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Embarked on social processes (the rivers) in dynamic and multilevel networks (the boats)

Emmanuel Lazega
Emmanuel Lazega
   | 19 giu 2020
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Pubblicato online: 19 giu 2020
Pagine: 60 - 76
Ricevuto: 12 mag 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019.013
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© 2020 Emmanuel Lazega published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Superposed levels of collective agency: inter-individual network, inter-organizational network, and affiliation network. In this multilevel, linked-design structure, the two levels are each made up of different types of units. In the analysis of multilevel networks (AMN), as understood here, the unit of analysis is the individual-organization pair.
Superposed levels of collective agency: inter-individual network, inter-organizational network, and affiliation network. In this multilevel, linked-design structure, the two levels are each made up of different types of units. In the analysis of multilevel networks (AMN), as understood here, the unit of analysis is the individual-organization pair.

Figure 2:

Seeking advice and learning from peers identified as direct competitors: managing coopetition with superposed social niches as a collective benefit of multilevel networks. Stochastic blockmodel based on the probabilities of advice relations between and within blocks conditioned on presence of direct competitors. The two kinds of links, seeking advice and identifying as a direct competitors, are dependent. In the second block there is a higher proportion of members seeking advice from each other and calling each other direct competitors than in the two other blocks. Node size proportional to block size, N = 126.
Seeking advice and learning from peers identified as direct competitors: managing coopetition with superposed social niches as a collective benefit of multilevel networks. Stochastic blockmodel based on the probabilities of advice relations between and within blocks conditioned on presence of direct competitors. The two kinds of links, seeking advice and identifying as a direct competitors, are dependent. In the second block there is a higher proportion of members seeking advice from each other and calling each other direct competitors than in the two other blocks. Node size proportional to block size, N = 126.

Figure 3:

The “long” term resilience of inter-individual collaboration ties over 17 years, long after the different organizations in which they worked have disappeared.
The “long” term resilience of inter-individual collaboration ties over 17 years, long after the different organizations in which they worked have disappeared.

Figure 4:

How can inter-organizational ties be that important to members’ multilevel status? Dual alters induced relational capital accessed thanks to closing multilevel 3-paths. By providing an extended opportunity structures: “network lift” from “dual alters” and a 3-level Matthew effect. They provide a social discipline across organizational boundaries, a discipline that makes it possible to seek advice from direct competitors (otherwise risky).
How can inter-organizational ties be that important to members’ multilevel status? Dual alters induced relational capital accessed thanks to closing multilevel 3-paths. By providing an extended opportunity structures: “network lift” from “dual alters” and a 3-level Matthew effect. They provide a social discipline across organizational boundaries, a discipline that makes it possible to seek advice from direct competitors (otherwise risky).

Figure 5:

A potential to realize through multilevel 3-paths: picture of all dual alters (in red) accessible to researchers (in green) for coopetitive learning and collaborations through their inter-organizational ties (in blue). Green nodes are actors i. First circle of blue nodes are organizations in which actors i are affiliated. Second circle blue nodes are organizations with which first circle blue nodes are connected. Red nodes are dual alters accessible to members (green nodes i) through inter-organizational networks. For the clarity of the picture, ties among members i (whether as focal actors or as dual alters) are not visualized.
A potential to realize through multilevel 3-paths: picture of all dual alters (in red) accessible to researchers (in green) for coopetitive learning and collaborations through their inter-organizational ties (in blue). Green nodes are actors i. First circle of blue nodes are organizations in which actors i are affiliated. Second circle blue nodes are organizations with which first circle blue nodes are connected. Red nodes are dual alters accessible to members (green nodes i) through inter-organizational networks. For the clarity of the picture, ties among members i (whether as focal actors or as dual alters) are not visualized.

Figure 6:

A trade fair as epistemic and economic space represented with multilevel networks of coopetitive learning among sales representatives for contracting companies. Result of successive visualizations by Julien Brailly, Saint-Clair Chabert-Liddell and David Schoch of a discussion network among sales representatives during year 1 (lower level) and the contract network signed the following year between the companies in which these sales representatives were affiliated (upper level). Many small companies, the units on the outer upper circle, did not sign any contract that year and thus find themselves isolated on this outer upper circle, as if they were watching the economic action driven by the more central companies doing business in the centre. The density of the lower level network represents the “buzz” network of this trade fair. For color codes and for a substantive explanation of this graph, see Brailly (2016; Brailly et al., 2016).
A trade fair as epistemic and economic space represented with multilevel networks of coopetitive learning among sales representatives for contracting companies. Result of successive visualizations by Julien Brailly, Saint-Clair Chabert-Liddell and David Schoch of a discussion network among sales representatives during year 1 (lower level) and the contract network signed the following year between the companies in which these sales representatives were affiliated (upper level). Many small companies, the units on the outer upper circle, did not sign any contract that year and thus find themselves isolated on this outer upper circle, as if they were watching the economic action driven by the more central companies doing business in the centre. The density of the lower level network represents the “buzz” network of this trade fair. For color codes and for a substantive explanation of this graph, see Brailly (2016; Brailly et al., 2016).

Figure 7:

The tip of a multilevel institutional iceberg: a collegial oligarchy of institutional entrepreneurs as vertical linchpins involved in coopetitive learning and selection of its ex ante leaders. Network map of a EU “patent conclave”, the collegial oligarchy crafting the “European Compromise”. Mapping the ‘Uniform’ network: “Who expects whom to represent the future Uniform position, if any?”. Clarifying anticipations, freezing expectations, obtaining alignments on cross-level linchpins/collegial oligarchy: Multistatus German, UK and Dutch judges: Judges with * are super-central judges.
The tip of a multilevel institutional iceberg: a collegial oligarchy of institutional entrepreneurs as vertical linchpins involved in coopetitive learning and selection of its ex ante leaders. Network map of a EU “patent conclave”, the collegial oligarchy crafting the “European Compromise”. Mapping the ‘Uniform’ network: “Who expects whom to represent the future Uniform position, if any?”. Clarifying anticipations, freezing expectations, obtaining alignments on cross-level linchpins/collegial oligarchy: Multistatus German, UK and Dutch judges: Judges with * are super-central judges.

Figure 8:

Context as multispin providing stability from movement in multilevel relational infrastructures. Multispin (multilevel spinning top) as direct context of multilevel networks, driving the organized mobility and relational turnover of their members (individuals, organizations, governments).
Context as multispin providing stability from movement in multilevel relational infrastructures. Multispin (multilevel spinning top) as direct context of multilevel networks, driving the organized mobility and relational turnover of their members (individuals, organizations, governments).

Winners and losers from heterogeneous types of capitalism in the Europe des Juges institutionalization process.

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