 21119.5049; freq A = 0.1932; freq C = 0.2202; freq G = 0.2725; freq T = 0.3141; R(a) = 0.8338; R(b) = 3.3701; R(c) = 1.6297; R(d) = 0.6490; R(e) = 3.3701; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probability of more than 70% is given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold. **previously unidentified.

Geocenamus brevidens female morphometrics.

Characters Present study Allen (1955) a Siddiqi (1961) Alvani et al. (2017) Tzortzakakis et al. (2018)
Origin Canada USA India Iran Greece
Host Potato field Grass Grass Cauliflower, cabbage, mint, potato, pea Jujube, saffron, barberry Cultivated olives
n 15 10 11 15 8 3
Body length 667.8 ± 64.2 (590.9-811.0) 687.1 ± 53.3 (604.0-752.0) 540-690 550-850 650 (600-718.5) 564 (490-698)
a 35.4 ± 2.8 (25.5-38.5) 28.2 ± 1.8 (24.8-31.1) 23-27 22-29 26.5 (23.9-29) 26.3 (22.9-30.3)
b 5.0 ± 0.4 (4.6-5.9) 4.9 ± 0.3 (4.5-5.6) 4.2-5.2 4.6-6.0 5.0 (4.5-5.2) 4.4 (4.0-5.1)
c 12.7 ± 0.6 (11.7-13.6) 14.3 ± 1.1 (12.7-15.9) 11-13 12-17 13.7 (13.7-15.7) 14.3 (12.9-17.0)
c' 4.2 ± 0.3 (3.8-4.9) 3.2 ± 0.2 (3.0-3.5) 2.5-4.4 – 2.7 (2.4-3.2) 3.0 (2.9-3.2)
V 56.6 ± 1.6 (53.8-61.0) 56.2 ± 1.2 (54.5-58.1) 52-58 54-61 55.6 (54.5-57) 54.7 (52-58)
MB 48.6 ± 2.0 (46.2-54.3) 51.1 ± 1.5 (49.6-53.7) 42-47 – (41.1-46.5) –
Lip height 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.1-4.0) 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.0) – – – –
Lip width 7.2 ± 0.5 (6.1-7.7) 8.0 ± 0.2 (7.5-8.3) 6.5–8.5 – – –
Stylet length 16.2 ± 0.7 (15.0-17.5) 17.0 ± 0.5 (16.0-17.6) 14-16 13-15 16.3 (16-16.5) 14.3 (13-16)
Median bulb length 14.2 ± 1.3 (12.3-16.4) 15.1 ± 0.6 (14.3-15.8) 13-16 – – –
Median bulb width 9.9 ± 0.9 (8.5-11.4) 10.3 ± 0.9 (9.2-11.7) 9-12 – – –
Anterior end to excretory pore 103.3 ± 6.7 (90.3-112.5) 106.1 ± 1.9 (103.0-109.0) – – – –
Pharynx length 133.5 ± 6.9 (120.3-144.0) 139.6 ± 5.8 (130.0-148.0) 110-118 – 129.9 (118.5-141) 127.7 (123-136)
Maxim body width 18.6 ± 1.7 (15.5-21.2) 24.4 ± 1.2 (22.3-26.2) 19-24 – 100.2 (90.5-110) 21.3 (19.0-23.0)
Vulva body length 19.4 ± 1.9 (16.4-22.3) 23.5 ± 1.3 (21.0-25.3) – – 24.7 (21.5-30) –
Anal body width 12.6 ± 1.0 (10.3-14.2) 14.9 ± 0.5 (13.7-15.3) – – 17.1 (15.5-19) 13.0 (12.0-14.0)
Tail length 52.5 ± 3.7 (46.0-59.8) 48.2 ± 2.2 (46.0-52.0) 34-58 – 47.5 (42-53) 39.3 (38-41.0)
Phasmid position Posterior to middle of tail Posterior to middle of tail Posterior to middle of tail – – –

Quinisulcius capitatus female morphometrics.

