The role of high-resolution ultrasound and MRI in the evaluation of peripheral nerves in the lower extremity

1. Ergun T, Lakadamyali H: CT and MRI in the evaluation of extraspinal sciatica. Br J Radiol 2010; 83: 791–803. doi: 10.1259/bjr/76002141. Ergun T Lakadamyali H : CT and MRI in the evaluation of extraspinal sciatica . Br J Radiol 2010 ; 83 : 791 – 803 . doi: 10.1259/bjr/76002141 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Stafford MA, Peng P, Hill DA: Sciatica: a review of history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the role of epidural steroid injection in management. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 461–473. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem238. Stafford MA Peng P Hill DA : Sciatica: a review of history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the role of epidural steroid injection in management . Br J Anaesth 2007 ; 99 : 461 – 473 . doi: 10.1093/bja/aem238 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Dong Q, Jacobson JA, Jamadar DA, Gandikota G, Brandon C, Morag Y et al.: Entrapment neuropathies in the upper and lower limbs: anatomy and MRI features. Radiol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 230679. doi: 10.1155/2012/230679. Dong Q Jacobson JA Jamadar DA Gandikota G Brandon C Morag Y : Entrapment neuropathies in the upper and lower limbs: anatomy and MRI features . Radiol Res Pract 2012 ; 2012 : 230679 . doi: 10.1155/2012/230679 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Petchprapa CN, Rosenberg ZS, Sconfienza LM, Cavalcanti CF, Vieira RL, Zember JS: MR imaging of entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. Part 1. The pelvis and hip. Radiographics 2010; 30: 983–1000. doi: 10.1148/rg.304095135. Petchprapa CN Rosenberg ZS Sconfienza LM Cavalcanti CF Vieira RL Zember JS : MR imaging of entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity . Part 1. The pelvis and hip. Radiographics 2010 ; 30 : 983 – 1000 . doi: 10.1148/rg.304095135 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Chhabra A, Faridian-Aragh N: High-resolution 3-T MR neurography of femoral neuropathy. Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198: 3–10. doi: 10.2214/ajr.11.6676. Chhabra A Faridian-Aragh N : High-resolution 3-T MR neurography of femoral neuropathy . Am J Roentgenol 2012 ; 198 : 3 – 10 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.11.6676 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Harrell AD, Johnson D, Samet J, Omar IM, Deshmukh S: With or without? A retrospective analysis of intravenous contrast utility in magnetic resonance neurography. Skeletal Radiol 2020; 49: 577–584. doi: 10.1007/s00256-019-03321-x. Harrell AD Johnson D Samet J Omar IM Deshmukh S : With or without? A retrospective analysis of intravenous contrast utility in magnetic resonance neurography . Skeletal Radiol 2020 ; 49 : 577 – 584 . doi: 10.1007/s00256-019-03321-x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Loredo R, Hodler J, Pedowitz R, Yeh LR, Trudell D, Resnick D: MRI of the common peroneal nerve: normal anatomy and evaluation of masses associated with nerve entrapment. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 925–931. doi: 10.1097/00004728199811000-00017. Loredo R Hodler J Pedowitz R Yeh LR Trudell D Resnick D : MRI of the common peroneal nerve: normal anatomy and evaluation of masses associated with nerve entrapment . J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998 ; 22 : 925 – 931 . doi: 10.1097/00004728199811000-00017 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Walker KJ, McGrattan K, Aas-Eng K, Smith AF: Ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve blockade. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD006459. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd006459.pub2. Walker KJ McGrattan K Aas-Eng K Smith AF : Ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve blockade . Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 : CD006459 . doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd006459.pub2 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Ruiz A, Sala-Blanch X, Martinez-Ocón J, Carretero MJ, Sánchez-Etayo G, Hadzic A: Incidence of intraneural needle insertion in ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block: a comparison between the out-of-plane versus the in-plane approaches. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2014; 61: 73–77. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2013.09.023. Ruiz A Sala-Blanch X Martinez-Ocón J Carretero MJ Sánchez-Etayo G Hadzic A : Incidence of intraneural needle insertion in ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block: a comparison between the out-of-plane versus the in-plane approaches . Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2014 ; 61 : 73 – 77 . doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2013.09.023 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Cheney CW, Ahmadian A, Brennick C, Zheng P, Mattie R, McCormick ZL et al.: radiofrequency ablation for chronic hip pain: a comprehensive, narrative review. Pain Med 2021; 22: S14–S19. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnab043. Cheney CW Ahmadian A Brennick C Zheng P Mattie R McCormick ZL : radiofrequency ablation for chronic hip pain: a comprehensive, narrative review . Pain Med 2021 ; 22 : S14 – S19 . doi: 10.1093/pm/pnab043 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Hunter C, Davis T, Loudermilk E, Kapural L, DePalma M: Cooled radiofrequency ablation treatment of the genicular nerves in the treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain: 18- and 24-month results. Pain Pract 2020; 20: 238–246. doi: 10.1111/papr.12844. Hunter C Davis T Loudermilk E Kapural L DePalma M : Cooled radiofrequency ablation treatment of the genicular nerves in the treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain: 18- and 24-month results . Pain Pract 2020 ; 20 : 238 – 246 . doi: 10.1111/papr.12844 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Abd-Elsayed A, Gyorfi MJ, Ha SP: Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve radiofrequency ablation for long-term control of refractory meralgia paresthetica. Pain Med 2020; 21: 1433–1436. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnz372. Abd-Elsayed A Gyorfi MJ Ha SP : Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve radiofrequency ablation for long-term control of refractory meralgia paresthetica . Pain Med 2020 ; 21 : 1433 – 1436 . doi: 10.1093/pm/pnz372 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Ahmed A, Arora D: Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of genicular nerves of knee for relief of intractable pain from knee osteoarthritis: a case series. Br J Pain 2018; 12: 145–154. doi: 10.1177/2049463717730433. Ahmed A Arora D : Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of genicular nerves of knee for relief of intractable pain from knee osteoarthritis: a case series . Br J Pain 2018 ; 12 : 145 – 154 . doi: 10.1177/2049463717730433 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Kim PS, Ferrante FM: Cryoanalgesia: a novel treatment for hip adductor spasticity and obturator neuralgia. Anesthesiology. 1998; 89: 534–536. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199808000-00036. Kim PS Ferrante FM : Cryoanalgesia: a novel treatment for hip adductor spasticity and obturator neuralgia . Anesthesiology . 1998 ; 89 : 534 – 536 . doi: 10.1097/00000542-199808000-00036 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Bittman RW, Peters GL, Newsome JM, Friedberg EB, Mitchell JW, Knight JM et al.: percutaneous image-guided cryoneurolysis. Am J Roentgenol 2018; 210: 454–465. doi: 10.2214/ajr.17.18452. Bittman RW Peters GL Newsome JM Friedberg EB Mitchell JW Knight JM : percutaneous image-guided cryoneurolysis . Am J Roentgenol 2018 ; 210 : 454 – 465 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.17.18452 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Beaton LE, Anson BJ: The relation of the sciatic nerve and of its subdivisions to the piriformis muscle. Anat Rec 1937; 70: 1–5. Beaton LE Anson BJ : The relation of the sciatic nerve and of its subdivisions to the piriformis muscle . Anat Rec 1937 ; 70 : 1 – 5 . Search in Google Scholar

