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Distribution and community structure of microphytoplankton in relation to increasing anthropogenic impact along coastal waters of Jeddah, the central Red Sea

Aisha A. Al-Amri
Aisha A. Al-Amri
, 
Huda A. Qari
Huda A. Qari
 e 
Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
   | 18 giu 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 18 giu 2020
Pagine: 193 - 205
Ricevuto: 01 ott 2019
Accettato: 05 nov 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0018
© 2020 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map showing the sampling locations in neritic water around Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Map showing the sampling locations in neritic water around Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Figure 2

Changes in surface water salinity (PSU) at the sampling sites during the study period
Changes in surface water salinity (PSU) at the sampling sites during the study period

Figure 3

Nutrient salts (μmol l−1) and chlorophyll a (mg m−3) concentrations at the sampling sites during the study period: A) nitrate, B) nitrite, C) ammonia, D) phosphate, E) silicate and F) chlorophyll a
Nutrient salts (μmol l−1) and chlorophyll a (mg m−3) concentrations at the sampling sites during the study period: A) nitrate, B) nitrite, C) ammonia, D) phosphate, E) silicate and F) chlorophyll a

Figure 4

Densities of total phytoplankton and of specific phytoplankton groups (×103 cells m−3) in the study area: A) total phytoplankton, B) diatoms, C) dinoflagellates and D) cyanophytes
Densities of total phytoplankton and of specific phytoplankton groups (×103 cells m−3) in the study area: A) total phytoplankton, B) diatoms, C) dinoflagellates and D) cyanophytes

Figure 5

Diversity indices for the total phytoplankton recorded at different sites along Jeddah coastal waters: A) number of species, B) Margalef’s species richness, C) Pielou’s evenness index and D) Shannon–Wiener diversity index
Diversity indices for the total phytoplankton recorded at different sites along Jeddah coastal waters: A) number of species, B) Margalef’s species richness, C) Pielou’s evenness index and D) Shannon–Wiener diversity index

Figure 6

a) Dendrogram showing the similarity between the sites (St) based on the Bray–Curtis similarity index; b) Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination based on Bray–Curtis similarity indices of the total phytoplankton in the study area
a) Dendrogram showing the similarity between the sites (St) based on the Bray–Curtis similarity index; b) Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination based on Bray–Curtis similarity indices of the total phytoplankton in the study area

List of recorded phytoplankton species in the coastal water of Jeddah during the study period

Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
Centrales
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1843 Guinardia cylindrus (Cleve) Hasle, 1996
Azpeitia africana (Janisch ex A.Schmidt) G.Fryxell & T.P.Watkins, 1986 Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) H.Peragallo, 1892
Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder, 1864 Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle, 1996
Cerataulina dentata Hasle, 1980 Hemialus hauckii Grunow ex Van Heurck, 1882
Ceratulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey, 1937 Hemialus indicus Karsten, 1907
Chaetoceros affinis Lauder, 1864 Hemialus membranaceus Cleve
Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder, 1864 Hemiaulus sinensis Greville, 1865
Chaetoceros compressus Cleve, 1894 Hemidiscus sp.
Chaetoceros convolutus Castracane, 1886 Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve, 1889
Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve, 1889 Leptocylindrus meditarraneus (H.Peragallo) Hasle, 1975
Chaetoceros decipiens Cleve, 1873 Leptocylindrus minimus Gran, 1915
Chaetoceros diadema (Ehrenberg) Gran, 1897 Melosira sp.
Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg, 1845 Planktoniella sol (C.G.Wallich) Schütt , 1892
Chaetoceros eibeinii Grunow, 1882 Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström, 1986
Chaetoceros laciniosus F.Schütt , 1895 Pseudosolenia calcaravis (Schultze) B.G.Sundström, 1986
Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow, 1863 Rhizosolenia acicularis B.G.Sundström, 1986
Chaetoceros mitra (Bailey) Cleve, 1896 Rhizosolenia acuminata (H.Peragallo) H.Peragallo, 1907
Chaetoceros neglectus Karsten, 1905 Rhizosolenia clevei Ostenfeld, 1902
Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell, 1856 Rhizosolenia curvata Zacharias, 1905
Chaetoceros rostratus Ralfs, 1864 Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey, 1856
Chaetoceros sp. Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell, 1858
Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier, 1913 Rhizosolenia polydactyla Castracane, 1886
Chaetoceros teres Cleve, 1896 Rhizosolenia robusta G.Norman ex Ralfs, 1861
Chaetoceros tertrastichon Cleve, 1897 Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell, 1858
Chaetoceros willei Gran, 1897 Rhizosolenia simplex Karsten, 1905
Climacodium frauenfeldianum Grunow, 1868 Rhizosolenia sp.
Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhizosolenia stolterfothii H.Peragallo, 1888
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, 1840 Rhizosolenia striata Greville, 1864
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle, 1996 Rhizosolenia styliformis T.Brightwell, 1858
Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow, 1885 Rhizosolenia temperei H.Peragallo, 1888
Ethmodiscus gazellae (C.Janisch ex Grunow) Hustedt, 1928 Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 1873
Ethmodiscus rex (Wallich in Rattray) Hendey in Wiseman & Hendey, 1953 Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran, 1900
Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg, 1839 Triceratium dubium Brightwell, 1859
Pennales
Diploneis smithii (Brébisson) Cleve, 1894 Toxarium undulatum Bailey, 1854
Haslea trompii (Cleve) Simonsen, 1974 Meuniera membranacea (Cleve) P.C.Silva, 1996
Licmophora flabellata (Grev.)C.Agardh, 1831 Navicula directa (W.Smith) Ralfs, 1861
Nitzschia longissima (Brébisson) Ralfs, 1861 Thalassionema bacillare (Heiden) Kolbe, 1955
Pleurosigma angulatum (Queckett) W.Smith, 1852 Amphora lineolata Ehrenberg, 1838
Pleurosigma normanii Ralfs, 1861 Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J.C.Lewin, 1964
Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli, 1939 Diploneis smithii (Brébisson) Cleve, 1894
Pseudonitzschia inflatula (Hasle) Hasle, 1993 Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1845
Pseudonitzschia lineola (Cleve) Hasle, 1965 Haslea wawrikae (Hustedt) Simonsen, 1974
Pseudonitzschia pungens (Grunow in Cleve & Möller) Hasle, 1993 Pseudonitzschia turgidula (Hustedt) Hasle, 1993
Pseudonitzschia seriata (Cleve) H.Peragallo, 1899 Licmophora juergensii* C.Agardh, 1831
Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Tempère & Peragallo, 1910 Lioloma elongatum (Grunow) Hasle, 1997
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky, 1902 Pseudonitzschia cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle, 1993
Thallassiothrix longissima Cleve & Grunow, 1880 Pseudonitzschia delicati ssima (Cleve) Heiden, 1928
Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellates)
Alexandrium inseutum Balech, 1985 Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld, 1899) Balech, 1973
Alexandrium minutum Halim, 1960 Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh, 1881
Alexandrium tamerense (Lebour, 1925) Balech, 1995 Protoperidinium pentagonam. (Gran, 1902) Balech, 1974
Alexandrium tamiyavanichi Balech, 1994 Protoperidinium pyrum (Balech) Balech 1974
Amphidinium sphenoids WüIff , 1916 protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen, 1899) Balech, 1974
Amphisolenia bidentata Schröder, 1900 Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt , 1896
Ceratocorys armata (Schütt) Kofoid, 1910 Pyrocystis pseudonoctiluca Wyville-Thompson, 1876
Ceratocorys magna Kofoid, 1910 Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III, 1976
Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent, 1881 Spiraulax jolliffei (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid, 1911
Dinophysis doryphora (F.Stein) T.H.Abé, 1967 Spiraulax kofoidii H.W.Graham, 1942
Dinophysis hastata Stein, 1883 Tripos arietinum (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013
Dinophysis hastata Stein, 1883 Tripos biceps (Claparède & Lachmann) F.Gómez, 2013
Dinophysis miles Cleve, 1900 Tripos breve brevis (Ostenfeld & Johannes Schmidt) F.Gómez 2013
Gonyaulux grindley Reinecke, 1967 Tripos candelabrum (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013
Gonyaulux polygramma Stein, 1883 Tripos contortum (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013
Gonyaulux spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866 Tripos contrarium (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013
Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 Tripos declinatum (G.Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013
Ornithocercus steinii Schütt , 1900 Tripos dens (Ostenfeld & Johannes Schmidt) F.Gómez, 2013
Phalacroma cuneus F.Schütt , 1895 Tripos furca (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013
Phalacroma cuneus F.Schütt , 1895 Tripos fusus (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez 2013
Phalacroma mitra F.Schütt , 1895 Tripos gibberum (Gourret) F.Gómez 2013
Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparéde & Lachmann) Kofoid & Michener, 1911 Tripos horridum (Cleve) F.Gómez 2013
Podolampas bipes Stein, 1883 Tripos incisum (Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, 1834 Tripos inflatum (Kofoid) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen, 1907) Balech, 1974 Tripos longipes (J.W.Bailey) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium conicum (Gran, 1900) Balech, 1974 Tripos longissimum (Schröder) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974 Tripos lunula (Schimper ex Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium curtipes (Jørgensen, 1912) Balech, 1974 Tripos macroceros (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey, 1854) Balech, 1974 Tripos massiliense (Gourret) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium diabolus Cleve, 1900) Balech, 1974 Tripos pentagonum (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg, 1840) Balech, 1974 Tripos scbrankii (Kofoid) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve, 1900) Balech, 1974 Tripos symmetricum (Pavillard) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium fatulipes (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974 Tripos teres (Kofoid) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974 Tripos trichoceros (Ehrenberg) Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard, 1916) Balech, 1974 Tripos vultur (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke & Dodge, 1976 Tripos belone (Cleve) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium oceanicum (VanHöffen, 1897) Balech, 1974 Tripos platycornis (Daday) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller, 1911) Balech, 1974
Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae)
Richelia intracellularis J.Schmidt, 1901 Trichodesmium thiebautii Ehrenberg ex Gomont, 1892
Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenberg ex Gomont, 1892
Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagellates)
Dictyocha sp.

Values of Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) determined for different environmental parameters and phytoplankton as well as the dominant species

T S NO2 NO3− NH4+ PO43− SiO44− Chl a Total Phyto CA CD CR SC AT TE
T 1
S .043
NO2 .090 −.820** 1
NO3− .050 −.816** .885** 1
NH4+ .109 −.834** .998** .875** 1
PO43− .056 −.845** .864** .991** .855** 1
SiO44− .029 −.939** .902** .918** .909** .928** 1
Chl a .124 −.791** .928** .970** .920** .958** .912** 1
Total Phyto .079 −.822** .831** .961** .818** .984** .888** .928** 1
CA .307 −.364 .571** .349 .582** .333 .440* .554** .325 1
CD .136 −.496* .820** .495* .822** .445* .534* .582** .418 .545* 1
CR .273 −.418 .010 .017 .060 .049 .223 −.017 .009 .058 −.061 1
SC −.059 −.551** .413 .749** .390 .801** .611** .651** .837** −.039 −.124 −.072 1
AT .248 −.296 .543* .308 .550** .289 .390 .521* .276 .988** .538* −.051 −.070 1
TE .183 .259 −.256 −.254 −.260 −.246 −.275 −.236 −.192 −.109 −.174 −.102 −.139 −.100 1
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