Characters Present study Allen (1955)a Hopper (1959) Loof (1959) Siddiqi (1961) Knobloch and Laughlin (1973) Maqbool (1982) Vovlas (1983) Mekete et al. (2008)
Origin Canada USA USA Italy India Mexico Pakistan Italy Ethiopia
Host Grass Pear okra Date palm Grass Lily Grass, pasture grass, wild poppy, barrel cactus, cotton Potato Maize Coffee
n 20 13 5 14 8 – 5 25 10
Body length 810.3 ± 44.6 (744.0-911.0) 630-850 650-710 631-830 700-810 520-630 610-730 641-730 630-790
a 41.4 ± 1.8 (38.6-43.7) 30-38 30.2-36.2 31-37.6 30-35 29-33 30-33 31-35 30.9-38.6
b 5.5 ± 0.3 (5.0-6.3) 5.0-5.8 4.6-4.9 4.7-5.5 4.5-5.5 4.4-5.3 6.8-7.4 4.1-5.3 –
c 22.4 ± 1.1 (19.9-23.8) 12-17 14.5-16.1 14.3-17.4 15-17 15-17 3.8-4.9 13-16 15.3-17.6
c′ 2.6 ± 0.2 (2.2-3.2) – – – – – – 2.8-3.2
V 57.4 ± 1.5 (53.4-59.8) 51-58 55.2-56.9 53.5-58 54-56.5 52-59 53-56 54-57 54.7-63.6
MB 52.3 ± 1.7 (47.4-56.1) – – – – – – 57-60 –
Lip height 4.0 ± 0.2 (3.7-4.4) – – – – – – – –
Lip width 7.6 ± 0.4 (6.9-8.3) – – – – – – – –
Stylet length 18.3 ± 1.0 (15.5-20.4) 16-18 16.5-17.3 16-18 16-17 16-17 18.4-19.5 15-17 15-18
Median bulb length 14.0 ± 1.6 (11.3-16.9) – – – – – – – –
Median bulb width 10.4 ± 1.4 (8.4-14.2) – – – – – – – –
Anterior end to excretory pore 128.6 ± 5.3 (121.0-139.0) – – – – – – 119-128 121
Pharynx length 147.8 ± 5.8 (140.2-159.0) – – – – – – – –
Maxim body width 19.0 ± 1.5 (16.9-21.3) – – – – – – – –
Vulva body length 18.4 ± 1.3 (15.7-20.8) – – – – – – – –
Anal body width 13.8 ± 1.1 (11.2-15.2) – – – – – – – –
Tail length 35.8 ± 2.4 (31.3-40.4) – – – – – – 40-48 –
Phasmid position Middle of tail Middle of tail Middle of tail Anterior to middle of tail Anterior to middle of tail Anterior to middle of tail Anterior to middle of tail Anterior to middle of tail –

Worldwide distribution and host plant association of Geocenamus brevidens and Quinisulcius capitatus.

No. Country Host associations References
G. brevidens
Americas
1 USA WheatPotato Mayol (1981), Smiley et al. (2006) Olthof et al. (1982)
Wheat grass Griffin and Asay (1996)
Pasture filed, vegetable and horticultural crops Hafez et al. (2010)
Asia
2 Iran Wheat Ghaderi et al. (2014)
Jujube, saffron, barberry Alvani et al. (2017)
Africa
3 South Africa Wheat Jordaan et al. (1992)
4 Egypt Soybean Salem et al. (1994)
Europe
5 Spain Cereals, sunflower, wheat Tobar et al. (1995a, 1995b)
Chickpea Castillo et al. (1996)
Grasslands Talavera and Navas (2002)
Olives Palomares-Rius et al. (2015)
6 Slovakia Hop gardens Lišková and Rencˇo (2007)
7 Czech Republic Hop gardens Cˇermák et al. (2011)
8 Turkey Cultivated plants Kasapog˘lu et al. (2014)
Cotton, barley, melons, tobacco, Watermelons, wheat, lentils Kasapog˘lu Uludamar et al. (2018)
9 Greece Olives Tzortzakakis et al. (2018)
10 Poland Jerusalem artichoke Zapałowska and Skwiercz (2018)
Oceania
11 Australia Cereal fields Meagher (1970)
Wheat Thompson et al. (2008, 2010)
Millet, soybean, grasses Owen et al. (2014)
Q. capitatus
Americas
1 Ecuador Avocado, barley, bean, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, pea, onion, tomato, soybean, sugarcane Bridge (1976)
2 Argentina Corn, sunflower Doucet (1986)
3 USA Okra Hopper (1959)
Wild poppy, barrel cactus, cotton Knobloch and Laughlin (1973)
Tobacco Ponchillia (1975)
Red clover, Kentucky bluegrass Malek (1980)
Sorghum Cuarezma-Teran and Trevathan (1985)
Potato Hafez et al. (2010)
Switchgrass Cassida et al. (2005)
Asia
4 Pakistan Potato Maqbool (1982)
Maqbool and Hashmi (1986)
5 India Lily Siddiqi (1961)
Potato Krishna Prasad (2008)
6 Iran Cultivated crops Kheiri et al. (2002)
Africa
7 Ethiopia Coffee Mekete et al. (2008)
8 South Africa Potato Marais et al. (2015)
Soybean Mbatyoti et al. (2020)
Europe
9 Italy Lily, maize Loof (1959), Vovlas (1983)
10 Bulgaria Apple Braasch (1978)
11 Cypress Grapes Antoniou (1981)
12 Turkey Tomato, tobacco Kasapog˘lu Uludamar et al. (2018)
Oceania
13 New Zealand Tomato, tobacco, squash Knight et al. (1997)
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