17. Poutoglidou F, Piagkou M, Totlis T, Tzika M, Natsis K: Sciatic nerve variants and the piriformis muscle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2020; 12: e11531. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11531. Poutoglidou F Piagkou M Totlis T Tzika M Natsis K : Sciatic nerve variants and the piriformis muscle: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Cureus 2020 ; 12 : e11531 . doi: 10.7759/cureus.11531 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Maeder B, Goetti P, Mahlouly J, Mustaki L, Buchegger T, Guyen O: Entrapment of the sciatic nerve over the femoral neck stem after closed reduction of a dislocated total hip arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2019; 3: e081. doi: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-18-00081. Maeder B Goetti P Mahlouly J Mustaki L Buchegger T Guyen O : Entrapment of the sciatic nerve over the femoral neck stem after closed reduction of a dislocated total hip arthroplasty . J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2019 ; 3 : e081 . doi: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-18-00081 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Lee EY, Margherita AJ, Gierada DS, Narra VR: MRI of piriformis syndrome. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 63–64. doi: 10.2214/ajr.183.1.1830063. Lee EY Margherita AJ Gierada DS Narra VR : MRI of piriformis syndrome . Am J Roentgenol 2004 ; 183 : 63 – 64 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.183.1.1830063 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Wu YY, Guo XY, Chen K, He FD, Quan JR: Feasibility and reliability of an ultrasound examination to diagnose piriformis syndrome. World Neurosurg 2020; 134: e1085–e1092. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.098. Wu YY Guo XY Chen K He FD Quan JR : Feasibility and reliability of an ultrasound examination to diagnose piriformis syndrome . World Neurosurg 2020 ; 134 : e1085 – e1092 . doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.098 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Okraszewska E, Migdalski L, Jedrzejewski KS, Bolanowski W: Sciatic nerve variations in some studies on the Polish population and its statistical significance. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2002; 61: 277–282. Okraszewska E Migdalski L Jedrzejewski KS Bolanowski W : Sciatic nerve variations in some studies on the Polish population and its statistical significance . Folia Morphol (Warsz) . 2002 ; 61 : 277 – 282 . Search in Google Scholar

22. Güvençer M, Iyem C, Akyer P, Tetik S, Naderi S: Variations in the high division of the sciatic nerve and relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis. Turk Neurosurg 2009; 19: 139–144. Güvençer M Iyem C Akyer P Tetik S Naderi S : Variations in the high division of the sciatic nerve and relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis . Turk Neurosurg 2009 ; 19 : 139 – 144 . Search in Google Scholar

23. Pokorný D, Jahoda D, Veigl D, Pinskerová V, Sosna A: Topographic variations of the relationship of the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle and its relevance to palsy after total hip arthroplasty. Surg Radiol Anat 2006; 28: 88–91. doi: 10.1007/s00276-005-0056-x. Pokorný D Jahoda D Veigl D Pinskerová V Sosna A : Topographic variations of the relationship of the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle and its relevance to palsy after total hip arthroplasty . Surg Radiol Anat 2006 ; 28 : 88 – 91 . doi: 10.1007/s00276-005-0056-x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Yang HE, Park JH, Kim S: Usefulness of magnetic resonance neurography for diagnosis of piriformis muscle syndrome and verification of the effect after botulinum toxin type a injection: two cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94: e1504. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000001504. Yang HE Park JH Kim S : Usefulness of magnetic resonance neurography for diagnosis of piriformis muscle syndrome and verification of the effect after botulinum toxin type a injection: two cases . Medicine (Baltimore) 2015 ; 94 : e1504 . doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000001504 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Tipton JS: Obturator neuropathy. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2008; 1: 234–237. doi: 10.1007/s12178-008-9030-7. Tipton JS : Obturator neuropathy . Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2008 ; 1 : 234 – 237 . doi: 10.1007/s12178-008-9030-7 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Kolouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG et al.: Athletic pubalgia and “sports hernia”: optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics 2008; 28: 1415–1438. doi: 10.1148/rg.285075217. Omar IM Zoga AC Kavanagh EC Kolouris G Bergin D Gopez AG : Athletic pubalgia and “sports hernia”: optimal MR imaging technique and findings . Radiographics 2008 ; 28 : 1415 – 1438 . doi: 10.1148/rg.285075217 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Yukata K, Arai K, Yoshizumi Y, Tamano K, Imada K, Nakaima N: Obturator neuropathy caused by an acetabular labral cyst: MRI findings. Am J Roentgenol. 2005; 184: S112–S114. doi: 10.2214/ajr.184.3_supplement.0184s112. Yukata K Arai K Yoshizumi Y Tamano K Imada K Nakaima N : Obturator neuropathy caused by an acetabular labral cyst: MRI findings . Am J Roentgenol . 2005 ; 184 : S112 – S114 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.184.3_supplement.0184s112 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Saeed R, Ahmed M, Lara G, Mahmoud A, Nurick H: Howship-romberg sign and bowel obstruction: a case report. Cureus 2019; 11: e5066. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5066. Saeed R Ahmed M Lara G Mahmoud A Nurick H : Howship-romberg sign and bowel obstruction: a case report . Cureus 2019 ; 11 : e5066 . doi: 10.7759/cureus.5066 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Yoshida T, Nakamoto T, Kamibayashi T: ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block: a focused review on anatomy and updated techniques. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017: 7023750. doi: 10.1155/2017/7023750. Yoshida T Nakamoto T Kamibayashi T : ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block: a focused review on anatomy and updated techniques . Biomed Res Int 2017 ; 2017 : 7023750 . doi: 10.1155/2017/7023750 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Grossman MG, Ducey SA, Nadler SS, Levy AS: Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001; 9: 336–344. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200109000-00007. Grossman MG Ducey SA Nadler SS Levy AS : Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and treatment . J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001 ; 9 : 336 – 344 . doi: 10.5435/00124635-200109000-00007 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Martinoli C, Miguel-Perez M, Padua L, Gandolfo N, Zicca A, Tagliafico A: Imaging of neuropathies about the hip. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82: 17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.034. Martinoli C Miguel-Perez M Padua L Gandolfo N Zicca A Tagliafico A : Imaging of neuropathies about the hip . Eur J Radiol 2013 ; 82 : 17 – 26 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.034 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Shi X, Liu F, Liu F, Chen Z, Zhu J: Sonographic features of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in meralgia paresthetica. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11: 4269–4274. doi: 10.21037/qims-21-209. Shi X Liu F Liu F Chen Z Zhu J : Sonographic features of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in meralgia paresthetica . Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021 ; 11 : 4269 – 4274 . doi: 10.21037/qims-21-209 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. Chhabra A, Del Grande F, Soldatos T, Chalian M, Belzberg AJ, Williams EH et al.: Meralgia paresthetica: 3-Tesla magnetic resonance neurography. Skeletal Radiol 2013; 42: 803–808. doi: 10.1007/s00256-012-1557-4. Chhabra A Del Grande F Soldatos T Chalian M Belzberg AJ Williams EH : Meralgia paresthetica: 3-Tesla magnetic resonance neurography . Skeletal Radiol 2013 ; 42 : 803 – 808 . doi: 10.1007/s00256-012-1557-4 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Moore AE, Stringer MD: Iatrogenic femoral nerve injury: a systematic review. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 33: 649–658. doi: 10.1007/s00276-011-0791-0. Moore AE Stringer MD : Iatrogenic femoral nerve injury: a systematic review . Surg Radiol Anat 2011 ; 33 : 649 – 658 . doi: 10.1007/s00276-011-0791-0 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Batistaki C, Saranteas T, Chloros G, Savvidou O: Ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block for saphenous neuralgia after knee surgery: two case reports and review of literature. Indian J Orthop 2019; 53: 208–212. doi: 10.4103/ortho.ijor-tho_520_17. Batistaki C Saranteas T Chloros G Savvidou O : Ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block for saphenous neuralgia after knee surgery: two case reports and review of literature . Indian J Orthop 2019 ; 53 : 208 – 212 . doi: 10.4103/ortho.ijor-tho_520_17 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Saranteas T, Anagnostis G, Paraskeuopoulos T, Koulalis D, Kokkalis Z, Nakou M et al.: Anatomy and clinical implications of the ultrasound-guided subsartorial saphenous nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36: 399–402. doi: 10.1097/aap.0b013e318220f172. Saranteas T Anagnostis G Paraskeuopoulos T Koulalis D Kokkalis Z Nakou M : Anatomy and clinical implications of the ultrasound-guided subsartorial saphenous nerve block . Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011 ; 36 : 399 – 402 . doi: 10.1097/aap.0b013e318220f172 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Erickson SJ, Quinn SF, Kneeland JB, Smith JW, Johnson JE, Carrera GF et al.: MR imaging of the tarsal tunnel and related spaces: normal and abnormal findings with anatomic correlation. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155: 323–328. doi: 10.2214/ajr.155.2.2115260. Erickson SJ Quinn SF Kneeland JB Smith JW Johnson JE Carrera GF : MR imaging of the tarsal tunnel and related spaces: normal and abnormal findings with anatomic correlation . Am J Roentgenol 1990 ; 155 : 323 – 328 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.155.2.2115260 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Nagaoka M, Matsuzaki H: Ultrasonography in tarsal tunnel syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24: 1035–1040. doi: 10.7863/jum.2005.24.8.1035. Nagaoka M Matsuzaki H : Ultrasonography in tarsal tunnel syndrome . J Ultrasound Med 2005 ; 24 : 1035 – 1040 . doi: 10.7863/jum.2005.24.8.1035 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Ladak A, Spinner RJ, Amrami KK, Howe BM: MRI findings in patients with tibial nerve compression near the knee. Skeletal Radiol 2013; 42: 553–559. doi: 10.1007/s00256-012-1571-6. Ladak A Spinner RJ Amrami KK Howe BM : MRI findings in patients with tibial nerve compression near the knee . Skeletal Radiol 2013 ; 42 : 553 – 559 . doi: 10.1007/s00256-012-1571-6 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Manoharan D, Sudhakaran D, Goyal A, Srivastava DN, Ansari MT: Clinico-radio-logical review of peripheral entrapment neuropathies – part 2. Lower limb. Eur J Radiol 2021; 135: 109482. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109482. Manoharan D Sudhakaran D Goyal A Srivastava DN Ansari MT : Clinico-radio-logical review of peripheral entrapment neuropathies – part 2 . Lower limb. Eur J Radiol 2021 ; 135 : 109482 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109482 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Collins MS, Tiegs-Heiden CA, Frick MA: MRI appearance of jogger’s foot. Skeletal Radiol 2020; 49: 1957–1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03494-w. Collins MS Tiegs-Heiden CA Frick MA : MRI appearance of jogger’s foot . Skeletal Radiol 2020 ; 49 : 1957 – 1963 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03494-w . Search in Google Scholar

