Mapping the Distribution and Spread of Social Ties Over Time: A Case Study Using Facebook Friends

Acedo, A., Painho, M. and Casteleyn, S. 2017. Place and city: operationalizing sense of place and social capital in the urban context. Transactions in GIS 21(3): 503–20. Acedo A. Painho M. Casteleyn S. 2017 Place and city: operationalizing sense of place and social capital in the urban context Transactions in GIS 21 (3) 503 20 10.1111/tgis.12282 Search in Google Scholar

Aldrich, D. P. and Meyer, M. A. 2014. Social capital and community resilience. American Behavioral Scientist 59(2): 1–16. Aldrich D. P. Meyer M. A. 2014 Social capital and community resilience American Behavioral Scientist 59 (2) 1 16 10.1177/0002764214550299 Search in Google Scholar

Andris, C., Halverson, S. and Hardisty, F. 2011. Predicting migration system dynamics with conditional and posterior probabilities. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Spatial Data Mining and Geographical Knowledge Services, pp. 192–7. Andris C. Halverson S. Hardisty F. 2011 Predicting migration system dynamics with conditional and posterior probabilities Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Spatial Data Mining and Geographical Knowledge Services, pp. 192 7 Search in Google Scholar

Bailey, M., Cao, R., Kuchler, T., Stroebel, J. and Wong, A. 2018. Social connectedness: measurement, determinants, and effects. Journal of Economic Perspectives 32(3): 259–80. Bailey M. Cao R. Kuchler T. Stroebel J. Wong A. 2018 Social connectedness: measurement, determinants, and effects Journal of Economic Perspectives 32 (3) 259 80 10.1257/jep.32.3.259 Search in Google Scholar

Bastian, M., Heymann, S. and Jacomy, M. 2009. Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. Third International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, pp. 361–2. Bastian M. Heymann S. Jacomy M. 2009 Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks Third International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, pp 361 2 Search in Google Scholar

Bathelt, H. and Glückler, J. 2003. Toward a relational economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography 3(2): 117–44. Bathelt H. Glückler J. 2003 Toward a relational economic geography Journal of Economic Geography 3 (2) 117 44 10.4324/9781351159203-4 Search in Google Scholar

Bathelt, H. and Glückler, J. 2005. Resources in economic geography: from substantive concepts towards a relational perspective. Environment and Planning A 37(9): 1545–63. Bathelt H. Glückler J. 2005 Resources in economic geography: from substantive concepts towards a relational perspective Environment and Planning A 37 (9) 1545 63 10.1068/a37109 Search in Google Scholar

Ben-Akiva, M. E. and Lerman, S. R. 1985. Discrete choice analysis: theory and application to travel demand, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Ben-Akiva M. E. Lerman S. R. 1985 Discrete choice analysis: theory and application to travel demand The MIT Press Cambridge, MA Search in Google Scholar

Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R. and Lefebvre, E. 2008. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008, P10008. Blondel V. D. Guillaume J.-L. Lambiotte R. Lefebvre E. 2008 Fast unfolding of communities in large networks Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008, P10008 10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008 Search in Google Scholar

Brooks, B., Hogan, B., Ellison, N., Lampe, C. and Vitak, J. 2014. Assessing structural correlates to social capital in Facebook ego networks. Social Networks 38(1): 1–15. Brooks B. Hogan B. Ellison N. Lampe C. Vitak J. 2014 Assessing structural correlates to social capital in Facebook ego networks Social Networks 38 1 1 15 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

Cacioppo, J. T. and Patrick, W. 2008. Loneliness: human nature and the need for social connection, WW Norton & Company, New York, NY. Cacioppo J. T. Patrick W. 2008 Loneliness: human nature and the need for social connection WW Norton & Company New York, NY Search in Google Scholar

