Accesso libero

Best Available Technologies for Waste Co-Firing Applications

Krzysztof WYKA
Krzysztof WYKA
 e 
Anna SKOREK-OSIKOWSKA
Anna SKOREK-OSIKOWSKA
   | 08 apr 2020
Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment's Cover Image
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Articolo precedente
Articolo Successivo
Cita
Article Category: research-article
Pubblicato online: 08 apr 2020
Pagine: 139 - 150
Ricevuto: 14 gen 2020
Accettato: 13 feb 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2020-012
Parole chiave
© 2020 Krzysztof Wyka et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Location of TPOK plants in Poland [2]
Location of TPOK plants in Poland [2]

Figure 2.

Waste management methods in EU in 2019 [5]
Waste management methods in EU in 2019 [5]

Figure 3.

Graphic diagram of the CFB boiler system in connection with the FGT installation
Graphic diagram of the CFB boiler system in connection with the FGT installation

Figure 4.

Division of the CFB + FGT system emission control range for the co-firing coal with RDF operating mode
Division of the CFB + FGT system emission control range for the co-firing coal with RDF operating mode

Figure 5.

Scheme of the fuel feeding to the combustion chamber of a CFB boiler
Scheme of the fuel feeding to the combustion chamber of a CFB boiler

Figure 6.

Main components of the FGT semi-dry flue gas treatment system
Main components of the FGT semi-dry flue gas treatment system

Figure 7.

Diagram of the emission control systems in CFB+FGT installation
Diagram of the emission control systems in CFB+FGT installation

Characteristics of RDF

Parameters Unit Standardized limits
Lower calorific value MJ/kg 6-25
Carbon % 35–40
Hydrogen % 5-8
Nitrogen % 0-1
Oxygen % 25-30
Sulphur % <0.5
Chlorine % <1
Ash content % <15
Volatile matter % 50-80
Humidity % <20
Bulk density kg/m3 100-300
Sb ppm <20
As ppm <10
Cd ppm <5
Cu ppm <150
Pb ppm <100
Cu ppm <150
Pb ppm <100
Ni ppm <50
Hg ppm <1

Predicted based emissions

Emission component – subject to reduction Maximum baseline emissions Unit
Dust <30 * g/Nm3
SO2 <2700 mg/Nm3
NOx <210 mg/Nm3
HCl <1100 mg/Nm3
HF <65 mg/Nm3
Hg <0.06 mg/Nm3
Cd+TI <1.3 mg/Nm3
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V <265 mg/Nm3

Emission levels in case for coal and RDF co-firing

Pollutant Yearly average emission limit Unit BAT no.
Ash 5 mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 68
S02 200 (1) ;150 (2) ;75 (3) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 66
N0X 150 (1) ;100 (2) ;85 (3) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 64
CO 140 (4) ;100 (5) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 64
NH3 10 (7) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 7
HCL 6 (1) ;3 (6) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 66
HF 3 (1) , 2 (6) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 66
Hg 3 (4) ;2 (5) Hg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 70
Cd+TI 12 (4) ;6 (5) Hg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 68
TVOC 5 mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 71
PCDD/PCDF 0.03 ng I-TEQ/Nm3@6%02 BAT 71
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V 0.5 (4) ;0.2 (5) mg/Nm3@6%02 BAT 68

Comparison of the CFB, BFB and Grate boiler technologies

Type of boiler CFB BFB * Grate boiler
Boiler’s efficiency High Average Low
Steam parameters High 1 Low Low
NOx emission Low Average High
Fuels range Widest 2 Narrow Wide
Cost of combustion waste management Average High Low
Share of fly ash 20-40% 80% 20%

Emission levels in case of coal firing (BAT-AELs)

Pollutant Yearly average emission limit Unit BAT no.
Ash 5 mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 22
SO2 200 (1) ;150 (2) ;75 (3) mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 21
NOx 150 (1) ;100 (2) ;85 (3) mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 20
CO 140 (4) ;100(5) mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 20
NH3 10 (7) mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 7
HCL 6 (1) ; 3 (6) mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 21
HF 3 (1) 2 (6) mg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 21
Hg 3 (4) ; 2 (5) Hg/Nm3@6%O2 BAT 23

Minimum emissions monitoring scope and monitoring frequency (BAT-AELs)

Substance Minimum monitoring frequency *
Dust Continuous
SO2 Continuous
NOx Continuous
N20 Once every year
CO Continuous
TVOCCombustion plant total rated thermal input** Continuous
HCL Coal + RDF firing: continuous (WI) Coal firing: once every 3 months
HF Coal + RDF firing: continuous (WI) Coal firing: once every 3 months
Metals and metalloids except mercury (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn) Coal + RDF firing – once every 6 months;Coal firing: once every year
Hg Coal and/or Coal + RDF firing <300MWth (1) – once every 3 months Coal and/or Coal + RDF firing 300MWth (1) – continuous
Dioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDF) Once every 6 months
NH3 Continuous (when SNCR used)

Characteristics of coal

Parameters Unit Standardized limits
Lower calorific value MJ/kg 19-26
Carbon % 58-78
Hydrogen % 3-4.5
Nitrogen % 1-2.6
Sulphur % 0.4-1.4
Chlorine % 0.1-0.4
Oxygen % 5.5-8
Volatile matter % 28-38
Humidity % <10
Bulk density kg/m3 750-1000
(Na+K) % <0.35
Sb mg/kg <5
As mg/kg <35
Cd mg/kg <4
Cr mg/kg <346
Co mg/kg <55
Cu mg/kg <225
Pb mg/kg <182
Ni mg/kg <227
Sn mg/kg <67
V mg/kg <333
Hg mg/kg <0.2
Zn mg/kg <262
eISSN:
1899-0142
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
4 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Architecture and Design, Architecture, Architects, Buildings
Feed RSS della rivista