42. Brown M, Pearce B, Trescot AM, Karl HW: Medial plantar nerve entrapment. In: Trescot AM (ed.): Peripheral Nerve Entrapments, 2016. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27482-9_75. Brown M Pearce B Trescot AM Karl HW : Medial plantar nerve entrapment . In: Trescot AM (ed.): Peripheral Nerve Entrapments , 2016 . doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27482-9_75 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Bencardino J, Rosenberg ZS, Beltran J, Liu X, Marty-Delfaut E: Morton’s neuroma: is it always symptomatic?. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 649–653. doi: 10.2214/ajr.175.3.1750649. Bencardino J Rosenberg ZS Beltran J Liu X Marty-Delfaut E : Morton’s neuroma: is it always symptomatic? . Am J Roentgenol 2000 ; 175 : 649 – 653 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.175.3.1750649 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. Terk MR, Kwong PK, Suthar M, Horvath BC, Colletti PM: Morton neuroma: evaluation with MR imaging performed with contrast enhancement and fat suppression. Radiology 1993; 189: 239–241. doi: 10.1148/radiology.189.1.8372200. Terk MR Kwong PK Suthar M Horvath BC Colletti PM : Morton neuroma: evaluation with MR imaging performed with contrast enhancement and fat suppression . Radiology 1993 ; 189 : 239 – 241 . doi: 10.1148/radiology.189.1.8372200 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45. Torres-Claramunt R, Ginés A, Pidemunt G, Puig L, de Zabala S: MRI and ultrasonography in Morton’s neuroma: diagnostic accuracy and correlation. Indian J Orthop 2012; 46: 321–325. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.96390. Torres-Claramunt R Ginés A Pidemunt G Puig L de Zabala S : MRI and ultrasonography in Morton’s neuroma: diagnostic accuracy and correlation . Indian J Orthop 2012 ; 46 : 321 – 325 . doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.96390 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46. Sharp RJ, Wade CM, Hennessy MS, Saxby TS: The role of MRI and ultrasound imaging in Morton’s neuroma and the effect of size of lesion on symptoms. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003; 85: 999–1005. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.85b7.12633. Sharp RJ Wade CM Hennessy MS Saxby TS : The role of MRI and ultrasound imaging in Morton’s neuroma and the effect of size of lesion on symptoms . J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003 ; 85 : 999 – 1005 . doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.85b7.12633 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47. Resch S, Stenström A, Jònsson A, Jonsson K: The diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in Morton’s neuroma: a radiological-surgical correlation. Foot Ankle Int 1994; 15: 88–92. doi: 10.1177/107110079401500208. Resch S Stenström A Jònsson A Jonsson K : The diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in Morton’s neuroma: a radiological-surgical correlation . Foot Ankle Int 1994 ; 15 : 88 – 92 . doi: 10.1177/107110079401500208 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Oh SJ, Kwon KH, Hah JS, Kim DE, Demirci M: Lateral plantar neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22: 1234–1238. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199909)22:9%3C1234::aid-mus10%3E3.0.co;2-3. Oh SJ Kwon KH Hah JS Kim DE Demirci M : Lateral plantar neuropathy . Muscle Nerve 1999 ; 22 : 1234 – 1238 . doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199909)22:9%3C1234::aid-mus10%3E3.0.co;2-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49. Recht MP, Grooff P, Ilaslan H, Recht HS, Sferra J, Donley BG: Selective atrophy of the abductor digiti quinti: an MRI study. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: W123–W127. doi: 10.2214/ajr.07.2229. Recht MP Grooff P Ilaslan H Recht HS Sferra J Donley BG : Selective atrophy of the abductor digiti quinti: an MRI study . Am J Roentgenol 2007 ; 189 : W123 – W127 . doi: 10.2214/ajr.07.2229 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