Carrasco, J. A., Miller, E. J. and Wellman, B. 2009. How far and with whom do people socialize? Empirical evidence about distance between social network members. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2076(1): 114–22. Carrasco J. A. Miller E. J. Wellman B. 2009 How far and with whom do people socialize? Empirical evidence about distance between social network members Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2076 (1) 114 22 10.3141/2076-13 Search in Google Scholar

Chen, M., Lin, H., Hu, M., He, L. and Zhang, C. 2013. Real-geographic-scenario-based virtual social environments: integrating geography with social research. Environment and Planning B 40(6): 1103–21. Chen M. Lin H. Hu M. He L. Zhang C. 2013 Real-geographic-scenario-based virtual social environments: integrating geography with social research Environment and Planning B 40 (6) 1103 21 10.1068/b38160 Search in Google Scholar

Consolvo, S., Smith, I. E., Matthews, T., LaMarca, A., Tabert, J. and Powledge, P. 2005. Location disclosure to social relations: why, when, & what people want to share. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 81–90. Consolvo S. Smith I. E. Matthews T. LaMarca A. Tabert J. Powledge P. 2005 Location disclosure to social relations: why, when, & what people want to share Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp 81 90 Search in Google Scholar

Cruz, J. D., Bothorel, C. and Poulet, F. 2013. Community detection and visualization in social networks: integrating structural and semantic information. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) 5(1): Article No. 11, 26p. Cruz J. D. Bothorel C. Poulet F. 2013 Community detection and visualization in social networks: integrating structural and semantic information ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) 5 (1) Article No. 11, 26p 10.1145/2542182.2542193 Search in Google Scholar

Csárdi, G. and Nepusz, T. 2006. The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal Complex Systems 1695: 1–9. Csárdi G. Nepusz T. 2006 The igraph software package for complex network research InterJournal Complex Systems 1695 1–9 Search in Google Scholar

Dabbs, J. M., Chang, E.-L., Strong, R. A. and Milun, R. 1998. Spatial ability, navigation strategy, and geographic knowledge among men and women. Evolution and Human Behavior 19(2): 89–98. Dabbs J. M. Chang E.-L. Strong R. A. Milun R. 1998 Spatial ability, navigation strategy, and geographic knowledge among men and women Evolution and Human Behavior 19 (2) 89 98 10.1016/S1090-5138(97)00107-4 Search in Google Scholar

de Smith, M. J. 2004. Distance transforms as a new tool in spatial analysis, urban planning, and GIS. Environment and Planning B 31(1): 85–104. de Smith M. J. 2004 Distance transforms as a new tool in spatial analysis, urban planning, and GIS Environment and Planning B 31 (1) 85 104 10.1068/b29123 Search in Google Scholar

Dodd, S. C. 1950. A gravity model fitting physical masses and human groups. American Sociological Review 15(2): 245–56. Dodd S. C. 1950 A gravity model fitting physical masses and human groups American Sociological Review 15 (2) 245 56 10.2307/2086789 Search in Google Scholar

Dugundji, E. R., Páez, A., Arentze, T. A., Walker, J. L., Carrasco, J. A., Marchal, F. and Nakanishi, H. 2011. Transportation and social interactions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 45(4): 239–47. Dugundji E. R. Páez A. Arentze T. A. Walker J. L. Carrasco J. A. Marchal F. Nakanishi H. 2011 Transportation and social interactions Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 45 (4) 239 47 10.1016/j.tra.2011.01.001 Search in Google Scholar

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. 2007. The benefits of Facebook ‘friends’: social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12(4): 1143–68. Ellison N. B. Steinfield C. Lampe C. 2007 The benefits of Facebook ‘friends’: social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (4) 1143 68 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x Search in Google Scholar

Ertel, K. A., Glymour, M. M. and Berkman, L. F. 2009. Social networks and health: A life course perspective integrating observational and experimental evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26(1): 73–92. Ertel K. A. Glymour M. M. Berkman L. F. 2009 Social networks and health: A life course perspective integrating observational and experimental evidence Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26 (1) 73 92 10.1177/0265407509105523 Search in Google Scholar

