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Factors influencing the accumulation of Pb in sediments of deep and shallow dam reservoirs

Anna Czaplicka
Anna Czaplicka
, 
Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda
Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda
 e 
Zbigniew Ślusarczyk
Zbigniew Ślusarczyk
   | 31 mag 2017
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 31 mag 2017
Pagine: 174 - 185
Ricevuto: 15 lug 2016
Accettato: 16 set 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0018
© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the sampling sites. Identification of groups (clusters) with similar sediment granulations
Location of the sampling sites. Identification of groups (clusters) with similar sediment granulations

Figure 2

Distribution of selected parameters in Czorsztyn and Goczałkowice Reservoirs (A,B,C,D,E,F – lengthwise transects)
Distribution of selected parameters in Czorsztyn and Goczałkowice Reservoirs (A,B,C,D,E,F – lengthwise transects)

Figure 3

Hierarchical cluster analysis based on sediment granulation in Czorsztyn (CR) and Goczałkowice (GR) Reservoirs. The content of clay and silty clay fractions (range) as well as Pb (mean) in different clusters is given.
Hierarchical cluster analysis based on sediment granulation in Czorsztyn (CR) and Goczałkowice (GR) Reservoirs. The content of clay and silty clay fractions (range) as well as Pb (mean) in different clusters is given.

Relationship (Pearson’s correlation coefficients) between the particle size, the content of organic matter and Pb in sediment, and depth of Czorsztyn Reservoir (N=26) and Goczałkowice Reservoir (N=26)

Reservoir Parameter Silty clay fraction Sand fraction Organic matter Depth Pb
Czorsztyn Clay fraction ns -0.75p = 0.000 0.74p = 0.000 0.93p = 0.000 0.69p = 0.000
Silty clay fraction   -0.93p = 0.000 0.69p = 0.000 ns 0.73p = 0.000
Sand fraction

– concentration of Pb in the 0.2-0.063 mm sand fraction; ns – statistically insignificant (level of significance p>0.05)

     -0.83p = 0.000 -0.61p = 0.001 -0.83p = 0.000
Organic Matter       0.62p = 0.001 0.86p = 0.000
Depth         0.60p = 0.001
Goczałkowice Clay fraction 0.53p = 0.005 -0.70p = 0.000 0.58p = 0.002 0.75p = 0.000 0.84p = 0.000
Silty clay fraction   -0.98p = 0.000 0.73p = 0.000 ns 0.73p = 0.000
Sand fraction

– concentration of Pb in the 0.2-0.063 mm sand fraction; ns – statistically insignificant (level of significance p>0.05)

     -0.76p = 0.000 -0.58p = 0.002 -0.83p = 0.000
Organic matter       ns 0.77p = 0.000
Depth         0.74p = 0.000

Mean Pb concentrations and values of the environmental parameters in the sediments of Czorsztyn Reservoir and Goczałkowice Reservoir in the studied clusters

Reservoir Cluster Pb(μg g-1) Organic matter(%) Depth(m) Fraction (%)
Sand Silty clay Clay
Czorsztyn I 8.1 2.0 6.7 73.2 22.1 4.7
II 18.5 5.0 2.7 44.1 50.7 5.2
III 20.4 5.3 12.6 25.2 61.1 13.6
IV 27.4 8.1 7.3 7.4 80.3 12.3
V 31.6 9.0 25.4 3.1 70.3 26.6
Goczałkowice I 15.3 1.5 2.4 91.5 6.2 2.2
II 23.3 3.9 3.4 61.9 30.7 7.5
III 41.8 9.9 4.4 29.4 55.6 15.0
IV 48.2 9.9 6.4 8.7 77.8 13.5

Significant differences in the values of the environmental parameters and Pb concentrations in the sediments of Czorsztyn Reservoir and Goczałkowice Reservoir between the clusters (Mann-Whitney test)

Clusters Pb Organic matter Depth Sand Silty clay Clay
significance level (p)
Czorsztyn Reservoir (CR)
I, II 0.0201 0.0196 - 0.0201 0.0201 -
I, III - - - 0.0253 0.0253 0.0253
I, IV 0.0339 0.0339 - 0.0339 0.0339 0.0339
I, V 0.0141 0.0164 0.0134 0.0140 0.0140 0.0143
II, III - - 0.0072 0.0062 0.0176 0.0062
II, IV 0.0109 0.0103 0.0121 0.0105 0.0105 0.0105
II, V 0.0030 0.0042 0.0015 0.0019 0.0030 0.0019
III, IV - 0.0275 - 0.0143 0.0143 -
III, V 0.0083 0.0183 0.0077 0.0034 0.0281 0.0281
IV, V 0.0500 - 0.0061 - 0.0066 0.0066
Goczałkowice Reservoir (GR)
I, II - 0.0085 - 0.0052 0.0054 0.0344
I, III 0.0087 0.0054 - 0.0053 0.0053 0.0054
I, IV 0.0209 0.0209 0.0219 0.0194 0.0202 0.0384
II, III 0.0041 0.0023 - 0.0003 0.0003 0.0132
II, IV 0.0055 0.0054 0.0370 0.0054 0.0054 -
III, IV - - - 0.0054 0.0054 -

Mean Pb concentrations, standard deviations and the significance levels of Pb concentrations between the old Dunajec river bed and the Czorsztyn Reservoir and the old Vistula river bed and the Goczałkowice Reservoir (Mann-Whitney test)

Reservoir Area N Pb (μg∙g-1) Significance level
Czorsztyn Old river bed 7 29.1 ± 4.9 0.046
Remaining area 19 20.9 ± 9.4
Goczałkowice Old river bed 9 41.7 ± 14.2 0.025
Remaining area 17 27.3 ± 12.7

Characteristics of Czorsztyn and Goczałkowice dam reservoirs (Mazurkiewicz-Boroń 2002; Czaplicka-Kotas 2004)

Parameter Czorsztyn Reservoir (CR) Goczałkowice Reservoir (GR)
In operation since 1997 1956
Normal Water Level (NWL) 529.0 257.0
Capacity (million m3) 231.9 166.7
Surface area (km2) 10.5 32
Mean depth (m) 19.0 5.3
Max depth (m) 46 14
Length (km) 11 12
Width (km) ca. 1 2-6
Water exchange (times per year) 3.3 1.5
Water exchange (days) 111 238

Differences in the values of environmental parameters and Pb concentrations in the sediments of Czorsztyn Reservoir and Goczałkowice Reservoir between the studied transects (Mann-Whitney test); only significant differences are noted

Reservoir Parameter Transects Z p
Czorsztyn Pb A-B -2.15 0.031
A-C -2.17 0.030
Sand fraction A-B 2.05 0.041
Silty clay fraction A-C -2.26 0.024
Organic matter A-B -2.05 0.042
A-C -2.17 0.030
Goczałkowice Pb E-F 2.57 0.010
Sand fraction E-F -2.05 0.041
Clay fraction E-F 3.26 0.001
Organic matter E-F 2.05 0.041
Depth E-F 2.21 0.027
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