[1. Finkelstein, JD. (1998). The metabolism of homocysteine: Pathways and regulation. Eur J. Pediatr. 157, 40-44.10.1007/PL00014300]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Jordao, AA., Domenici, FA., Lataro, RC., Portari, GV., Vannucchi., H. (2009). Effect of methionine load on homocysteine levels, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in rats receiving ethanol. Braz. Jourl. of Pharm. Sci. 45(4), 709-714.10.1590/S1984-82502009000400014]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Mendes, RH., Mostarda, C., Candido, GO., Moraes-Silva, IC., D’Almeida, V., Belló-Klein, A. et al. (2014). Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia provokes dysfunction of cardiovascular autonomic system and liver oxidative stress in rats. Auton. Neurosci. 180, 43-47.10.1016/j.autneu.2013.10.006]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Woo, CW., Prathapasinghe, GA., Siow, YL. (2006). Hyperhomocysteinemia induces liver injury in rat: Protective effect of folic acid supplementation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1762(7), 656-665.10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.012]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Song, YS., Rosenfeld, ME. (2004). Methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia promotes superoxide anion generation and NFkappaB activation in peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6 mice. J. Med. Food. 7(2), 229-234.10.1089/1096620041224021]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Costa, MZ., da Silva, TM., Flores, NP., Schmitz, F., da Silva Scherer, EB., Viau, CM., Saffi, J. et al. (2013). Methionine and methionine sulfoxide alter parameters of oxidative stress in the liver of young rats: in vitro and in vivo studies. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 384(1-2), 21-28.10.1007/s11010-013-1777-5]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Chin, K., Toue, S., Kawamata, Y., Watanabe, A., Miwa, T., Smriga, M. (2015). A 4-week toxicity study of methionine in male rats. Int. J. Toxicol. 34(3), 233-241.10.1177/1091581815583678]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Zepeda-Gómez, S., Montano-Loza, A., Zapata-Colindres, JC. Vargas-Vorackova, F. Majluf-Cruz, A. Uscanga, L. (2008). Oral challenge with a methionine load in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a better test to identify hyperhomocysteinemia. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 14(3), 383-388.10.1002/ibd.20307]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Kang, SS., Wong, PWK., Malinow, MR. (1992). Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 12, 279-298.10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.001431]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Lentz, SR. (1997). Homocysteine and vascular disfunction. Life Sci. 61, 1205-1215.10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00392-5]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Drzewoski, J., Gasiorowska, A., Malecka-Panas, E., Bald, E., Czupryniak, L. (2006). Plasma total homocysteine in the active stage of ulcerative colitis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 739–743.10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04255.x16677162]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Morgenstern, I., Raijmakers, MT., Peters, WH., Hoensch, H., Kirch, W. (2003). Homocysteine, cysteine, and glutathione in human colonic mucosa: elevated levels of homocysteine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 48(10), 2083-2090.10.1023/A:1026338812708]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Danese, S., Semeraro, S., Papa, A., Roberto, I., Scaldaferri, F., Fedeli, G. et al. (2005). Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 11(46), 7227-7236.10.3748/wjg.v11.i46.7227472514216437620]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Cosnes, J., Gower-Rousseau, C., Seksik, P., Cortot, A. (2011). Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 140, 1785-1794.10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.05521530745]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Kallel, L., Feki, M., Sekri, W., Segheir, L., Fekih, M., Boubaker, J. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors of hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian patients with Crohn’s disease. J. Crohns Colitis 5(2), 110-114.10.1016/j.crohns.2010.10.01021453879]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Zezos, P., Kouklakis, G., Saibil, F. (2014). Inflammatory bowel disease and thromboembolism. World J. Gastroenterol. 20(38), 13863-13878.10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13863419456825320522]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Jiang, Y., Zhao, J., Xu, CL., Cao, SG., Lin, LM., Lei, Y et al. (2010). The relationship of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase G1793A gene polymorphism, hyperhomocysteinaemia and ulcerative colitis. Zhonghua Nei. Ke. Za. Zhi. 49(8), 675-679.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Casella, G., Bassotti, G., Villanacci, V., Di Bella, C., Pagni, F., Corti, GL. (2011). Is hyperhomocysteinemia relevant in patients with celiac disease? World J. Gastroenterol. 17(24), 2941-2944.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Miller, JW., Beresford, SA., Neuhouser, ML., Cheng, TY., Song, X., Brown, EC. et al. (2013). Homocysteine, cysteine, and risk of incident colorectal cancer in the Women’s Health Initiative observational cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97(4), 827-834.10.3945/ajcn.112.049932360765623426034]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Guéant, JL. (2007). Does hyperhomocysteinemia contribute to gastric carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori infected patients? Gut. 56(10), 1480.]