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Long-term changes in water quality and ecological status of lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park and its buffer zone with special reference to effectiveness of the lakes’ protection

Agnieszka E. Ławniczak
Agnieszka E. Ławniczak
   | 14 dic 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 14 dic 2016
Pagine: 524 - 538
Ricevuto: 03 dic 2016
Accettato: 03 mar 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0044
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© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park and its buffer zone Explanations: 1 – Tomickie, 2 – Trzcielińskie, 3 – Wielkowiejskie, 4 – Dębno, 5 – Bochenek, 6 – Lipno, 7 – Witobelskie, 8 – Łódzko-Dymaczewskie, 9 – Skrzynka, 10 – Góreckie, 11 – Kociołek, 12 – Budzyńskie, 13 – Konarzewskie, 14 – Chmęcicko-Rosnowskie, 15 – Małe, 16 – Jarosławieckie lakes
Location of the lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park and its buffer zone Explanations: 1 – Tomickie, 2 – Trzcielińskie, 3 – Wielkowiejskie, 4 – Dębno, 5 – Bochenek, 6 – Lipno, 7 – Witobelskie, 8 – Łódzko-Dymaczewskie, 9 – Skrzynka, 10 – Góreckie, 11 – Kociołek, 12 – Budzyńskie, 13 – Konarzewskie, 14 – Chmęcicko-Rosnowskie, 15 – Małe, 16 – Jarosławieckie lakes

Figure 2

Distribution of the analyzed lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park and its buffer zone in the system of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) based on surface water parameters
Distribution of the analyzed lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park and its buffer zone in the system of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) based on surface water parameters

Figure 3

Correlations between the first two principal components PCA1 and PCA2 of physicochemical parameters of the studied lakes. Explanations: 1 – pH, 2 – oxygen conc., 3 – temp., 4 – hardness, 5 – conductivity, 6 – alkalinity, 7 – soluble reactive phosphorus, 8 – total phosphorus, 9 – nitrite, 10 – nitrate, 11 – ammonium, 12 – Kjeldahl nitrogen, 13 – total nitrogen, 14 – sulfates, 15 – chlorides, 16 – calcium, 17 – magnesium, 18 – COD
Correlations between the first two principal components PCA1 and PCA2 of physicochemical parameters of the studied lakes. Explanations: 1 – pH, 2 – oxygen conc., 3 – temp., 4 – hardness, 5 – conductivity, 6 – alkalinity, 7 – soluble reactive phosphorus, 8 – total phosphorus, 9 – nitrite, 10 – nitrate, 11 – ammonium, 12 – Kjeldahl nitrogen, 13 – total nitrogen, 14 – sulfates, 15 – chlorides, 16 – calcium, 17 – magnesium, 18 – COD

Figure 4

Variations of the soluble reactive phosphates in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error
Variations of the soluble reactive phosphates in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error

Figure 5

Variations of the total phosphorus in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error
Variations of the total phosphorus in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error

Figure 6

Variations of the ammonium in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error
Variations of the ammonium in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error

Figure 7

Variations of the nitrate in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error
Variations of the nitrate in the studied lakes in 2012 Explanations: midpoint – mean; whiskers – standard error

Figure 8

Changes in water quality presented as Carlson TSI index in four periods
Changes in water quality presented as Carlson TSI index in four periods

Morphometric parameters of the studied lakes

Lake Area (ha) Volume (thou. m

– Ławniczak et al. 2013

)		 Coastline length (m) Maximum depth (m) Mean depth (m) Location
Górecko-Budzyňska trough
Góreckie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 99.8 8872.8 8190 16.8 8.8 WPN
Skrzynka

– according to IMGW 2010;

 1.7 33.5 575 3.3 2 WPN
Kociołek

– according to IMGW 2010;

 4.2 156.8 784 7.4 3.7 WPN
Budzyńskie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 13.5 224.7 2896 3.5 1.7 WPN
Witobelsko-Dymaczewska trough
Tomickie

– Ławniczak et al. 2011;

 38.7 429.5 3340 1.7 1.1 buffer zone
Wielkowiejskie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 15.4 260.3 8190 4.5 1.7 WPN
Witobelskie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 97.5 3550.6 5178 5.3 3.6 WPN
Łódzko-Dymaczewskie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 127 7473 9263 12.7 5.9 WPN
Rosnowsko-Jarosławiecka trough
Konarzewskie

– Ławniczak et al. 2013

 2.5 88.5 988 6.8 3.5 buffer zone
Chomęcicko-Rosnowskie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 41.2 1902.8 7193 11.2 4.6 WPN
Małe

– Ławniczak et al. 2013

 6.6 116 1685 4.7 1.8 WPN
Jarosławieckie

– according to IMGW 2010;

 12.7 464.4 2327 6.2 3.6 WPN
trough of lakes Dębno-Lipno
Dębno

– Ławniczak et al. 2013

 19 1470 2630 12.7 7.7 buffer zone
Bochenek

– Ławniczak et al. 2013

 3 139 825 7.6 4.6 buffer zone
Lipno

– Ławniczak et al. 2013

 7.8 321 1450 10.1 4.1 buffer zone

Results of two-way ANOVA testing the differences in water physicochemical parameters measured in 2012 among the studied lakes and sampling layers (surface and bottom)

Parameters Type of transformation Lake Sampling layer Lake*Sampling layer
dF = 14 dF = 1 dF = 14
Phosphates (mg PO43−–P dm−3) square root 5.67

p<0.001;

 16.73

p<0.001;

 2.91

p<0.05 and ns p>0.05.
Total phosphorus (mg PO43−–P dm−3) 3.75

p<0.01;

 16.23

p<0.001;

 1.86 ns
Nitrites (mg NO2−–N dm−3) 0.29 ns 0.58 ns 0.22 ns
Nitrates (mg NO3−–N dm−3) 1.27 ns 0.13 ns 1.14 ns
Ammonium (mg NH4+–N dm−3) 2.90

p<0.05 and ns p>0.05.

 33.23

p<0.001;

 2.67

p<0.05 and ns p>0.05.
Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg N dm−3) 1.33 ns 0.55 ns 0.70 ns
Total nitrogen (mg N dm−3) 1.28 ns 4.42

p<0.05 and ns p>0.05.

 1.14 ns
Sulfates (mg SO42− dm−3) - 4.35

p<0.05 and ns p>0.05.

 0.54 ns 0.56 ns
Magnesium (mg Mg2+ dm−3) ln 3.80

p<0.01;

 0.26 ns 0.58 ns
COD (mg O2 dm−3) - 9.38

p<0.001;

 41.07

p<0.001;

 6.28

p<0.001;
Chlorides (mg Cl− dm−3) 25.89

p<0.001;

 16.18

p<0.001;

 3.35

p<0.01;
Calcium (mg Ca2+ dm−3) 17.91

p<0.001;

 0.00 ns 0.76 ns
Oxygen (mg O2 dm−3) 0.93 ns 48.86

p<0.001;

 0.90 ns

Ecological status of the lakes located in the Wielkopolska National Park and its buffer zone

Lake Chlorophyll a (µg dm−3) ESMI SE Ecological status based on Ecological status of the lake
biological parameter hydro-morphological parameters physico-chemical parameters

– based on the total P value as a determining factor;
Góreckie 9.62 0.298 III moderate I <II moderate
Kociołek 5.2 0.573 II good I =II good
Skrzynka 8.81 0.347 III moderate I <II moderate
Budzyńskie 2.06 0.845 I very good I <II good
Konarzewskie 13.26 0.242

– expert evaluation;

 V bad <I <II bad
Chomęcicko-Rosnowskie 15.00 0.462 III moderate <I <II moderate
Małe 3.85 0.503

– dominance of C. demersum

 III moderate <I <II moderate
Jarosławieckie 2.41 0.554 II good <I <II moderate
Tomickie 21.23 0.092 IV poor <I <II poor
Wielkowiejskie 8.37 0.489

– more than 25% of the littoral zone covered by charophytes;

 I very good I <II good
Witobelskie 28.07 0.268

– absence of submerge macrophytes;

 V bad <I <II bad
Łódzko-Dymaczewskie 35.70 0.464

– absence of submerge macrophytes;

 V bad I <II bad
Dębno 5.37 0.731

– expert evaluation;

 II good <I <II moderate
Bochenek 25.43 0.284 III moderate I <II poor
Lipno 26.90 0.52

– absence of submerge macrophytes;

 V bad <I <II bad
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