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An innovative strategy for control of fungus gnats using entomopathogenic nematodes alone or in combination with waterlogging

Chaoying Chen
Chaoying Chen
, 
Haikun Ma
Haikun Ma
, 
Mingyang Ma
Mingyang Ma
, 
Jingjing Li
Jingjing Li
, 
Shuyuan Zheng
Shuyuan Zheng
, 
Qifeng Song
Qifeng Song
, 
Xinghui Gu
Xinghui Gu
, 
David Shapiro-Ilan
David Shapiro-Ilan
 e 
Weibin Ruan
Weibin Ruan
   | 06 lug 2020
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Pubblicato online: 06 lug 2020
Pagine: 1 - 9
Ricevuto: 28 ago 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-057
Parole chiave
© 2020 Chaoying Chen et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

The effects of six waterlogging time intervals on Bradysia odoriphaga mortality. ck: no waterlogging treatment, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr: waterlogging time. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure represent results from a one-way ANOVA. Bars represent the number of dead larvae of total (241 on average) in each colony of chive. Bars with identical letters are not significantly different based on a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05).
The effects of six waterlogging time intervals on Bradysia odoriphaga mortality. ck: no waterlogging treatment, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr: waterlogging time. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure represent results from a one-way ANOVA. Bars represent the number of dead larvae of total (241 on average) in each colony of chive. Bars with identical letters are not significantly different based on a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05).

Figure 2:

The effects of six entomopathogenic nematode strains and four waterlogging times on Bradysia odoriphaga mortality. 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, 96 hr: exposure time to entomopathogenic nematodes. ck: no entomopathogenic nematodeaddition; hb: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; hb-68: H. bacteriophora-68; hi: H. indica; sc: Steinernema carpocapsae; sf: S. feltiae; sg-74: Steinernema sp. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure represent results from a repeated measure ANOVA. Bars represent the number of dead larvae out of 10 total. n.s.: no significant differences. Bars with identical letters within waterlogging time are not significantly different based on a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05).
The effects of six entomopathogenic nematode strains and four waterlogging times on Bradysia odoriphaga mortality. 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, 96 hr: exposure time to entomopathogenic nematodes. ck: no entomopathogenic nematodeaddition; hb: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; hb-68: H. bacteriophora-68; hi: H. indica; sc: Steinernema carpocapsae; sf: S. feltiae; sg-74: Steinernema sp. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure represent results from a repeated measure ANOVA. Bars represent the number of dead larvae out of 10 total. n.s.: no significant differences. Bars with identical letters within waterlogging time are not significantly different based on a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05).

Figure 3:

Mortality of Bradysia odoriphaga following entomopathogenic nematode addition and waterlogging. (A): H. bacteriophora and waterlogging treatment, (B): S. feltiae and waterlogging treatment, (C) both entomopathogenic nematode species (EPN) and waterlogging treatment (C). hb: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; sf: Steinernema feltiae. 0 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr: no waterlogging, waterlogging for 2, 4 hr, respectively. “EPN+, EPN−” indicates with and without EPN addition, respectively. Bars represent the number of dead larvae of total (241 on average) in each colony of chive. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure are following a two-way ANOVA. “*” in Fig. 3C indicates significant differences between two EPN species in within that waterlogging treatment. Different letters above set of bars indicate significant difference between EPN and waterlogging treatment (P < 0.05).
Mortality of Bradysia odoriphaga following entomopathogenic nematode addition and waterlogging. (A): H. bacteriophora and waterlogging treatment, (B): S. feltiae and waterlogging treatment, (C) both entomopathogenic nematode species (EPN) and waterlogging treatment (C). hb: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; sf: Steinernema feltiae. 0 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr: no waterlogging, waterlogging for 2, 4 hr, respectively. “EPN+, EPN−” indicates with and without EPN addition, respectively. Bars represent the number of dead larvae of total (241 on average) in each colony of chive. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure are following a two-way ANOVA. “*” in Fig. 3C indicates significant differences between two EPN species in within that waterlogging treatment. Different letters above set of bars indicate significant difference between EPN and waterlogging treatment (P < 0.05).

Figure 4:

The effects of entomopathogenic nematodes and waterlogging on the dry weight of chive. 0 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr: no waterlogging, waterlogging for 2, 4 hr, respectively. “EPN+, EPN−” indicates with and without the addition of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), respectively. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure indicate results from a two-way ANOVA. Different letters above bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05).
The effects of entomopathogenic nematodes and waterlogging on the dry weight of chive. 0 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr: no waterlogging, waterlogging for 2, 4 hr, respectively. “EPN+, EPN−” indicates with and without the addition of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), respectively. Statistics presented in the upper part of the figure indicate results from a two-way ANOVA. Different letters above bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05).
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