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Phelip, JM., Ducros, V., Faucheron, JL., Flourie, B., Roblin, X. (2008). Association of hyperhomocysteinemia and folate deficiency with colon tumors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 14(2), 242-248.10.1002/ibd.2030917941074]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Bhattacharyya, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Mitra, S., Crowe, SE. (2014). Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiol. Rev. 94(2), 329-354.10.1152/physrev.00040.2012404430024692350]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Fonseca, VA., Stone, A., Munshi, M., Baliga, BS., Aljada, A., Thusu, K. et al. (1997). Oxidative stress in diabetic macrovascular disease: does homocysteine play a role? South Med. J. 90, 903–906.10.1097/00007611-199709000-000089305300]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Matté, C., Scherer, EBS., Stefanello, FM., Barschak, AG., Vargas, CR., Netto, CA. et al. (2007). Concurrent folate treatment prevents Na+,K+-ATPase activity inhibition and memory impairments caused by chronic hyperhomocysteinemia during rat development. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 25, 545–552.10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.10.003]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Ribeiro, G., Roehrs, M., Bairros, A., Moro, A., Charao, M., Araujo, F., Valentini, J., Arbo, M., Brucker, N., Moresco, R. et al. (2011). N-acetyl-cysteine on oxidative damage in diabetic rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 34, 467–474.10.3109/01480545.2011.564179]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Kerksick, C., Willoughby, D. (2005). The Antioxidant Role of Glutathione and N-acetyl-cysteine Supplements and Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 9, 38–44.10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-38]Search in Google Scholar
[27. McCully, KS. (2015). Homocysteine and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 8(2), 211-219.10.1586/17512433.2015.1010516]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Sanchez-Roman, I., Gomez, A., Naudí, A., Jove, M., Gómez, J., Lopez-Torres, M, Pamplona, R., Barja, G. (2014). Independent and additive effects of atenolol and methionine restriction on lowering rat heart mitochondria oxidative stress. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 46(3), 159-172.10.1007/s10863-013-9535-7]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Tappia, PS., Xu, YJ., Rodriguez-Leyva, D., Aroutiounova, N., Dhalla, NS. (2013). Cardioprotective effects of cysteine alone or in combination with taurine in diabetes. Physiol. Res. 62(2), 171-178.10.33549/physiolres.932388]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Nosál’ová, V., Cerná, S., Bauer, V. (2000). Effect of N-acetylcysteine on colitis induced by acetic acid in rats. Gen. Pharmacol. 35(2), 77-81.10.1016/S0306-3623(01)00094-5]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Uraz, S., Tahan, G., Aytekin, H., Tahan, V. (2013). N-acetylcysteine expresses powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities resulting in complete improvement of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 73(1), 61-66.10.3109/00365513.2012.73485923110331]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Demiroren, K., Dogan, Y., Kocamaz, H., Ozercan, IH., Ilhan, S., Ustundag, B. et al. (2014). Protective effects of L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein in an experimental model of liver fibrosis. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 38(1), 63-72.10.1016/j.clinre.2013.08.01424239319]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Kuyumcu, A., Akyol, A., Buyuktuncer, Z., Ozmen, MM., Besler, HT. (2015). Improved oxidative status in major abdominal surgery patients after N-acetyl cystein supplementation. Nutr. J. 14, 4-15.10.1186/1475-2891-14-4432055125559659]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Salim, AS. (1992). Role of sulfhydryl-containing agents in the healing of erosive gastritis and chronic gastric ulceration in the rat. J. Pharm. Sci. 81(1), 70-73.10.1002/jps.26008101141619573]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Cao, YG., Chai, JG., Chen, YC., Zhao, J., Zhou, J., Shao, JP. et al. (2009). Beneficial effects of danshensu, an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on homocysteine metabolism via the trans-sulphuration pathway in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 157(3), 482–490.10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00179.x270799419422396]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Liapi, C., Zarros, A., Theocharis, S., Al-Humadi, H., Anifantaki, F., Gkrouzman, E. et al. (2009). The neuroprotective role of L-cysteine towards the effects of short-term exposure to lanthanum on the adult rat brain antioxidant status and the activities of acetylcholinesterase, (Na+,K+)- and Mg2+-ATPase. Biometals. 22(2), 329-335.10.1007/s10534-008-9169-018937033]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Akbulut, S., Elbe, H., Eris, C., Dogan, Z., Toprak, G., Otan, E. et al. (2014). Cytoprotective effects of amifostine, ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine against methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. World. J. Gastroenterol. 