50. Tu P, Bytomski JR: Diagnosis of heel pain. Am Fam Physician 2011; 84: 909–916. Tu P Bytomski JR : Diagnosis of heel pain . Am Fam Physician 2011 ; 84 : 909 – 916 . Search in Google Scholar

51. Presley JC, Maida E, Pawlina W, Murthy N, Ryssman DB, Smith J: Sonographic visualization of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve (baxter nerve): technique and validation using perineural injections in a cadaveric model. J Ultrasound Med 2013; 3: 1643–1652. doi: 10.7863/ultra.32.9.1643. Presley JC Maida E Pawlina W Murthy N Ryssman DB Smith J : Sonographic visualization of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve (baxter nerve): technique and validation using perineural injections in a cadaveric model . J Ultrasound Med 2013 ; 3 : 1643 – 1652 . doi: 10.7863/ultra.32.9.1643 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

52. Zhang Y, He X, Li J, Ye J, Han W, Zhou S et al.: An MRI study of the tibial nerve in the ankle canal and its branches: a method of multiplanar reformation with 3D-FIESTA-C sequences. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21: 51. Zhang Y He X Li J Ye J Han W Zhou S : An MRI study of the tibial nerve in the ankle canal and its branches: a method of multiplanar reformation with 3D-FIESTA-C sequences . BMC Med Imaging 2021 ; 21 : 51 . Search in Google Scholar

53. Arslan A, Koca TT, Utkan A, Sevimli R, Akel İ: treatment of chronic plantar heel pain with radiofrequency neural ablation of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve and medial calcaneal nerve branches. J Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 55: 767–771. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.03.009. Arslan A Koca TT Utkan A Sevimli R Akel İ : treatment of chronic plantar heel pain with radiofrequency neural ablation of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve and medial calcaneal nerve branches . J Foot Ankle Surg 2016 ; 55 : 767 – 771 . doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.03.009 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

54. Capodici A, Hagert E, Darrach H, Curtin C: An overview of common peroneal nerve dysfunction and systematic assessment of its relation to falls. Int Orthop 2022; 46: 2757–2763. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05593-w. Capodici A Hagert E Darrach H Curtin C : An overview of common peroneal nerve dysfunction and systematic assessment of its relation to falls . Int Orthop 2022 ; 46 : 2757 – 2763 . doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05593-w . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

55. Kim DH, Murovic JA, Tiel RL, Kline DG: Management and outcomes in 318 operative common peroneal nerve lesions at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Neurosurgery 2004; 54: 1421–1429. doi: 10.1227/01. neu.0000124752.40412.03. Kim DH Murovic JA Tiel RL Kline DG : Management and outcomes in 318 operative common peroneal nerve lesions at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center . Neurosurgery 2004 ; 54 : 1421 – 1429 . doi: 10.1227/01. neu.0000124752.40412.03 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

