Low to middle Pleistocene paleoclimatic record from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland) based on isotopic and calcite fabrics analyses

Location of the study site. A – location of the Głęboka Cave (black circle) in the southwestern region of Poland (Krajewski and Matyszkiewicz (2009), modified); B – plan view of the Głęboka Cave, which shows the location (asterisk) where the flowstones were collected, cave map and profile (B) after Sznober and Tyc (2010), simplified.

Microscopic description of the studied flowstone. 1 – Discontinuities in the surfaces; 2 – Layers selected for the detailed microscopic studies.

Photomicrographs for different types of calcite fabrics observed in thin sections. A – Columnar fabric (compact and open); B – Columnar with hiatuses, columnar fabrics and protruding rhombohedral terminations (Crt) underlined with a higher content of detrital material; C – Columnar fabric with a faint lamination, which has a visible characteristic elongation of the inclusions parallel to the direction of the calcite crystal growth; D – Columnar compact fabric with faint and flat laminae; E – A large discontinuous surface with a blocky crystal fabric that gradually transforms into a columnar fabric; F – A degradation surface that is also visualized by the change in the direction of crystal growth; G – Initial crystalline stage, which precipitates after discontinuity surface with transitional basal crystals; H – Columnar fabric of the microcrystalline type; I – Dark layers (i.e., condensed dark laminae) with possible dissolutions and/or hiatuses.

Oxygen (A) and carbon (B) stable isotope compositions in the flowstone from the Głęboka Cave. The vertical lines indicate visible breaks in the flowstone deposition.

Fig. 6

Oxygen stratigraphy results for the analysed flowstone. (A) 1 – δ18O record from the Głęboka Cave flowstone; 2 – discontinuity surfaces; 3 – the foraminifera δ18O record from the LR04 profile (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005); (B) Age-depth model.

The variability of δ18O (B) and δ13C (C) isotopes, with marked discontinuities in the surfaces, along with oxygen isotope stages (A), insolation at 50°N (D) and a fabric log (E) with marked as ellipsoids locations of thin sections on the timescale.. 1 – discontinuities in the surfaces; 2 – boundaries of oxygen-isotope stages (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005).

Results of U-series dating from the Głęboka Cave flowstone_ The reported errors are 2σ_

Sample lab no.	Depth (mm)	U cont. (ppm)	²³⁴U/²³⁸U	²³⁰Th/²³⁴U	²³⁰Th/²³²Th	Age (ka)	Remarks
265	478 ± 2	0.0643 ± 0.0001	1.000 ± 0.004	1.05 ± 0.01	450 ± 5	> 500

267	377 ± 2	0.0715 ± 0.0001	1.007 ± 0.004	1.04 ± 0.01	588 ± 7	> 500

268	350 ± 2	0.0459 ± 0.0001	1.014 ± 0.005	1.08 ± 0.02	60 ± 1	> 500

333	107 ± 2	0.0396 ± 0.0001	1.019 ± 0.007	1.00 ± 0.03	487 ± 14	$\begin{matrix} 510_{- 140}^{+ 500} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle 510^{+500}_{-140} \end{array}$

334	74 ± 2	0.0239 ± 0.0001	1.000 ± 0.007	0.97 ± 0.03	320 ± 10	$\begin{matrix} 400_{- 70}^{+ 390} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle 400^{+390}_{-70} \end{array}$

277	50 ± 2	0.1839 ± 0.0004	1.212 ± 0.004	1.14 ± 0.01	12.5 ± 0.2		*D.C.

278	26 ± 2	0.1046 ± 0.0002	1.316 ± 0.005	1.05 ± 0.01	12.1 ± 0.1		*D.C.

279	14 ± 2	0.0466 ± 0.0001	1.172 ± 0.006	1.04 ± 0.02	290 ± 5	> 500

Results of microstratigraphic logging for calcite fabrics in flowstone from the Głęboka Cave_

Code	Formation environment	Depths (mm)
1	Stable growth regime and warm climate with a persistent water film	71–84.5, 129.5–138.5, 143.5–147.5, 155.5–165.5, 426–429, 433–439

2	Correlated with enhanced degassing, which is typical of low water supply rates combined with intense cave ventilation	138.5–143.5, 147.5–150.5, 165.5–173.5, 188.8–198.5, 429–433, 439–450

3	Thicker film of fluid with faster water delivery rate and less efficient degassing than that in columnar compacts	34.5–45.5, 57.5–71, 150.5–155.5, 185.5–188.5, 215.5–228.5, 328.5–332.5, 350.5–356.5, 450–454.5

4	Constant water supply rate, higher precipitation rate, Mg/Ca ratio in water that is higher than those in previous fabrics	0.5–3.5, 8.5–14.5, 15.5–21, 22–33.5, 198.5–215.5, 311.5–328.5, 332.5–346.5

5	Seasonal contrast in temperature, vegetation activity, water supply and changes in cave ventilation and an increase in the flushing of colloidal particles	45.5–51.5, 55.5–57.5

6	Hiatuses, destructive fabric, relatively dry periods, or condensation-corrosion of a primary fabric; these conditions also enable initial crystalline stages of calcites that contain abundant impurities, which often form after discontinuity/periods of low growth rates or precipitation cessations	3.5–8.5, 14.5–15.5, 21–22, 33.5–34.5, 51.5–55.5, 346.5–350.5

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Low to middle Pleistocene paleoclimatic record from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland) based on isotopic and calcite fabrics analyses

Categoria dell'articolo: Regular Articles

Pubblicato online: 21 ago 2018

Pagine: 185 - 197

Ricevuto: 15 mar 2018

Accettato: 07 giu 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0096

Parole chiave
speleothems, paleoclimate, stable isotope, oxygen stratigraphy, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland

© 2018 M. Błaszczyk. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Results of U-series dating from the Głęboka Cave flowstone_ The reported errors are 2σ_

Results of microstratigraphic logging for calcite fabrics in flowstone from the Głęboka Cave_

Low to middle Pleistocene paleoclimatic record from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland) based on isotopic and calcite fabrics analyses

Marcin Błaszczyk

Helena Hercman

Jacek Pawlak

Michał Gąsiorowski

Šárka Matoušková

Marta Aninowska

Ditta Kicińska

Andrzej Tyc

Categoria dell'articolo: Regular Articles

Pubblicato online: 21 ago 2018

Pagine: 185 - 197

Ricevuto: 15 mar 2018

Accettato: 07 giu 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0096

Parole chiavespeleothems, paleoclimate, stable isotope, oxygen stratigraphy, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland

© 2018 M. Błaszczyk. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Results of U-series dating from the Głęboka Cave flowstone_ The reported errors are 2σ_

Results of microstratigraphic logging for calcite fabrics in flowstone from the Głęboka Cave_

Parole chiave
speleothems, paleoclimate, stable isotope, oxygen stratigraphy, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland