Ryley (1969) |
500-2000 |
Sand, limestone gravel, clays, organic earth, chalk, coal |
100 |
10 |
15 |
1. Large errors in the case of clay mixed with gypsum.2. Ignition of coal in the microwave oven. |
Routledge & Sabey (1976) |
- |
Loamy sand, clay (with different initial moisture) |
5, 10 and 25 |
5 |
35 |
1. The increase in moisture content and the number of specimens in the cycle increases the duration of the test. |
Hagerty et al. (1990a, 1990b) |
700 |
Sand, silt, clay, tile clay, peat clay, bentonite, loess, aggregate |
50, 100 and 200 |
8 |
105 |
1. Test in cycles: 1 min (2 min) heating, then 1 min cooling and weighing the specimen. |
Gilbert (1988, 1991) |
- |
Clays, organic clays, silts, sands, gravels, fly ash (depending on the soil w
0
= 2%–495%) |
20–1280 |
3’38’’ |
30’7’’ |
1. Automated microwave oven drying.2. Safety instructions.3. The possibility of exploding soils and rocks.4. Recommended specimen mass 80 g (100 g) – 200 g.5. Mixing the soil during drying may cause its loss, which affects the erroneous determination of moisture. |
Gaspard (2002) |
650 |
Clay, silt, sand (depending on the soil w
0
= 27%–45%) |
500 |
11,2 (SMWO) 19,5 (CMWO) |
31,7 (SMWO) 52,7 (CMWO) |
1. Due to costs, the recommendation for SMWO (Standard Microwave Oven) method, not for CMWO (Computer Controlled Microwave Oven). |
Gołębiewska et al. (2003) |
800 |
Loamy sand, silt, clay, clay loam, medium sand |
I
p
=0-10%: 20, 50, 100 I
p
=10-30%, I
p
>30%: 10, 30, 60 |
3 |
10 |
1. Control measurement every 1 min in the range from 1–10 min.2. Dry 3 specimens at the same time. |
Chung & Ho (2008) |
700-1700 |
Silt loam |
100–1000 |
8,5 |
50 |
1. Initial drying for 3 min, for the first minute taking measurement every 10 seconds. |
Suwandi et al. (2009) |
700 |
Clay (depending on the soil w
0
= 67% –174%) |
100–1000 |
14,7 |
22 |
1. Testing procedure based on ASTM D4643-00. |
Daod (2012) |
900 |
Clay, silty clay |
150–200 |
- |
- |
1. Recommended mass specimen for determination liquidity limit 50-60 g.2. Measurement in the interval every 10 min. |
Grymowicz & Jastrzębska (2015) |
800 |
Fine sand, silt, clay |
12,531,51816 |
2 |
40 |
1. Moisture content of all specimens increased by 25% in relation to the initial state.2. Drying of 5 specimens at the same time. |
Kramarenko et al. (2015, 2016) |
900 |
Clay, clay loam, clay sand, low peat clay (w
0
= 14%–58%) peat (w
0
= 2513%) |
9–1005–200 |
5 |
17 |
1.1. Recommended drying time:• 30–40 min for peat mass more than 100 g,• 10–15 min for peat mass 30–50 g,• 3–5 min for peat mass 5–10 g.2. Recommended the intervals between control weighing:• about 3–5 min for peat mass more than 50 g,• 1-2 min for peat mass more than 5-10 g and for low peaty soil.3. According to ASTM D 4643 – 00 they suggest the mixing of soil at control weighing. |
Cormick (2015) |
- |
Fine-grained coarse-grained |
10–250300–1000 |
- |
- |
1. Recommended specimen mass of 150 g.2. Continuous drying for the first 3 min and then every 1 min with mass measurements after each heating cycle, keeping 1 min cooling period before weighing.3. Do not dry the soils with organic content above 10% and bentonites with moisture content greater than 110%. |
Jalilian et al. (2017) |
90-180-360-600 and 900 |
Sieved and unsieved soil specimens with 10cc twice of distilled water |
50 |
5 |
10 |
1. Heating cycles of 5 min and 10 min with 1 min cooling before weighing.2. Recommended heating power 600 W.3. Recommended heating time 10 min. min cooling before weighing. |
ATT-15/96 Kanada |
max. possible |
- |
min. 250 |
- |
- |
1. Dry 1 specimen in a cycle.2. Use the same specimen mass and microwave heating level.3. Measurement from 5 min after starting in the interval every 2 min, to stabilize the mass through the specimen. |
ASTM 2000 ASTM 2008 USA |
700 |
Most of the soil types. Caution in the case of the soil types:• soil containing significant amounts of halloysite, mica, montmorillonite, gypsum or other hydrated materials• highly organic soils• soils in which the pore water contains dissolved solids |
100–1000 (depending on the grain size) |
3 |
- |
1. According to ASTM 2000; initial drying for 3 min and then in cycles every 1 min. Mass measurements after each cycle after 1 min (or no) cooling.2. According to ASTM 2008; heating without a break in accordance with the time determined on the basis of nomograms.3. Mix the soil between drying cycles.4. Do not use specimens smaller than 100 g due to the possibility of overheating. |
Jastrzębska |
800 |
Fine sand, silty clay, sandy gravel (specimens with different moisture w
0
= 3%–103%) |
25–300 |
2 |
17 |
1. Measurement up to 5 min in the intervals every 30 seconds, then every 1 min to stabilize the mass through the specimen.2. The need to cover specimens due to the possibility of exploding. |