Feld, S. L., Suitor, J. J. and Hoegh, J. G. 2007. Describing changes in personal networks over time. Field Methods 19(2): 218–36. Feld S. L. Suitor J. J. Hoegh J. G. 2007 Describing changes in personal networks over time Field Methods 19 (2) 218 36 10.1177/1525822X06299134 Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, C. S. 1982. To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town And City, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Fischer C. S. 1982 To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town And City University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL Search in Google Scholar

Franklin, R. S. 2003. Migration of the young, single, and college educated: 1995 to 2000. US Census Bureau Report CENSR-12, Hillcrest Heights, MD. Franklin R. S. 2003 Migration of the young, single, and college educated: 1995 to 2000 US Census Bureau Report CENSR-12, Hillcrest Heights, MD Search in Google Scholar

Frey, W. H. 2005. Immigration and domestic migration in US metro areas: 2000 and 1990 census findings by education and race. Research report, University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Frey W. H. 2005 Immigration and domestic migration in US metro areas: 2000 and 1990 census findings by education and race Research report, University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI Search in Google Scholar

Glaeser, E. L. 1999. Learning in cities. Journal of Urban Economics 46: 254–77. Glaeser E. L. 1999 Learning in cities Journal of Urban Economics 46 254 77 10.3386/w6271 Search in Google Scholar

Golder, S. A., Wilkinson, D. M. and Hubennan, B. A. 2007. Rhythms of social interaction: messaging within a massive online network. Proceedings of the 3rd Communities and Technologies Conference, pp. 41–66. Golder S. A. Wilkinson D. M. Hubennan B. A. 2007 Rhythms of social interaction: messaging within a massive online network Proceedings of the 3rd Communities and Technologies Conference, pp 41 66 Search in Google Scholar

Golledge, R. 2002. The nature of geographic knowledge. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92(1): 1–14. Golledge R. 2002 The nature of geographic knowledge Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 1 1 14 10.1111/1467-8306.00276 Search in Google Scholar

Greenwood, M. J. 1985. Human migration: theory, models, and empirical studies. Journal of Regional Science 25(4): 521–44. Greenwood M. J. 1985 Human migration: theory, models, and empirical studies Journal of Regional Science 25 (4) 521 44 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1985.tb00321.x Search in Google Scholar

Gross, R. and Acquisti, A. 2005. Information revelation and privacy in online social networks. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, pp. 71–81. Gross R. Acquisti A. 2005 Information revelation and privacy in online social networks Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, pp 71 81 Search in Google Scholar

Hampton, K. and Wellman, B. 2003. Neighboring in Netville: how the Internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb. City & Community 2(4): 277–311. Hampton K. Wellman B. 2003 Neighboring in Netville: how the Internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb City & Community 2 (4) 277 311 10.1046/j.1535-6841.2003.00057.x Search in Google Scholar

He, J. and Fallah, M. H. 2011. The typology of technology clusters and its evolution – evidence from the hi-tech industries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 78(6): 945–52. He J. Fallah M. H. 2011 The typology of technology clusters and its evolution – evidence from the hi-tech industries Technological Forecasting and Social Change 78 (6) 945 52 10.1016/j.techfore.2011.01.005 Search in Google Scholar

Hijmans, R. J., Williams, E. and Vennes, C. 2017. R package: geosphere: spherical trigonometry, available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=geosphere (accessed March 1, 2019). Hijmans R. J. Williams E. Vennes C. 2017 R package: geosphere: spherical trigonometry available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=geosphere (accessed March 1, 2019). Search in Google Scholar

Hill, R. A. and Dunbar, R. I. M. 2003. Social network size in humans. Human Nature 14(1): 53–72. Hill R. A. Dunbar R. I. M. 2003 Social network size in humans Human Nature 14 (1) 53 72 10.1007/s12110-003-1016-y Search in Google Scholar

