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Heavy metals and 137Cs levels in macrophytes and temporal distribution in sediments – application for estuarine environment status assessment (Vistula Lagoon – southern Baltic)

Tamara Zalewska
Tamara Zalewska
, 
Paulina Brzeska-Roszczyk
Paulina Brzeska-Roszczyk
, 
Beata Danowska
Beata Danowska
 e 
Mariusz Pełechaty
Mariusz Pełechaty
   | 06 mar 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 06 mar 2020
Pagine: 68 - 80
Ricevuto: 11 lug 2019
Accettato: 13 set 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0007
© 2020 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Sampling locations for the determination of contamination in the Vistula Lagoon (numbers – macrophytes, BMPL10 – sediments)
Sampling locations for the determination of contamination in the Vistula Lagoon (numbers – macrophytes, BMPL10 – sediments)

Figure 2

Average concentrations of heavy metals in two groups of the most abundant macrophytes in the Vistula Lagoon. Numbers refer to the numbers of the sampling locations
Average concentrations of heavy metals in two groups of the most abundant macrophytes in the Vistula Lagoon. Numbers refer to the numbers of the sampling locations

Figure 3

Average concentrations of heavy metals in macrophytes collected in the Vistula Lagoon
Average concentrations of heavy metals in macrophytes collected in the Vistula Lagoon

Figure 4

210Pbex concentrations along the depth profile in bottom sediments and deposition history of 137Cs in the sediments of the Vistula Lagoon
210Pbex concentrations along the depth profile in bottom sediments and deposition history of 137Cs in the sediments of the Vistula Lagoon

Figure 5

Deposition history of selected heavy metals in the sediments of the Vistula Lagoon
Deposition history of selected heavy metals in the sediments of the Vistula Lagoon

Concentrations of heavy metals and 137Cs in macroalgae and vascular plants at the sampling locations in the Vistula Lagoon in 2011

Species Sampling location (number of samples) Cd Pb Zn Cu Ni Cr Mn 137Cs
mg kg−1 d.w. Bq kg−1 d.w.
Cladophora spp. (C. glomerata, C. fracta) 9 (1) value 0.93 5.5 645.4 8.0 9.6 0.08 2706 < 6.0
10 (5) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.84 4.2 430.1 5.0 4.7 0.18 3605 3.0 ± 1.4
min. 0.41 2.9 327.3 3.5 4.2 0.11 2208
max 1.24 5.2 651.8 8.2 5.5 0.28 5485
12 (5) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.67 3.2 307.7 6.7 3.2 0.60 1553 6.4 ± 3.5
min. 0.30 1.4 107.3 1.7 0.1 0.12 996.8
max 1.23 5.7 653.0 12.0 8.9 1.08 2182
13 (4) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.42 4.6 242.3 6.4 3.2 0.86 10315 5.3 ± 2.1
min. 0.35 2.4 186.2 5.9 1.0 0.72 5063
max 0.53 6.6 293.2 7.0 5.5 0.99 12840
Enteromorpha clathrata 12 (1) value 0.65 1.8 390.5 3.2 0.41 0.51 383.4 < 3.0
Potamogeton sp. (P. pussilus, P. pectinatus, P. compressus, P. perfoliatus) 6 (1) value 0.38 1.2 175.4 4.9 1.4 0.93 673.4 < 5.2
10 (2) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.20 1.0 187.8 3.7 1.0 0.70 784.6 < 2.1
min. 0.12 0.69 108.2 2.9 0.15 0.65 782.8
max 0.28 1.3 267.5 4.4 1.8 0.75 786.5
12 (2) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.20 0.56 136.2 4.2 1.7 0.89 1255 < 5.5
min. 0.16 0.09 67.8 3.1 1.2 0.56 634.7
max 0.24 1.02 204.6 5.3 2.3 1.22 1874
13 (1) value 0.39 1.7 177.4 4.3 2.3 0.85 3950 < 5.2
17 (1) value 0.25 3.5 130.4 5.4 5.5 1.13 10035 7.3 ± 1.6
Chara sp. (Ch. aspera, Ch. contraria, Ch. globularis) 10 (6) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.25 0.58 195.6 2.7 3.3 0.75 1697 0.9 ± 0.5
min. 0.22 0.20 157.3 1.2 0.81 0.36 965.6
max 0.28 1.3 242.1 8.7 14.4 2.34 2709
12 (1) value 0.13 0.28 58.5 1.3 0.76 0.30 694.9 < 0.7
Sparganium emersum 6 (1) value 0.39 1.1 61.5 4.7 1.7 1.45 919.5 < 2.0
12 (1) value 0.10 0.72 52.2 1.2 0.69 0.39 463.7 < 2.0
Ceratophyllum demersum 17 (2) mean

mean value based on the number of samples given in brackets

 0.39 5.0 179.2 8.3 4.1 2.79 8543 7.9 ± 3.5
min. 0.26 4.7 116.1 7.2 2.6 2.39 8259
max 0.52 5.4 242.2 9.4 5.5 3.19 8828
Zanichellia palustris 12 (1) value 0.63 1.8 391.8 6.3 1.1 2.22 772.3 < 7
Scirpus lacustris 10 (1) value 0.05 1.9 28.6 5.0 6.8 1.79 738.4 4.9 ± 0.6

Concentration ratios for heavy metals in macrophytes studied in the Vistula lagoon in 2011

Concentration Ratio (CR) l kg−1 d.w. Cd Pb Zn Cu Ni Cr Hg
Cladophora spp. 2.7 × 104 8.2 × 103 6.0 × 104 1.9 × 103 1.4 × 103 1.0 × 103 -
Enteromorpha clathrata 2.6 × 104 3.6 × 103 6.6 × 104 9.9 × 102 1.4 × 102 1.0 × 103 -
Potamogeton spp. 1.0 × 104 2.7 × 103 2.7 × 104 1.4 × 103 6.9 × 102 1.7 × 103 -
Chara spp. 9.2 × 103 1.1 × 103 3.0 × 104 7.9 × 102 9.8 × 102 1.4 × 103 -
Sparganium emersum 9.7 × 103 1.8 × 103 9.6 × 103 9.2 × 102 4.0 × 102 1.8 × 103 -
Ceratophyllum demersum 1.6 × 104 1.0 × 104 3.0 × 104 2.6 × 103 1.4 × 103 5.6 × 103 -
Zanichellia palustris 2.5 × 104 3.5 × 103 6.6 × 104 2.0 × 103 3.6 × 102 4.4 × 103 -
Scirpus lacustris 2.0 × 103 3.8 × 103 4.8 × 103 1.6 × 103 2.3 × 103 3.6 × 103 -
Concentration in water

data from the State Environmental Monitoring in Poland in 2012, 2014 and 2016

 (mg l−1)		 2.5 × 10-5 5.0 × 10-4 5.9 × 10-3 3.2 × 10-3 3.0 × 10-3 5.0 × 10-4 3.1 × 10-6
Distribution Coefficient Kd (l kg-1 d.w.) 2.12 × 104 2.46 × 104 1.60 × 104 5.25 × 103 - - 3.87 × 104

Results of the analysis of the certified reference materials

Cd Pb Zn Cu Ni Cr Mn Hg
mg kg−1 d.w.
BCR-414 (biological material) Certified 0.383 ± 0.014 3.97 ± 0.19 111.6 ± 2.5 29.5 ± 1.3 18.8 ± 0.8 23.8 ± 1.2 299 ± 13 -
Measured 0.37 3.84 109.59 28.9 19.2 22.6 287 -
RSD 0.098 0.029 0.035 0.009 0.113 0.087 0.017 0.098
LOD 0.0015 0.03 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.02 0.01 0.0015
LOQ 0.005 0.10 0.035 0.035 0.045 0.06 0.03 0.005
MESS-4 (sediment) Certified 0.28 ± 0.04 21.5 ± 1.2 147 ± 6 32.9 ± 1.8 - - - 0.08 ± 0.06
Measured 0.26 20.1 143 31.8 - - 0.08
RSD 0.056 0.022 0.012 0.037 0.006
LOD 0.0015 0.07 0.007 0.012 0.001
LOQ 0.005 0.20 0.020 0.035 0.003
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