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Plant replacement trend in soft-water lakes with isoetids

Rafał P. Ronowski
Rafał P. Ronowski
, 
Krzysztof Banaś
Krzysztof Banaś
, 
Marek Merdalski
Marek Merdalski
 e 
Józef Szmeja
Józef Szmeja
   | 18 giu 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 18 giu 2020
Pagine: 157 - 167
Ricevuto: 24 giu 2019
Accettato: 26 nov 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0015
© 2020 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Distribution of the surveyed lakes
Distribution of the surveyed lakes

Figure 2

Sampling scheme
Sampling scheme

Figure 3

Abundance of plant species in the water pH gradient
Abundance of plant species in the water pH gradient

Figure 4

Number of species groups in 12 702 samples (mosses, stoneworts, vascular plants, isoetids; upper graph), their percentage (middle graph) and abundance of plants (bottom graph) in the water pH gradient.
Number of species groups in 12 702 samples (mosses, stoneworts, vascular plants, isoetids; upper graph), their percentage (middle graph) and abundance of plants (bottom graph) in the water pH gradient.

Figure 5

Relationship between water pH and occurrence of isoetid species (1 – 5) in lakes (bottom chart), where: 1 – Isoëtes echinospora, 2 – Luronium natans, 3 – Isoëtes lacustris, 4 – Lobelia dortmanna, 5 – Littorella unifiora and abundance (coverage) of isoetids in the water pH gradient (upper chart)
Relationship between water pH and occurrence of isoetid species (1 – 5) in lakes (bottom chart), where: 1 – Isoëtes echinospora, 2 – Luronium natans, 3 – Isoëtes lacustris, 4 – Lobelia dortmanna, 5 – Littorella unifiora and abundance (coverage) of isoetids in the water pH gradient (upper chart)

Figure 6

Species diversity along the gradient of water alkalization
Species diversity along the gradient of water alkalization

Figure 7

Model of the relationship between plant species and water parameters in soft-water lakes with isoetids, ordered by the RDA methodAbbreviations: TP – total phosphorus, TN – total nitrogen, PAR – photosynthetically active radiation; vascular plants: Cd – Ceratophyllum demersum, Ec – Elodea canadensis, Ma– Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Ms – Myriophyllum spicatum, Pn – Potamogeton natans, Po– Potamogeton obtusifolius; mosses: Da – Drepanocladus aduncus, Ds – Drepanocladus sordidus, Fa– Fontinalis antipyretica, Fd – Fontinalis delecarlica, Sd – Sphagnum denticulatum, Sf – Sphagnum fallax, We – Warnstorfia exannulata; stoneworts: Chd – Chara delicatula, Chg – Chara globularis, Nif – Nitella flexilis, Nig – Nitella gracilis, Nito – Nitellopsis obtusa
Model of the relationship between plant species and water parameters in soft-water lakes with isoetids, ordered by the RDA methodAbbreviations: TP – total phosphorus, TN – total nitrogen, PAR – photosynthetically active radiation; vascular plants: Cd – Ceratophyllum demersum, Ec – Elodea canadensis, Ma– Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Ms – Myriophyllum spicatum, Pn – Potamogeton natans, Po– Potamogeton obtusifolius; mosses: Da – Drepanocladus aduncus, Ds – Drepanocladus sordidus, Fa– Fontinalis antipyretica, Fd – Fontinalis delecarlica, Sd – Sphagnum denticulatum, Sf – Sphagnum fallax, We – Warnstorfia exannulata; stoneworts: Chd – Chara delicatula, Chg – Chara globularis, Nif – Nitella flexilis, Nig – Nitella gracilis, Nito – Nitellopsis obtusa

Results of RDA analysis of the relationship between plant species and water characteristics in soft-water lakes with isoetids

Axes 1 2 3 4 Total variance
Eigenvalues 0.123 0.020 0.013 0.001 1.000
Species-environment correlations 0.474 0.397 0.377 0.175
Cumulative percentage variance
of species data 12.3 14.3 15.6 15.7
of species-environment relation 77.5 90.3 98.4 99.2
Sum of all eigenvalues 1.000
Sum of all canonical eigenvalues 0.158

Differences in the Shannon–Wiener index (H’) in different pH ranges (see Fig. 6)

Shannon–Wiener index (H’)
Mean 0.17 0.41 0.21 0.18 0.32 0.23 0.37 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.24 0.40
SD 0.31 0.37 0.29 0.28 0.35 0.30 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.33 0.35 0.37
pH 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
4.0 *** - - *** * *** *** *** *** - *
4.5 *** *** - *** - ** * - * -
5.0 - *** - *** ** - ** - -
5.5 *** - *** *** *** *** - -
6.0 * - - - - - -
6.5 *** - - - - -
7.0 *** ** - ** -
7.5 - - - -
8.0 - - -
8.5 - -
9.0 -

Examined species of macrophytes with frequency of over 1%; F – average value of species frequency in the whole pH range and P – average value of species coverage in the whole pH range

Bryophytes F A Stoneworts F A Vascular plants excluding isoetids F A Isoetids F A
Sphagnum denticulatum 14.1 25.8 Chara delicatula 8.4 15.5 Myriophyllum alterniflorum 19.0 15.2 Isoëtes lacustris 27.4 35.0
Fontinalis antipyreti ca 12.0 12.7 Chara fargilis 6.1 32.5 Elodea canadensis 12.4 12.8 Lobelia dortmanna 13.5 21.8
Warnstorfia exannulata 7.9 7.6 Nitella flexilis 3.6 3.2 Potamogeton obtusifolius 2.1 2.3 Litorella uniflora 8.6 33.3
Drepanocladus sordidus 7.0 9.7 Nitellopsis obtusa 1.7 6.1 Myriophyllum spicatum 1.8 7.1 Luronium natans 2.9 28.8
Fontinalis delecarlica 3.6 12.0 Nitella gracilis 1.1 12.3 Ceratophyllum demersum 1.6 7.6 - - -
Drepanocladus aduncus 1.4 8.8 - - - Potamogeton natans 1.1 6.8 - - -
Sphagnum fallax 1.1 40.6 - - - - - - - - -
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