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Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Thelastomatidae) from Appalachian Polydesmid Millipedes (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae)

Gary Phillips
Gary Phillips
, 
Robert J. Pivar
Robert J. Pivar
, 
Xiocaun Sun
Xiocaun Sun
, 
John K. Moulton
John K. Moulton
 e 
Ernest C. Bernard
Ernest C. Bernard
   | 03 giu 2018
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Article Category: research-article
Pubblicato online: 03 giu 2018
Pagine: 133 - 146
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-023
Parole chiave
© 2018 Gary Phillips et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. A, Habitus, lateral view. B, Anterior end, lateral view. C, Secretory-excretory system region, ventral view. D, Reproductive system of non-gravid female, right-side lateral view; intestinal detail provided only for anterior and posterior parts. E, Developing reproductive system of presumed fourth-stage juvenile. F, Posterior region of reproductive system of older gravid female, left-side lateral view; only the posterior end of the digestive system is illustrated. G, Posteriormost portion of posterior gonad of younger female with eggs in single file. Scales: A = 200 μm; B, E, F = 50 μm; C, D, G = 100 μm.
Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. A, Habitus, lateral view. B, Anterior end, lateral view. C, Secretory-excretory system region, ventral view. D, Reproductive system of non-gravid female, right-side lateral view; intestinal detail provided only for anterior and posterior parts. E, Developing reproductive system of presumed fourth-stage juvenile. F, Posterior region of reproductive system of older gravid female, left-side lateral view; only the posterior end of the digestive system is illustrated. G, Posteriormost portion of posterior gonad of younger female with eggs in single file. Scales: A = 200 μm; B, E, F = 50 μm; C, D, G = 100 μm.

Fig. 2

Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp., scanning electron microscope. A, Anterior region, sublateral view. B, Enlargement of 2A, showing lateral labial pit or depression (LP), complete dorsal or ventral groove (CG) and sublateral and lateral incomplete grooves. C, Dorsal or ventral view showing complete groove and reticulated surface between lobes and labial disc. D, Labial disc with amphid aperture (AM) and associated spine (SP). Scales: A = 20 μm; B–D = 10 μm.
Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp., scanning electron microscope. A, Anterior region, sublateral view. B, Enlargement of 2A, showing lateral labial pit or depression (LP), complete dorsal or ventral groove (CG) and sublateral and lateral incomplete grooves. C, Dorsal or ventral view showing complete groove and reticulated surface between lobes and labial disc. D, Labial disc with amphid aperture (AM) and associated spine (SP). Scales: A = 20 μm; B–D = 10 μm.

Fig. 3

Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. A, Head end, lateral view; inset shows accessory spine near amphid aperture. B, Scanning electron microscope of anterior region showing large S–E pore. C, S–E pore with operculum. D, Typical egg, with slightly roughened outer layer. E, Lateral field, esophageal region. F, Lateral field, posterior region. Figures 3E, F are phase-contrast images. Scales: A, D = 20 μm; B, F = 50 μm; C = 10 μm; E = 100 μm.
Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. A, Head end, lateral view; inset shows accessory spine near amphid aperture. B, Scanning electron microscope of anterior region showing large S–E pore. C, S–E pore with operculum. D, Typical egg, with slightly roughened outer layer. E, Lateral field, esophageal region. F, Lateral field, posterior region. Figures 3E, F are phase-contrast images. Scales: A, D = 20 μm; B, F = 50 μm; C = 10 μm; E = 100 μm.

Fig. 4

Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. A, B Pebble-like longitudinal subcuticular bands alternating with muscle bands; figures are of same area but imaged at different focus depths. C Annules in profile with pebbly subcuticle. D Annules in profile at a muscle zone, and extensive lattice of fibers in pseudocoel. Scales = 50 μm.
Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. A, B Pebble-like longitudinal subcuticular bands alternating with muscle bands; figures are of same area but imaged at different focus depths. C Annules in profile with pebbly subcuticle. D Annules in profile at a muscle zone, and extensive lattice of fibers in pseudocoel. Scales = 50 μm.

Fig. 5

Molecular tree of millipede-parasitic nematodes based on partial 28S rDNA analysis. Stauratostoma shelleyi is shown as the sister group to Thelastoma spp. Posterior probabilities are shown above the nodes and bootstrap values are below the nodes.
Molecular tree of millipede-parasitic nematodes based on partial 28S rDNA analysis. Stauratostoma shelleyi is shown as the sister group to Thelastoma spp. Posterior probabilities are shown above the nodes and bootstrap values are below the nodes.

Fig. 6

Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp., known distribution by county in southeastern United States.
Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp., known distribution by county in southeastern United States.

Fig. 7

Correlation of nematode length and millipede weight for two Apheloria spp., 95% confidence limits shown.
Correlation of nematode length and millipede weight for two Apheloria spp., 95% confidence limits shown.

Genera of xystodesmid millipedes dissected.

Species Millipedes dissected (n) Millipedes with Stauratostoma shelleyi Total S. shelleyi Mean Range
Apheloria montana 77 59 269 3.5 0‒19
Apheloria tigana 4 0 0 0 0
Apheloria virginiensis 56 35 276 4.9 0‒31
Boraria deturkiana 1 0 0 0 0
Brachoria initialis 6 4 41 6.8 0‒21
Brachoria ochra 3 2 45 15 0‒32
Cherokia georgiana 47 5 41 0.9 0‒23
Dicellarius talapoosa 2 0 0 0 0
Harpaphe haydeniana 29 0 0 0 0
Pleuroloma cala 56 0 0 0 0
Pleuroloma flavipes 44 0 0 0 0
Sigmoria ainsliei 2 2 20 10 5‒15
Sigmoria aphelorioides 1 0 0 0 0
Sigmoria cheiropus 14 1 6 0.4 0‒6
Sigmoria mimetica 10 2 2 0.2 0‒1
Total 352 110 700 2.8 0‒32

Morphometrics of female Stauratostoma shelleyi n. gen., n. sp. from Apheloria montana.

Paratype females (n = 30)
Measurements (µm) Holotype female Mean SD Range CV
Length 2,522 2,357 249 1,805‒2,683 10.6
Maximum width 192 178 33.9 98‒237 19.1
First annule width 11.1 10.3 0.89 8.1‒12.3 8.3
Second annule width 8.4 7.8 1.2 5.3‒9.9 14.9
Esophagus length 508 486 50.0 347‒548 10.3
Basal bulb length 116 111 8.6 84‒126 7.8
Head to excretory pore 404 389 43.9 274‒445 11.3
Vulva to anterior head 991 935 105.3 676‒1066 11.3
Anus to anterior head 1,570 1,517 174.1 1,105‒1,715 11.5
Egg length 75.2 74.2 3.4 67.2‒79 4.5
Egg width 48.4 49.1 2.7 43.9‒55.4 5.4
Tail length 952 84.0 90.8 649‒973 10.8
Ratios
a 13.1 13.6 2.2 10.1–18.4 16.5
b 5.0 4.9 0.43 4.3‒5.9 8.9
c 2.6 2.8 0.2 2.4‒3.3 5.5
V 39.3 39.7 2.4 33.2‒44.4 6.1
V′ 0.63 0.62 0.03 0.53‒0.69 5.1
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