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Distribution of antibiotic resistance and the presence of vancomycin-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Sea of Marmara, the Canakkale Strait and the Istanbul Strait, Turkey

Mine Çardak
Mine Çardak
, 
Gülçen Altug
Gülçen Altug
, 
Mustafa Ay
Mustafa Ay
 e 
Ôzlem Erol
Ôzlem Erol
   | 22 giu 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 22 giu 2016
Pagine: 182 - 190
Ricevuto: 18 mag 2015
Accettato: 16 ott 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0017
© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdañsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Study area: the Sea of Marmara, Istanbul Strait and Canakkale Strait
Study area: the Sea of Marmara, Istanbul Strait and Canakkale Strait

Figure 2

Antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the Istanbul Strait, the Çnakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara (AMP: ampicillin; CXM: cefuroxime; CAZ: ceftazidime; CN: gentamycin; K: kanamycin; TE: tetracycline; VA: vancomycin; OFX: ofloxacin; ATM: aztreonam; AMC: amoxicillin; CTX: cefotaxime)
Antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the Istanbul Strait, the Çnakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara (AMP: ampicillin; CXM: cefuroxime; CAZ: ceftazidime; CN: gentamycin; K: kanamycin; TE: tetracycline; VA: vancomycin; OFX: ofloxacin; ATM: aztreonam; AMC: amoxicillin; CTX: cefotaxime)

Figure 3

MAR index of the isolates from the Istanbul Strait, the Canakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara
MAR index of the isolates from the Istanbul Strait, the Canakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara

Figure 4

Detection of Enterobacteriaceae vanA gene coding for vancomycin resistance. Lane 1: E. coli, 2: E. coli, 3: S. liquefaciens, 4: C. braakii, 5: E. cloacae, 6: DNA size marker
Detection of Enterobacteriaceae vanA gene coding for vancomycin resistance. Lane 1: E. coli, 2: E. coli, 3: S. liquefaciens, 4: C. braakii, 5: E. cloacae, 6: DNA size marker

Frequency of antibiotic resistance (%) of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the Istanbul Strait, the Canakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara

Isolates AMP10 μg CXM30 μg CAZ30 μg CN120 μg K5 μg TE30 μg VA30 μg OFX5 μg ATM30 μg AMC30 μg CTX30 μg
Cedecea spp. 100 50 100 0 50 0 50 50 0 0 0
Citrobacter spp. 100 0 50 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0
E. coli 66.6 66.6 7.4 7.4 14.9 37.1 18.5 25.6 7.4 29.6 18.5
Enterobacter spp. 57.1 57.1 85.7 14.3 21.4 42.9 0 14.2 7.1 35.7 21.4
Klebsiella spp. 72.7 50 45.5 9.1 18.1 36.3 27.7 31.8 4.54 45.4 18.1
Pantoea spp. 66.6 66.6 66.6 0 16.6 33.3 50 50 0 50 66.6
Proteus spp. 100 100 80 0 20 60 40 40 20 40 0
Providencia spp. 50 50 50 0 0 50 50 0 0 50 50
Raoultella spp. 100 57.1 71.4 0 28.5 42.8 0 42.8 28.5 28.5 0
Salmonella spp. 100 100 90 0 10 66.6 66.6 0 0 0 0
Serratia spp. 62.5 56.2 87.5 6.25 12.5 43.75 43.75 6.25 0 37.5 12.5

Diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in the sampling areas

Species Sampling areas
1 2 3
Cedecea lapagei Grimont et al. 1981 + + -
Citrobacter braakii Brenner et al. 1993 + + +
C.freundii (Braak 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932 + + +
Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 + + +
E. cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 + + +
E. sakazakii (Farmer et al. 1980) + + +
Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 + + +
Hafnia alvei Møller, 1954 + + -
Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae Schroeter 1886 Trevisan 1887 + + +
K. ornithinolytica Sakazaki et al. 1989 + + -
K. oxytoca (Flügge 1886) Lautrop 1956 + + +
K. planticola Bagley et al. 1982 + + -
Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife 1972) Gavini et al. 1989 + + -
Proteus vulgaris Hauser 1885 + + +
P. mirabilis Hauser 1885 + + +
Providencia rettgeri (Hadley 1918) Brenner et al. 1978 + + -
Raoultella terrigena (Izard et al. 1981) Drancourt et al. 2001 + + -
Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 + + +
S. typhimurium (Loeffler 1892) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 + + +
Serratia marcescens Bizio 1823 + + +
S. odorifera Grimont et al. 1978 + + -
S. plymuthica (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Breed et al. 1948 + + -
S. liquefaciens (Grimes and Hennerty 1931) Bascomb et al. 1971 + + -
Yersinia enterocolitica (Schleifstein and Coleman 1939) Frederiksen 1964 + + -

Sequence of each primer (forward, f and reverse, r) used to amplify the two genes/intergenic regions searched using PCR and the respective expected amplicon sizes

Gene/ IR Sequence Amplicon size (bp) Annealing temperature (°C) Reference
vanA f 5’-GGGAAAACGACAATTGC-3’ 732 54 Dutka-Malen 1995
r 5’-GTACAATGCGGCCGTTA-3’
vanB f 5’-ATGGGAAGCCGATAGTC-3’ 635 54 Ribeiro et al. 2007
r 5’-GATTTCGTTCCTCGACC-3’
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