Hogan, B. 2011. Visualizing and interpreting Facebook networks, in Hansen, D. L., Shneiderman, B. and Smith, M. A. (Eds), Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL, Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, MA, pp. 165–79. Hogan B. 2011 Visualizing and interpreting Facebook networks in Hansen D. L. Shneiderman B. Smith M. A. (Eds) Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL Morgan Kaufmann Burlington, MA, pp 165 79 10.1016/B978-0-12-382229-1.00011-4 Search in Google Scholar

Hogan, B., Carrasco, J. A. and Wellman, B. 2007. Visualizing personal networks: working with participant-aided sociograms. Field Methods 19(2): 116–44. Hogan B. Carrasco J. A. Wellman B. 2007 Visualizing personal networks: working with participant-aided sociograms Field Methods 19 (2) 116 44 10.1177/1525822X06298589 Search in Google Scholar

Huff, D. L. 1963. A probabilistic analysis of shopping center trade areas. Land Economics 39(1): 81–90. Huff D. L. 1963 A probabilistic analysis of shopping center trade areas Land Economics 39 (1) 81 90 10.2307/3144521 Search in Google Scholar

Hyyppä, M. T., Mäki, J., Alanen, E., Impivaara, O. and Aromaa, A. 2008. Long-term stability of social participation. Social Indicators Research 88(2): 389–96. Hyyppä M. T. Mäki J. Alanen E. Impivaara O. Aromaa A. 2008 Long-term stability of social participation Social Indicators Research 88 (2) 389 96 10.1007/s11205-007-9199-y Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, M. O. 2008. Social and economic networks, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Jackson M. O. 2008 Social and economic networks Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ 10.1515/9781400833993 Search in Google Scholar

Juhász, L. and Hochmair, H. 2018. Analyzing the spatial and temporal dynamics of Snapchat. AnaLysis, Integration, Vision, Engagement (VGI-ALIVE), Pre-Conference Workshop at AGILE 2018, Lund, Sweden. Juhász L. Hochmair H. 2018 Analyzing the spatial and temporal dynamics of Snapchat AnaLysis, Integration, Vision, Engagement (VGI-ALIVE), Pre-Conference Workshop at AGILE 2018, Lund, Sweden Search in Google Scholar

Krings, G., Calabrese, F., Ratti, C. and Blondel, V. D. 2009. Urban gravity: a model for inter-city telecommunication flows. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2009, L07003. Krings G. Calabrese F. Ratti C. Blondel V. D. 2009 Urban gravity: a model for inter-city telecommunication flows Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2009, L07003 10.1088/1742-5468/2009/07/L07003 Search in Google Scholar

Lambiotte, R., Blondel, V. D., de Kerchove, C., Huens, E., Prieur, C., Smoreda, Z. and Van Dooren, P. 2008. Geographical dispersal of mobile communication networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 387(21): 5317–25. Lambiotte R. Blondel V. D. de Kerchove C. Huens E. Prieur C. Smoreda Z. Van Dooren P. 2008 Geographical dispersal of mobile communication networks Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 387 (21) 5317 25 10.1016/j.physa.2008.05.014 Search in Google Scholar

Lampe, C., Ellison, N. and Steinfield, C. 2006. A face(book) in the crowd: social searching vs. social browsing. Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 167–70. Lampe C. Ellison N. Steinfield C. 2006 A face(book) in the crowd: social searching vs. social browsing Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp 167 70 Search in Google Scholar

Leskovec, J. and Horvitz, E. 2008. Planetary-scale views on a large instant-messaging network. Proceedings of the 17th International World Wide Web Conference, pp. 915–24. Leskovec J. Horvitz E. 2008 Planetary-scale views on a large instant-messaging network Proceedings of the 17th International World Wide Web Conference, pp. 915 24 Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, K. 2015. Three fallacies of digital footprints. Big Data & Society 2(2): 1–4. Lewis K. 2015 Three fallacies of digital footprints Big Data & Society 2 (2) 1 4 10.1177/2053951715602496 Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., Gonzalez, M., Wimmer, A. and Christakis, N. 2008. Tastes, ties, and time: a new social network dataset using Facebook.com. Social Networks 30: 330–42. Lewis K. Kaufman J. Gonzalez M. Wimmer A. Christakis N. 2008 Tastes, ties, and time: a new social network dataset using Facebook.com Social Networks 30 330 42 10.1016/j.socnet.2008.07.002 Search in Google Scholar

Liben-Nowell, D., Novak, J., Kumar, R., Raghavan, P. and Tomkins, A. 2005. Geographic routing in social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(33): 11623–8. Liben-Nowell D. Novak J. Kumar R. Raghavan P. Tomkins A. 2005 Geographic routing in social networks Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(33): 11623 8 10.1073/pnas.0503018102 Search in Google Scholar

Lin, H. and Qiu, L. 2012. Sharing emotion on Facebook: network size, density, and individual motivation. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 2573–8. Lin H. Qiu L. 2012 Sharing emotion on Facebook: network size, density, and individual motivation Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 2573 8 Search in Google Scholar

Lye, D. N. 1996. Adult child–parent relationships. Annual Review of Sociology 22(1): 79–102. Lye D. N. 1996 Adult child–parent relationships Annual Review of Sociology 22 (1) 79 102 10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.79 Search in Google Scholar

Magdol, L. 2000. The people you know: the impact of residential mobility on mothers’ social network ties. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 17(2): 183–204. Magdol L. 2000 The people you know: the impact of residential mobility on mothers’ social network ties Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 17 (2) 183 204 10.1177/0265407500172002 Search in Google Scholar

Mayer, A. and Puller, S. L. 2008. The old boy (and girl) network: Social network formation on university campuses. Journal of Public Economics 92(1-2): 329–47. Mayer A. Puller S. L. 2008 The old boy (and girl) network: Social network formation on university campuses Journal of Public Economics 92(1-2) 329 47 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.09.001 Search in Google Scholar

McCormick, B. and Wahba, J. 2005. Why do the young and educated in LDCs concentrate in large cities? Evidence from migration data. Economica 72(285): 39–67. McCormick B. Wahba J. 2005 Why do the young and educated in LDCs concentrate in large cities? Evidence from migration data Economica 72 (285) 39 67 10.1111/j.0013-0427.2005.00401.x Search in Google Scholar

McGee, J., Caverlee, J. A. and Cheng, Z. 2011. A geographic study of tie strength in social media. Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 2333–6. McGee J. Caverlee J. A. Cheng Z. 2011 A geographic study of tie strength in social media Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp 2333 6 Search in Google Scholar

Næss, S. E. 2018. User engagement with Snapchat: exploring the influence of technical factors. Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Næss S. E. 2018 User engagement with Snapchat: exploring the influence of technical factors Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Search in Google Scholar

Onnela, J.-P., Arbesman, S., González, M. C., Barabási, A.-L. and Christakis, N. 2011. Geographic constraints on social network groups. PloS One 6(4): e16939. Onnela J.-P. Arbesman S. González M. C. Barabási A.-L. Christakis N. 2011 Geographic constraints on social network groups PloS One 6(4): e16939 10.1371/journal.pone.0016939 Search in Google Scholar

Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A. and Calvert, S. L. 2009. College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 30(3): 227–38. Pempek T. A. Yermolayeva Y. A. Calvert S. L. 2009 College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 30 (3) 227 38 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010 Search in Google Scholar

Preciado, P., Snijders, T. A. B., Burk, W. J., Stattin, H. and Kerr, M. 2012. Does proximity matter? Distance dependence of adolescent friendships. Social Networks 34(1): 18–31. Preciado P. Snijders T. A. B. Burk W. J. Stattin H. Kerr M. 2012 Does proximity matter? Distance dependence of adolescent friendships Social Networks 34 (1) 18 31 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

Pultar, E. and Raubal, M. 2009. A case for space: physical and virtual location requirements in the CouchSurfing social network. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Location Based Social Networks, pp. 88–91. Pultar E. Raubal M. 2009 A case for space: physical and virtual location requirements in the CouchSurfing social network Proceedings of the International Workshop on Location Based Social Networks, pp 88 91 Search in Google Scholar

Reilly, W. J. 1953. The law of retail gravitation, Putnam Press, New York, NY. Reilly W. J. 1953 The law of retail gravitation Putnam Press New York, NY Search in Google Scholar

Rieder, B. 2013. Studying Facebook via data extraction: the Netvizz application. Proceedings of WebSci’13, the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference, pp. 346–55. Rieder B. 2013 Studying Facebook via data extraction: the Netvizz application Proceedings of WebSci’13, the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference, pp 346 55 Search in Google Scholar

Scellato, S., Noulas, A., Lambiotte, R. and Mascolo, C. 2011. Socio-spatial properties of online location-based social networks. Proceedings of International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, pp. 329–36. Scellato S. Noulas A. Lambiotte R. Mascolo C. 2011 Socio-spatial properties of online location-based social networks Proceedings of International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, pp 329 36 Search in Google Scholar

Silverman, B. W. 2018. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, Routledge, New York, NY. Silverman B. W. 2018 Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, Routledge New York, NY 10.1201/9781315140919 Search in Google Scholar

Smith, T. W., Marsden, P., Hout, M. and Kim, J. n.d. General social surveys, 1972–2010. National Opinion Research Center (NORC), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, available at: http://gssdataexplorer.norc.org (accessed March 1, 2019). Smith T. W. Marsden P. Hout M. Kim J. n.d General social surveys, 1972–2010 National Opinion Research Center (NORC), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, available at: http://gssdataexplorer.norc.org (accessed March 1, 2019). Search in Google Scholar

Spiro, E. S., Almquist, Z. W. and Butts, C. T. 2016. The persistence of division: geography, institutions, and online friendship ties. Socius 2: 1–15. Spiro E. S. Almquist Z. W. Butts C. T. 2016 The persistence of division: geography, institutions, and online friendship ties Socius 2 1 15 10.1177/2378023116634340 Search in Google Scholar

Stafford, L. 2005. Maintaining long-distance and cross-residential relationships, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. Stafford L. 2005 Maintaining long-distance and cross-residential relationships Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ 10.4324/9781410611512 Search in Google Scholar

Suitor, J. and Keeton, S. 1997. Once a friend, always a friend? Effects of homophily on women’s support networks across a decade. Social Networks 19(1): 51–62. Suitor J. Keeton S. 1997 Once a friend, always a friend? Effects of homophily on women’s support networks across a decade Social Networks 19 (1) 51 62 10.1016/S0378-8733(96)00290-0 Search in Google Scholar

Takhteyev, Y., Gruzd, A. and Wellman, B. 2012. Geography of Twitter networks. Social Networks 34(1): 73–81. Takhteyev Y. Gruzd A. Wellman B. 2012 Geography of Twitter networks Social Networks 34 (1) 73 81 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.05.006 Search in Google Scholar

Viry, G. 2012. Residential mobility and the spatial dispersion of personal networks: effects on social support. Social Networks 34(1): 59–72. Viry G. 2012 Residential mobility and the spatial dispersion of personal networks: effects on social support Social Networks 34 (1) 59 72 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.07.003 Search in Google Scholar

Wellman, B., Wong, R. Y., Tindall, D. and Nazer, N. 1997. A decade of network change: Turnover, persistence and stability in personal communities. Social Networks 19(1): 27–50. Wellman B. Wong R. Y. Tindall D. Nazer N. 1997 A decade of network change: Turnover, persistence and stability in personal communities Social Networks 19 (1) 27 50 10.1016/S0378-8733(96)00289-4 Search in Google Scholar