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Benthic diatoms of the Vrla River (Serbia) and their application in the water ecological status assessment

Olga Jakovljević
Olga Jakovljević
, 
Slađana Popović
Slađana Popović
, 
Ivana Živić
Ivana Živić
, 
Katarina Stojanović
Katarina Stojanović
 e 
Jelena Krizmanić
Jelena Krizmanić
   | 22 set 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 22 set 2016
Pagine: 304 - 315
Ricevuto: 30 ott 2015
Accettato: 23 dic 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0029
© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Distribution of the sampling sites (VR1-VR6) along the Vrla River
Distribution of the sampling sites (VR1-VR6) along the Vrla River

Figure 2

LM micrographs of G. acceptata. Scale bar = 10 μm
LM micrographs of G. acceptata. Scale bar = 10 μm

Figure 3

Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) biplot ordination on the basis of the measured environmental variables (temperature-T, conductivity, pH, total phosphorus-TP, O2, biochemical oxygen demand-BOD, NO3, alkalinity, water hardness-WH, orthophosphates-OP and ammonium) and diatom taxa recorded in the Vrla River, with sampling sites (VR1-VR6) and sampling seasons (S1-S6) as supplementary variables (F=1.4, P=0.0002). Due to the large number of data, the graphs A and B are not overlapped, and diatom taxa and explanatory variables (environmental data) are shown on graph A, while sampling sites and sampling seasons used as supplementary variables are shown on graph B for better visualization. NNOV – Navicula novaesiberica, GGRA – Gomphonema gracile, NEDU – Neidium dubium, CSAP – Cymatopleura solea var. apiculata, NVIR – Navicula viridula, NAAM – Navicula amphiceropsis, CBCU – Cymbopleura cuspidata, GANG – Gomphonema angustatum, NSAL – Navicula salinarum, EVUL – Encyonema vulgare, NOLI – Navicula oligotraphenta, NCTE – Navicula cryptotenella, CLAN – Caloneis lancettula, CAEX – Cymbella excisa, NACI – Nitzschia acicularis, NHEU – Nitzschia heufleriana, MAPE – Mayamaea atomus var. permitis, PLFR-Planothidium frequentissimum, GPRI – Gomphonema pumilum var. rigidum, ADDA – Psammothidium daonense, SJOU – Sellaphora radiosa, FCPL – Fragilaria recapitellata, AMJA – Achnanthidium minutissimum var. jackii, FCAP – Fragilaria capucina, DMON – Diatoma moniliformis, ACAF – Achnanthidium affine, DHIE – Diatoma hyemalis, SRPI – Staurosirella pinnata var. intercedens, SSVE – Staurosira venter, SBKU – Surirella brebissonii var. kuetzingii, CEXG – Cymbella exigua, DSEP – Diploneis separanda, CGLA – Handmannia glabriuscula, ACOP – Amphora copulata, GSCI – Gyrosigma sciotoense, LGOE – Luticola goeppertiana, GACU – Gomphonema acuminatum, FUAC – Fragilaria acus, CEPR – Cymbella excisa var. procera, CEXF – Cymbella excisiformis, ENCM – Encyonopsis microcephala, FSBH – Fallacia subhamulata, NHIN – Navicula hintzii, NZAD – Nitzschia adamata, NDOL – Nitzschia oligotraphenta, NREC – Nitzschia recta, SRMA – Martyana martyi
Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) biplot ordination on the basis of the measured environmental variables (temperature-T, conductivity, pH, total phosphorus-TP, O2, biochemical oxygen demand-BOD, NO3, alkalinity, water hardness-WH, orthophosphates-OP and ammonium) and diatom taxa recorded in the Vrla River, with sampling sites (VR1-VR6) and sampling seasons (S1-S6) as supplementary variables (F=1.4, P=0.0002). Due to the large number of data, the graphs A and B are not overlapped, and diatom taxa and explanatory variables (environmental data) are shown on graph A, while sampling sites and sampling seasons used as supplementary variables are shown on graph B for better visualization. NNOV – Navicula novaesiberica, GGRA – Gomphonema gracile, NEDU – Neidium dubium, CSAP – Cymatopleura solea var. apiculata, NVIR – Navicula viridula, NAAM – Navicula amphiceropsis, CBCU – Cymbopleura cuspidata, GANG – Gomphonema angustatum, NSAL – Navicula salinarum, EVUL – Encyonema vulgare, NOLI – Navicula oligotraphenta, NCTE – Navicula cryptotenella, CLAN – Caloneis lancettula, CAEX – Cymbella excisa, NACI – Nitzschia acicularis, NHEU – Nitzschia heufleriana, MAPE – Mayamaea atomus var. permitis, PLFR-Planothidium frequentissimum, GPRI – Gomphonema pumilum var. rigidum, ADDA – Psammothidium daonense, SJOU – Sellaphora radiosa, FCPL – Fragilaria recapitellata, AMJA – Achnanthidium minutissimum var. jackii, FCAP – Fragilaria capucina, DMON – Diatoma moniliformis, ACAF – Achnanthidium affine, DHIE – Diatoma hyemalis, SRPI – Staurosirella pinnata var. intercedens, SSVE – Staurosira venter, SBKU – Surirella brebissonii var. kuetzingii, CEXG – Cymbella exigua, DSEP – Diploneis separanda, CGLA – Handmannia glabriuscula, ACOP – Amphora copulata, GSCI – Gyrosigma sciotoense, LGOE – Luticola goeppertiana, GACU – Gomphonema acuminatum, FUAC – Fragilaria acus, CEPR – Cymbella excisa var. procera, CEXF – Cymbella excisiformis, ENCM – Encyonopsis microcephala, FSBH – Fallacia subhamulata, NHIN – Navicula hintzii, NZAD – Nitzschia adamata, NDOL – Nitzschia oligotraphenta, NREC – Nitzschia recta, SRMA – Martyana martyi

Figure 4

Redundancy analysis (RDA) of dominant diatom taxa and measured environmental variables (temperature-T, conductivity, pH, total phosphorus-TP, O2, biochemical oxygen demand-BOD, NO3, alkalinity, water hardness-WH, orthophosphates-OP and ammonium) with sampling sites (VR1-VR6) and sampling seasons (S1-S6) as supplementary variables. AMIN -Achnanthidium minutissimum, HARC – Hannaea arcus, NIPR – Nitzschia pura, ADSU – Achnanthidium subatomus, GELG – Gomphonema elegantissimum, GPRI – Gomphonema pumilum var. rigidum, PTLA – Planothidium lanceolatum, COPL – Cocconeis pseudolineata, MAPE – Mayamaea atomus var. permitis, CPLA – Cocconeis placentula var. placentula, CPLI – Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, NIAR – Nitzschia archibaldii, NZAB – Nitzschia abbreviata
Redundancy analysis (RDA) of dominant diatom taxa and measured environmental variables (temperature-T, conductivity, pH, total phosphorus-TP, O2, biochemical oxygen demand-BOD, NO3, alkalinity, water hardness-WH, orthophosphates-OP and ammonium) with sampling sites (VR1-VR6) and sampling seasons (S1-S6) as supplementary variables. AMIN -Achnanthidium minutissimum, HARC – Hannaea arcus, NIPR – Nitzschia pura, ADSU – Achnanthidium subatomus, GELG – Gomphonema elegantissimum, GPRI – Gomphonema pumilum var. rigidum, PTLA – Planothidium lanceolatum, COPL – Cocconeis pseudolineata, MAPE – Mayamaea atomus var. permitis, CPLA – Cocconeis placentula var. placentula, CPLI – Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, NIAR – Nitzschia archibaldii, NZAB – Nitzschia abbreviata

Chemical water parameters of the Vrla River at the studied sites (VR1-VR6) in 2011-2012

Parameter VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6
Temperature (°C) 2.2-13.0 2.3-12.4 2.0-15.0 2.3-15.2 2.5-15.5 2.0-17.3
Conductivity (μS cm-1) 50-90 50-80 60-100 60-90 60-90 70-110
PH 7.0-8.4 7.1-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.1-8.7 7.0-8.7 6.9-8.3
Ammonia (mg l-1) <0.01-0.15 <0.01-0.13 <0.01-0.26 <0.01-0.16 <0.01-0.18 <0.01-0.10
Nitrates (mg l-1) 1.7-3.4 1.5-2.7 1.6-2.9 1.5-3.1 1.5-2.8 1.3-2.1
Oxygen (mg l-1) 9.4-15.1 9.2-14.8 9.0-13.9 9.0-14.2 9.1-14.3 8.8-13.3
BOD5 (mg l-1) 0.4-8.6 <0.2-6.6 <0.2-6.7 0.3-6.1 0.2-6.2 0.3-6.0
Alkalinity (Mmoll-1) 0.4-2.6 0.4-2.3 0.7-2.6 0.5-2.6 0.4-2.8 0.5-2.5
Total P (mg Pl-1) 0.03-0.06 0.02-0.07 0.02-0.09 0.02-0.05 0.02-0.07 0.02-0.07
Orthophosphates (mg Pl-1) 0.02-0.04 0.01-0.04 0.01-0.05 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.03
Water hardness (°dH) 0.12-12.01 0.15-11.79 0.22-11.79 0.16-11.79 0.16-12.24 0.16-12.24

Average values of diatom indices and water quality classes at the studied sites (VR1-VR6) of the Vrla River in 2011-2012

Site Values of diatom indices / Water Quality Class
IPS SLA DESCY CEE IBD TDI IPS SLA DESCY CEE IBD TDI
VR1 16.55 13.38 15.71 15.31 17.15 55.1 II II II II I III
VR2 16.56 12.78 15.21 15.35 17.33 55.03 II III II II I III
VR3 15.43 12.63 15.55 13.91 14.76 56.56 II III II II II III
VR4 15.30 12.56 15.23 13.81 14.00 49.28 II III II II II III
VR5 15.25 13.28 15.76 13.63 13.76 47.73 II II II II II III
VR6 15.36 12.88 16.05 14.66 13.73 52.88 II III II II II III

Correlation coefficients for selected diatom indices (IPS, SLA, DESCY, CEE, IBD and TDI)

IPS SLA DESCY CEE IBD TDI
IPS 1
SLA 0.318 1
DESCY -0.287 0.535 1
CEE 0.905* 0.268 -0.019 1
IBD 0.986* 0.243 -0.378 0.842* 1
TDI 0.585* -0.153 -0.051 0.615* 0.637* 1
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