56. Streib EW: Traction injury of peroneal nerve caused by minor athletic trauma: electromyographic studies. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: 62–63. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1983.04050010082029. Streib EW : Traction injury of peroneal nerve caused by minor athletic trauma: electromyographic studies . Arch Neurol 1983 ; 40 : 62 – 63 . doi: 10.1001/archneur.1983.04050010082029 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

57. Bowley MP, Doughty CT: Entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. Med Clin North Am 2019; 103: 371–382. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.013. Bowley MP Doughty CT : Entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity . Med Clin North Am 2019 ; 103 : 371 – 382 . doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.013 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

58. Grant TH, Omar IM, Dumanian GA, Pomeranz CB, Lewis VA: Sonographic evaluation of common peroneal neuropathy in patients with foot drop. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34: 705–711. doi: 10.7863/ultra.34.4.705. Grant TH Omar IM Dumanian GA Pomeranz CB Lewis VA : Sonographic evaluation of common peroneal neuropathy in patients with foot drop . J Ultrasound Med 2015 ; 34 : 705 – 711 . doi: 10.7863/ultra.34.4.705 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

59. Bianchi S: Ultrasound of the peripheral nerves. Joint Bone Spine 2008; 75: 643–649. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.07.002. Bianchi S : Ultrasound of the peripheral nerves . Joint Bone Spine 2008 ; 75 : 643 – 649 . doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.07.002 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

60. Khan G, Kazmi Z, Khan B, Khan N, Datta S: Ganglion cyst at the proximal tibiofibular joint – a rare cause of compression neuropathy of the peroneal nerve. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 17: 99–102. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.10.004. Khan G Kazmi Z Khan B Khan N Datta S : Ganglion cyst at the proximal tibiofibular joint – a rare cause of compression neuropathy of the peroneal nerve . Radiol Case Rep 2021 ; 17 : 99 – 102 . doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.10.004 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

61. Allen JM, Greer BJ, Sorge DG, Campbell SE: MR imaging of neuropathies of the leg, ankle, and foot. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008; 16: 117–131. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2008.02.006. Allen JM Greer BJ Sorge DG Campbell SE : MR imaging of neuropathies of the leg, ankle, and foot . Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008 ; 16 : 117 – 131 . doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2008.02.006 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

62. Nagabhooshana S, Vollala VR, Rodrigues V, Rao M: Anomalous superficial peroneal nerve and variant cutaneous innervation of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot: a case report. Cases J 2009; 2: 197. doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-197. Nagabhooshana S Vollala VR Rodrigues V Rao M : Anomalous superficial peroneal nerve and variant cutaneous innervation of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot: a case report . Cases J 2009 ; 2 : 197 . doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-197 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

63. Bregman PJ, Schuenke MJ: A commentary on the diagnosis and treatment of superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve injury and entrapment. J Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 55: 668–674. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2015.11.005. Bregman PJ Schuenke MJ : A commentary on the diagnosis and treatment of superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve injury and entrapment . J Foot Ankle Surg 2016 ; 55 : 668 – 674 . doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2015.11.005 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

64. Boyd KU, Brown JM: Injury and compression neuropathy in the lower extremity. In: Mackinnon SE, Yee A (eds): Nerve Surgery. Thieme, New York, NY 2015: 338–390. Boyd KU Brown JM : Injury and compression neuropathy in the lower extremity . In: Mackinnon SE Yee A (eds): Nerve Surgery . Thieme , New York, NY 2015 : 338 – 390 . Search in Google Scholar

65. Endo Y, Miller TT, Sneag DB: Imaging of the peripheral nerves of the lower extremity. Radiol Clin North Am 2023; 61: 381–392. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.10.011. Endo Y Miller TT Sneag DB : Imaging of the peripheral nerves of the lower extremity . Radiol Clin North Am 2023 ; 61 : 381 – 392 . doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.10.011 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

66. De Maeseneer M, Madani H, Lenchik L, Brigido MK, Shahabpour M, Marcelis S et al.: Normal anatomy and compression areas of nerves of the foot and ankle: us and mr imaging with anatomic correlation. Radiographics 2015; 35: 1469–1482. doi: 10.1148/rg.2015150028. De Maeseneer M Madani H Lenchik L Brigido MK Shahabpour M Marcelis S : Normal anatomy and compression areas of nerves of the foot and ankle: us and mr imaging with anatomic correlation . Radiographics 2015 ; 35 : 1469 – 1482 . doi: 10.1148/rg.2015150028 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

67. Ryan W, Mahony N, Delaney M, O’Brien M, Murray P: Relationship of the common peroneal nerve and its branches to the head and neck of the fibula. Clin Anat 2003; 16: 501–505. doi: 10.1002/ca.10155. Ryan W Mahony N Delaney M O’Brien M Murray P : Relationship of the common peroneal nerve and its branches to the head and neck of the fibula . Clin Anat 2003 ; 16 : 501 – 505 . doi: 10.1002/ca.10155 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

68. Becciolini M, Pivec C, Riegler G: ultrasound imaging of the deep peroneal nerve. J Ultrasound Med 2021; 40: 821–838. doi: 10.1002/jum.15455. Becciolini M Pivec C Riegler G : ultrasound imaging of the deep peroneal nerve . J Ultrasound Med 2021 ; 40 : 821 – 838 . doi: 10.1002/jum.15455 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

69. Dreyer MA, Gibboney MD: Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL) 2023. Dreyer MA Gibboney MD : Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome . In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing , Treasure Island (FL) 2023 . Search in Google Scholar

70. DiDomenico LA, Masternick EB: Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2006; 23: 611–620. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2006.04.007. DiDomenico LA Masternick EB : Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome . Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2006 ; 23 : 611 – 620 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2006.04.007 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

71. de Souza Reis Soares O, Duarte ML, Brasseur JL: Tarsal tunnel syndrome: an ultrasound pictorial review. J Ultrasound Med 2022; 41: 1247–1272. doi: 10.1002/jum.15793. de Souza Reis Soares O Duarte ML Brasseur JL : Tarsal tunnel syndrome: an ultrasound pictorial review . J Ultrasound Med 2022 ; 41 : 1247 – 1272 . doi: 10.1002/jum.15793 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

72. Jackson LJ, Serhal M, Omar IM, Garg A, Michalek J, Serhal A: Sural nerve: imaging anatomy and pathology. Br J Radiol 2023; 96: 20220336. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20220336. Jackson LJ Serhal M Omar IM Garg A Michalek J Serhal A : Sural nerve: imaging anatomy and pathology . Br J Radiol 2023 ; 96 : 20220336 . doi: 10.1259/bjr.20220336 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

73. Coert JH, Dellon AL: Clinical implications of the surgical anatomy of the sural nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 94: 850–855. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199411000-00016. Coert JH Dellon AL : Clinical implications of the surgical anatomy of the sural nerve . Plast Reconstr Surg 1994 ; 94 : 850 – 855 . doi: 10.1097/00006534-199411000-00016 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

74. Ricci S, Moro L, Antonelli Incalzi R: Ultrasound imaging of the sural nerve: ultrasound anatomy and rationale for investigation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39: 636–641. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.11.024. Ricci S Moro L Antonelli Incalzi R : Ultrasound imaging of the sural nerve: ultrasound anatomy and rationale for investigation . Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010 ; 39 : 636 – 641 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.11.024 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

75. Bianchi S, Droz L, Lups Deplaine C, Dubois-Ferriere V, Delmi M: Ultrasonography of the sural nerve: normal and pathologic appearances. J Ultrasound Med 2018; 37: 1257–1265. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14444. Bianchi S Droz L Lups Deplaine C Dubois-Ferriere V Delmi M : Ultrasonography of the sural nerve: normal and pathologic appearances . J Ultrasound Med 2018 ; 37 : 1257 – 1265 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14444 . Search in Google Scholar

76. Dumitru D, Amato AA, Zwarts MJ: Electrodiagnostic medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2015. Dumitru D Amato AA Zwarts MJ : Electrodiagnostic medicine . Elsevier , Amsterdam 2015 . Search in Google Scholar

77. Mahakkanukrauh P, Chomsung R: Anatomical variations of the sural nerve. Clin Anat 2002; 15: 263–266. doi: 10.1002/ca.10016. Mahakkanukrauh P Chomsung R : Anatomical variations of the sural nerve . Clin Anat 2002 ; 15 : 263 – 266 . doi: 10.1002/ca.10016 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar