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Characteristics of Cladophora and coexisting filamentous algae in relation to environmental factors in freshwater ecosystems in Poland

Marta Pikosz
Marta Pikosz
 e 
Beata Messyasz
Beata Messyasz
   | 22 giu 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 22 giu 2016
Pagine: 202 - 215
Ricevuto: 17 ago 2015
Accettato: 21 set 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0019
© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdañsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the study sites: 1 – Lake Oporzyńskie, 2 – Nielba river, 3 – Pond in Poznań, 4 – Malta Reservoir, 5 – Samica Stęszewska river, 6 – Pond in Konojad, 7 – Mogilnica river
Location of the study sites: 1 – Lake Oporzyńskie, 2 – Nielba river, 3 – Pond in Poznań, 4 – Malta Reservoir, 5 – Samica Stęszewska river, 6 – Pond in Konojad, 7 – Mogilnica river

Figure 2

Floristic diversity of filamentous algae in freshwater ecosystems in Poland (numbers indicate the percentage contribution)
Floristic diversity of filamentous algae in freshwater ecosystems in Poland (numbers indicate the percentage contribution)

Figure 3

Types of ecosystems, in which filamentous algae were noted (numbers indicate the percentage contribution)
Types of ecosystems, in which filamentous algae were noted (numbers indicate the percentage contribution)

Figure 4

Photos of Cladophora glomerata: 1 – the overall view of young thalli; 2 – the number of thalli branched in the apical part; 3 – apical cell with a hole; 4 – basal cell; 5 – stained pyrenoids; 6 – stained nuclei; 7 – reticulate chloroplast; 8 – diatoms on the surface of cell wall
Photos of Cladophora glomerata: 1 – the overall view of young thalli; 2 – the number of thalli branched in the apical part; 3 – apical cell with a hole; 4 – basal cell; 5 – stained pyrenoids; 6 – stained nuclei; 7 – reticulate chloroplast; 8 – diatoms on the surface of cell wall

Figure 5

Photos of Cladophora rivularis (1-4): 1 – branches diverge at right angles; 2 – morphometric variability; 3 – akinete; 4 – zoospores; and Cladophora fracta (5-6): 5 – slender filaments with branches at an obtuse angle; 6 – fragmentation of the thallus
Photos of Cladophora rivularis (1-4): 1 – branches diverge at right angles; 2 – morphometric variability; 3 – akinete; 4 – zoospores; and Cladophora fracta (5-6): 5 – slender filaments with branches at an obtuse angle; 6 – fragmentation of the thallus

Figure 6

Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) diagram showing the correlation between species distribution and environmental variables. All axes were found to be highly significant (p<0.005; Monte Carlo Simulation). Vau. sp. – Vaucheria sp., Rh. sp. – Rhizoclonium sp., Stig. nan. – Stigeoclonium nanum, Cl. glom. – Cladophora glomerata, O. sp.1 – Oedogonium sp. 1, Cl. glob. – Cladophora globulina, O. sp. 2 – Oedogonium sp. 2, M. sp. – Mougeotia sp., Z. sp. – Zygnema sp., Cl. frac. – Cladophora fracta, Sp.sp.1. Spirogyra sp. 1, Sp.sp.2 – Spirogyra sp. 2, Sp.sp.3. – Spirogyra sp. 3, Sp.sp.4. – Spirogyra sp. 4, Sir. sp. – Sirogonium sp., C. sp. – Cladophora sp., O.cap. – Oedogonium capillare, Cl.riv. – Cladophora rivularis, Mic. sp. – Microspora sp., U. var. – Ulothrix variabilis, T. vul. – Tribonema vulgare, T. aeg. – Tribonema aequale
Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) diagram showing the correlation between species distribution and environmental variables. All axes were found to be highly significant (p<0.005; Monte Carlo Simulation). Vau. sp. – Vaucheria sp., Rh. sp. – Rhizoclonium sp., Stig. nan. – Stigeoclonium nanum, Cl. glom. – Cladophora glomerata, O. sp.1 – Oedogonium sp. 1, Cl. glob. – Cladophora globulina, O. sp. 2 – Oedogonium sp. 2, M. sp. – Mougeotia sp., Z. sp. – Zygnema sp., Cl. frac. – Cladophora fracta, Sp.sp.1. Spirogyra sp. 1, Sp.sp.2 – Spirogyra sp. 2, Sp.sp.3. – Spirogyra sp. 3, Sp.sp.4. – Spirogyra sp. 4, Sir. sp. – Sirogonium sp., C. sp. – Cladophora sp., O.cap. – Oedogonium capillare, Cl.riv. – Cladophora rivularis, Mic. sp. – Microspora sp., U. var. – Ulothrix variabilis, T. vul. – Tribonema vulgare, T. aeg. – Tribonema aequale

Characteristics of various filamentous algae patches at the study sites

dominant taxon length and width of cells in µm (min-max) shape of chloroplast diameter of pyrenoids (µm) accompanying filamentous algae forms color sites
Cladophora glomerata 223-63447-131 reticulate 3-12 Rhizoclonium sp.Vaucheria sp. attached to the bottom and stones dark green Nielba river
Cladophora glomerata 84-38827-82 reticulate 4-10 absent long filaments, attached to the bottom dark green Samica Stęszewska river
Cladophora glomerata 116-75628-133 reticulate 3-6 Rhizoclonium sp.Stigeoclonium nanumOedogonium spp.Vaucheria sp. attached, free-floating dark green Mogilnica river
Cladophora glomerata 132-22526-50 reticulate 5-7 Oedogonium sp.Tribonema vulgare free-floating, dense mat bright green Lake Oporzyńskie
Cladophora rivularis 97-30136-130 parietal 4-9 Cladophora sp.Oedogonium capillareUlothrix variabilisTribonema aequaleTribonema vulgareSpirogyra spp., Mougeotia sp.Microspora sp. cotton-wool-like thick mat bright green Pond in Konojad (agriculture)
Cladophora fracta 50-13517-25 parietal 3-7 Cladophora glomerata Spirogyra spp.Mougeotia sp. dense mat in littoral zone (4 m from the shore), soft to the touch yellow green Malta Reservoir
Cladophora fracta 48-14621-30 parietal 3-6 Spirogyra spp.Mougeotia spp.Zygnema spp.Sirogonium sp.Cladophora sp. mat mainly slippery to the touch yellow green Pond in Poznań (artificial)

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between CCA ordination scores (the first three axes) for filamentous algae and environmental factors (n = 187; p<0.05 are statistically significant and given in bold)

CCA AXIS 1Eigenvalue: 0.79 CCA AXIS 2Eigenvalue: 0.66 CCA AXIS 3Eigenvalue: 0.23
AXIS 1 - 0.03 -0.51
AXIS 2 0.03 - 0.04
AXIS 3 -0.51 0.04 -
Depth -0.10 -0.49 0.00
Chl a 0.61 0.20 -0.44
Temp. -0.01 0.21 0.18
pH -0.50 -0.19 0.57
DO -0.30 -0.27 0.38
EC -0.11 -0.78 -0.01
TDS 0.20 -0.74 -0.20
N-NO3 0.33 0.14 -0.33
P-PO4 0.54 0.04 -0.66
SO4 2-4 -0.36 -0.85 0.19
Color 0.40 -0.14 -0.54
Turb. 0.39 -0.13 -0.25
Cl- -0.25 -0.86 0.05

Mean values of physicochemical factors of water for the surveyed sites (L.O. – Lake Oporzyńskie, M.R. – Malta Reservoir, P.P. – pond in Poznań, P.K. – pond in Konojad, N.R. – Nielba river, S.S.R. – Samica Stęszewska river, M.R. – Mogilnica river

Parameters Unit L.O. n=46 M.Res. n=12 P.P. n=17 P.K. n=59 N.R. n=10 S.S.R. n=10 M.R. n=33
Temp. °C 19.3 23.7 22.1 21.4 21.0 18.9 20.4
pH 8.4 8.6 8.3 8.8 7.9 7.5 7.9
Depth cm 120 41.5 35 51 94 44 43
Color PtCo 74 21 12.8 18.8 22 28 38
Turb. FAU 3.5 4.2 3.3 5.2 4.5 0.3 5.4
EC µS cm-1 551 658 387 946 779 532 838
TDS mg l-1 259 442 198 532 538 516 491
N-NO3 0.50 0.20 0.36 0.26 0.82 0.16 0.85
NH4 0.57 0.25 0.59 0.81 0.82 0.28 0.73
SO4 2-4 69 81 46 109 140 67 63
NaCl 114 121 59 309 101 86 116
Cl- 63 73 36 105 61 52 70
PO43-4 0.23 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.24 1.13
DO % 111 93 99 100 87 91 73
Chl a µg l-1 25.2 7.2 4.95 1.86 3.2 6.4 8.25

Results of the forward selection of environmental parameters (Monte Carlo permutation test in CCA, P<0.005 are statistically significant)

Parameter λ P F
Cl- 0.67 0.001 18.41
P-PO4 0.36 0.001 10.41
TDS 0.25 0.001 7.71
N-NO3 0.17 0.001 5.28
Chl a 0.15 0.001 5.09
Depth 0.15 0.001 4.98
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