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Activity of Vetiver Extracts and Essential Oil against Meloidogyne incognita

Kansiree Jindapunnapat
Kansiree Jindapunnapat
, 
Nathan D. Reetz
Nathan D. Reetz
, 
Margaret H. MacDonald
Margaret H. MacDonald
, 
Ganga Bhagavathy
Ganga Bhagavathy
, 
Buncha Chinnasri
Buncha Chinnasri
, 
Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon
Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon
, 
Anongnuch Sasnarukkit
Anongnuch Sasnarukkit
, 
Kamlesh R. Chauhan
Kamlesh R. Chauhan
, 
David J. Chitwood
David J. Chitwood
 e 
Susan L.F. Meyer
Susan L.F. Meyer
   | 03 giu 2018
Journal of Nematology's Cover Image
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Article Category: research-article
Pubblicato online: 03 giu 2018
Pagine: 147 - 162
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-008
Parole chiave
© Kansiree Jindapunnapat et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Diagram of a chemotaxis assay. Each plastic plate was divided into three areas: the treatment area (consisting of the treatment point and the surrounding area), the starting area (consisting of the starting point and the surrounding area), and the control area (consisting of the control point and the surrounding area). J2 were placed on the agar at the starting point, treatments were applied to the agar at the treatment point, and sterile distilled water was applied to the agar at the control point. Measurements are given for a plate with an 85-mm-diam. cup (100-mm-diam. lid).
Diagram of a chemotaxis assay. Each plastic plate was divided into three areas: the treatment area (consisting of the treatment point and the surrounding area), the starting area (consisting of the starting point and the surrounding area), and the control area (consisting of the control point and the surrounding area). J2 were placed on the agar at the starting point, treatments were applied to the agar at the treatment point, and sterile distilled water was applied to the agar at the control point. Measurements are given for a plate with an 85-mm-diam. cup (100-mm-diam. lid).

Figure 2

GC-MS spectra of crude Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) root ethanol (VRE) extracts and commercial vetiver oil (VO). (A) VRE from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra; (B) VRE from field-grown, 1-yr-old cv. Songkha 3; (C) VRE from greenhouse-grown, 4-yr-old cv. Sierra; (D) commercial VO from Haiti.
GC-MS spectra of crude Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) root ethanol (VRE) extracts and commercial vetiver oil (VO). (A) VRE from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra; (B) VRE from field-grown, 1-yr-old cv. Songkha 3; (C) VRE from greenhouse-grown, 4-yr-old cv. Sierra; (D) commercial VO from Haiti.

Figure 3

Chemical structures of the major constituents in vetiver root crude extracts and commercial vetiver oil from Vetiveria zizanioides, determined by GC/MS analysis: (A) 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid; (B) 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol; (C) ethyl hexadecanoate; (D) ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoate; (E) 2-(4a,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol.
Chemical structures of the major constituents in vetiver root crude extracts and commercial vetiver oil from Vetiveria zizanioides, determined by GC/MS analysis: (A) 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid; (B) 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol; (C) ethyl hexadecanoate; (D) ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoate; (E) 2-(4a,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol.

Chemical composition of major constituents in three Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) root crude extracts and a commercial vetiver oil, determined by GC/MS analysis.

Sourcea Compound nameb Retention time Component percentage under peakc Molecular formula Molecular weight
2-mon VRE 3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid (a sesquiterpene acid) 20.11 42.8 C15H22O2 234
6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol (a sesquiterpene alcohol) 19.46 11.2 C15H24O 220
1-yr VRE 3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid 20.12 26.1 C15H22O2 234
6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol 19.47 3.0 C15H24O 220
Ethyl hexadecanoate (ethyl palmitate) 21.86 32.3 C18H36O2 284
Ethyl 9,12-Octadecadienoate (ethyl linoleate) 23.42 18.9 C20H36O2 308
4-yr VRE 3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid 20.17 14.1 C15H22O2 234
6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol 19.46 9.9 C15H24O 220
VO 3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid 20.15 0.7 C15H22O2 234
6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol 19.47 17.1 C15H24O 220
2-(4a,8-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol(the sesquiterpene alcohol γ-costol) 19.95 10.5 C15H24O 220

Repellent activity of aqueous Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) extracts on Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles. The chemotaxis index (CI) was recorded after 24 hr.

Treatmenta CIb
2-mon VRA 0.1 g/ml −0.5 bc
2-mon VSA 0.1 g/ml −0.6 b
Control sterile distilled water 0.0 a

Repellent activity of Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) oil, vetiver root ethanol extracts, and Tagetes patula (French marigold cv. Durango Mix) root ethanol extracts on Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles. The chemotaxis index (CI) was recorded after 24 hr.

Treatmenta CIb
FMRE 0.1 g/ml −0.4 dec
2-mon VRE 0.1 g/ml −0.6 e
1-yr VRE 0.1 g/ml −0.3 bcd
4-yr VRE 0.1 g/ml −0.3 cde
VO 0.1 g/ml −0.1 abc
Ethanol 0.1 a
Sterile distilled water 0.0 ab

Percentage inactive or dead Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) in Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) shoot aqueous (VSA) extracts and vetiver root aqueous (VRA) extracts.

Percentage inactive J2 Percentage dead J2
Treatmenta Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 rinsed
VSA 94% 53.4 bAb 70.4 abA 68.2 aA
VRA 94% 79.6 aAB 86.7 aA 71.9 aA
VSA 71% 46.2 bB 63.5 bcA 71.1 aA
VRA 71% 74.4 aA 72.1 abA 68.0 aA
VSA 47% 39.8 bcB 49.3 cdB 67.6 aA
VRA 47% 50.3 bA 49.8 cdA 53.4 abA
VSA 24% 23.7 cdB 38.3 dAB 56.3 abA
VRA 24% 16.6 deB 34.3 deA 43.6 bA
0.48 mg/ml streptomycin sulfate 14.7 deA 18.7 efA 22.3 cA
Water 6.7 eB 9.8 fAB 17.5 cA

Percentage inactive or dead Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) in Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) root ethanol (VRE) extracts, Tagetes patula (French marigold cv. Durango Mix) root ethanol (FMRE) extract, and in vetiver oil (VO). Extracts were prepared from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old and 4-yr-old vetiver cv. Sierra, and from field-grown, 1-yr-old cv. Songkha 3.

Percentage inactive J2 Percentage dead J2
Treatmenta Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 rinsed
FMRE 0.95 mg/ml 34.9 aBb 30.7 aB 69.1 aA
2-mon VRE 0.95 mg/ml 24.9 abcB 28.0 abB 38.3 bcA
1-yr VRE 0.95 mg/ml 27.6 abB 26.5 abB 42.4 bA
4-yr VRE 0.95 mg/ml 29.7 abB 30.0 aB 41.9 bA
VO 0.95 mg/ml 20.3 bcdA 12.6 cdA 17.1 deA
0.95% CTD 12.9 dA 8.0 dA 11.3 eA
FMRE 0.095 mg/ml 13.7 cdB 17.0 bcdB 35.0 bcA
2-mon VRE 0.095 mg/ml 16.2 cdA 20.2 abcA 24.0 cdeA
1-yr VRE 0.095 mg/ml 16.2 cdB 13.9 cdB 30.5 bcdA
4-yr VRE 0.095 mg/ml 14.2 cdB 11.0 cdB 27.8 bcdA
VO 0.095 mg/ml 9.7 dA 8.6 cdA 9.8 eA
0.095% CTD 12.8 dA 8.0 dA 11.8 eA
Sterile distilled water 11.8 dA 12.4 cdA 15.2 deA
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