20(29), 10158-10165.10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.10158412334625110444]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Drazic, A., Winter, J. (2014). The physiological role of reversible methionine oxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1844(8), 1367-1382.10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.00124418392]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Kim, G., Weiss, SJ., Levine, RL. (2014). Methionine oxidation and reduction in proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Actan. 1840(2), 901-905.10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.038376649123648414]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Kluge H, Gessner DK, Herzog E, Eder K (2015) Efficacy of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid in comparison to DL-methionine in growing male white Pekin ducks. Poult Sci pii: pev355 (Epub ahead of print) PMID:26706358]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Elshorbagy, AK., Valdivia-Garcia, M., Mattocks, DA., Plummer, JD., Orentreich, DS., Orentreich, N., Refsum, H., Perrone, CE. (2013). Effect of taurine and N-acetyl-cysteine on methionine restriction-mediated adiposity resistance. Metabolism. 62(4), 509-517.10.1016/j.metabol.2012.10.00523154184]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Rushworth, GF., Megson, IL. (2014). Existing and potential therapeutic uses for N-acetylcysteine: The need for conversion to intracellular glutathione for antioxidant benefits. Pharmacol. Ther. 141, 150–159.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.00624080471]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Särnstrand, B., Jansson, AH., Matuseviciene, G., Scheynius, A., Pierrou, S., Bergstrand, H. (1999). N,N’-Diacetyl-L-cystine-the disulfide dimer of N-acetyl-cysteine-is a potent modulator of contact sensitivity/delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in rodents. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288(3), 1174-1184.]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Swennen, Q., Geraert, PA., Mercier, Y., Everaert, N., Stinckens, A., Willemsen, H., Li, Y., Decuypere, E., Buyse, J. (2011). Effects of dietary protein content and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid or DL-methionine supplementation on performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 106(12), 1845-1854.10.1017/S000711451100255821736775]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Meng, B., Gao, W., Wei, J., Pu, L., Tang, Z., Guo, C. (2015). Quercetin Increases Hepatic Homocysteine Remethylation and Transsulfuration in Rats Fed a Methionine-Enriched Diet. Biomed. Res. Int. 24, 35-41.10.1155/2015/815210462900126558284]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Harper, AE., Beneveng, NJ., Wohlhuet, RM. (1970). Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiol. Rev. 50, 428.10.1152/physrev.1970.50.3.4284912906]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Cole, NW., Weaver, KR., Walcher, BN., Adams, ZF., Miller, RR. (2008). Hyperglycemia-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and elevated homocysteine levels are poorly attenuated by exogenous folate in embryonic chick brains. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 150(3), 338-343.10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.04.00218486511]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Manna, P., Das, J., Sil, PC. (2013). Role of sulfur containing amino acids as an adjuvant therapy in the prevention of diabetes and its associated complications. Curr. Diabetes. 9(3), 237-248.10.2174/157339981130903000523547683]Search in Google Scholar
[49. De Andrade, KQ., Moura, FA., Dos Santos, JM., de Araújo, OR., de Farias Santos, JC., Goulart, MO. (2015). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Diseases: Therapeutic Possibilities of N-Acetylcysteine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16(12), 30269-30308.10.3390/ijms161226225469116726694382]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Channon, HJ., Manifold, MC., Platt, AP. (1938). The action of cystine and methionine on liver fat deposition. Biochem. J. 32(6), 969-975.10.1042/bj0320969126413716746722]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Earle, DP., Smull, K., Victor, J. (1942). Effects of excess dietary cysteic acid, dl-methionine, and taurine on the rat liver. J. Exp. Med. 76(4), 317-324.10.1084/jem.76.4.317213531619871239]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Roediger, WE., Duncan, A., Kapaniris, O., Millard, S. (1993). Sulphide impairment of substrate oxidation in rat colonocytes: a biochemical basis for ulcerative colitis? Clin. Sci. 85(5), 623-627.]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Halliwell, B. (2015). Free Radicals and Other Reactive Species in Disease. eLS. 1–9.10.1002/9780470015902.a0002269.pub3]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Pang, X., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Mao, J., Zhang, X., Feng, L., Han, C., Li, M., Wang, S., Wu, D. (2014). Homocysteine induces the expression of C-reactive protein via NMDAr-ROS-MAPK-NF-κB signal pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 236(1), 73-81.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.02125016361]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Baggott, JE., Tamura, T. (2015). Homocysteine, iron and cardiovascular disease: a hypothesis. Nutrients 7(2), 1108-1118.10.3390/nu7021108434457825668155]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Lee, HJ., Choi, JS., Lee, HJ., Kim, WH., Park, SI., Song, J. (2015). Effect of excess iron on oxidative stress and gluconeogenesis through hepcidin during mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Nutr. Biochem. 26(12), 1414-1423.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.00826383538]Search in Google Scholar