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Fig. 1

SAR protocol results for samples X6717 (A,B,C), X6444 (D,E,F) and X6888 (G,H,I). (A,D,G) display the natural signal decay curves, with purple triangles representing the VSL signal and insets showing the preceding BSL (blue circles) for comparison. (B,E,H) show the dose response using the long signal interval (0–300 s; 400–500 s BG) of VSL (triangles) and fast interval (0–0.9 s; 90–100 s BG) of BSL (circles). Error bars show standard errors. (C,F,I) show the De distributions of four VSL signal intervals: 0–3 s (BG: 3–10.5 s) (black squares), 0–0.9 s (BG: 450–500 s) (red circles), 9–29 s (BG: 29–80 s) (green triangles) and 0–300 s (BG: 400–500s) (orange diamonds). The BSL De values of X6717 (blue triangles) are shown for comparison. Lines show the CAM De of each interval. Radial plots modified from Dietze and Kreutzer (2017) (R Core Team, 2016).
SAR protocol results for samples X6717 (A,B,C), X6444 (D,E,F) and X6888 (G,H,I). (A,D,G) display the natural signal decay curves, with purple triangles representing the VSL signal and insets showing the preceding BSL (blue circles) for comparison. (B,E,H) show the dose response using the long signal interval (0–300 s; 400–500 s BG) of VSL (triangles) and fast interval (0–0.9 s; 90–100 s BG) of BSL (circles). Error bars show standard errors. (C,F,I) show the De distributions of four VSL signal intervals: 0–3 s (BG: 3–10.5 s) (black squares), 0–0.9 s (BG: 450–500 s) (red circles), 9–29 s (BG: 29–80 s) (green triangles) and 0–300 s (BG: 400–500s) (orange diamonds). The BSL De values of X6717 (blue triangles) are shown for comparison. Lines show the CAM De of each interval. Radial plots modified from Dietze and Kreutzer (2017) (R Core Team, 2016).

Fig. 2

MAAD protocol results for samples X6444 (A–C) and X6889 (D–E). (A,D) show the natural dose decay curves and (B,C,E) show the dose response using the signal interval 0–300 s (BG: 400–500s). (B,E) resulted from the shortened preheat (10 s) measurement (purple triangles in (A,D)), while (C) resulted from the 100 s preheat measurement (orange triangle in (A)). The CAM of nMAD accepted aliquots were fitted with a linear function in (C) and an exponential function in (E). The green vertical lines correspond to the expected De. Error bars show the standard errors.
MAAD protocol results for samples X6444 (A–C) and X6889 (D–E). (A,D) show the natural dose decay curves and (B,C,E) show the dose response using the signal interval 0–300 s (BG: 400–500s). (B,E) resulted from the shortened preheat (10 s) measurement (purple triangles in (A,D)), while (C) resulted from the 100 s preheat measurement (orange triangle in (A)). The CAM of nMAD accepted aliquots were fitted with a linear function in (C) and an exponential function in (E). The green vertical lines correspond to the expected De. Error bars show the standard errors.

Details of the studied samples.

Site Sample code Dating method Age (ka) Expected dose (Gy)
Grotte Mandrin, France X6717 BSL 41 ± 3 67.3 ± 3.0
Sima de las Palomas, Spain X6889 BSL 102.1 ± 12.0 204.5 ± 16.3
Brooksby Quarry, UK X6444 geology >200 >300
Cueva Negra, Spain X6888 palaeomagnetism, biostratigraphy 780–990 600–1190

VSL De estimates using the SAR protocol. The VSL De values that match the expected dose at 1 sigma are in bold type.

Sample Signal (s) Background (s) #1 Overdispersion (%) De ± se (Gy)2
X6717 0–0.9 450–500 8/12 13.3 ± 6.5 59.7 ± 4.1
0–300 400–500 10/12 32.1 ± 7.4 53.6 ± 5.5
0–3 3–10.5 7/12 - 52.4 ± 3.9
9–29 29–80 5/12 36.7 ± 12.3 69.8 ± 11.8

X6444 0–0.9 450–500 4/13 14.7 ± 8.9 199.4 ± 19.8
0–300 400–500 8/13 27.2 ± 7.2 202.2 ± 20.1
0–3 3–10.5 4/13 - 141.5 ± 14.1
9–29 29–80 3/13 - 339.9 ± 67.4

X6888 0–0.9 450–500 3/3 - 199.0 ± 12.4
0–300 400–500 3/3 5.5 ± 4.8 124.7 ± 5.8
0–3 3–10.5 3/3 - 165.2 ± 25.2
9–29 29–80 1/3 - 354.5 ± 61.0

Protocols used in this study. Alterations are in bold. Note that for the MAAD protocol, only the measurement parameters were based on Ankjærgaard et al. (2016), not the method to estimate the De.

Step SAR(adapted from Hernandez and Mercier (2015)) MAAD(adapted from Ankjærgaard et al. (2016)) Function
0 - Additive dose
1 Preheat (260°C, 10 s) Preheat (300°C, 100 s or 10 s) Empty thermally unstable components
2 Blue bleach (125°C, 40 s) Blue bleach (125°C, 100 s) Empty shallow trapped charge
3 VSL (125°C, 500 s) VSL (30°C, 500 s) Measure deep trapped charge (Ln, Lx or La)
4 Violet bleach (200°C, 500 s) - Reduce recuperation
5 Test dose (18 Gy) Test dose (50 Gy) Sensitivity correction
6 Preheat (260°C, 10 s) Preheat (300°C, 100 s or 10 s) Empty thermally unstable components
7 Blue bleach (125°C, 40 s) Blue bleach (125°C, 100 s) Empty shallow trapped charge
8 VSL (125°C, 500 s) VSL (30°C, 500 s) Measure deep trapped charge (Tn, Tx or Ta)
9 Violet bleach (200°C, 500 s) - Reduce recuperation
10 Regenerative dose -
eISSN:
1897-1695
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
Volume Open
Argomenti della rivista:
Geosciences, other