Postural balance and neck angle changes in school children while carrying a traditional backpack versus a double-sided bag

1.Abaraogu U.O., Ezenwankwo E.F., Nwadilibe I.B., Nwafor G.C., Ugwuele B.O., Uzoh P.C., Ani I., Amarachineke K., Atuma C., Ewelunta O. (2017) Immediate responses to backpack carriage on postural angles in young adults: A crossover randomized self-controlled study with repeated measures. Work, 57(1): 87-93. DOI: 10.3233/WOR-172531.10.3233/WOR-172531Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Attwells R.L., Birrell S.A., Hooper R.H., Mansfield N.J. (2006) Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers’ posture, movements and gait. Ergonomics, 49(14): 1527-1537. 10.1080/00140130600757237Search in Google Scholar

3. Bakhshi M. (2016) The effect of backpack weight on static and dynamic balance among male students of 10 to 12 years old in Shahr-E Kord. Int. J. Sport Studies, 6(3): 178-182.Search in Google Scholar

4. Bettany-Saltikov J., Cole L. (2012) The effect of frontpacks, shoulder bags and handheld bags on 3D back shape and posture in young university students: an ISIS2 study. Stud. Health Technol. Inform., 176: 117-121. DOI: 10.3233/978-1-61499-067-3-117.10.3233/978-1-61499-067-3-117Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Bobet J., Norman R.W. (1984) Effects of load placement on back muscle activity in load carriage. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol., 53(1): 71-75.10.1007/BF00964693Search in Google Scholar

6. Cachupe W.J., Shifflett B., Kahanov L., Wughalter E.H. (2001) Reliability of Biodex Balance System Measure. Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci., 5(2): 97-108.10.1207/S15327841MPEE0502_3Search in Google Scholar

7. Chansirinukor W., Wilson D., Grimmer K., Dansie B. (2001) Effects of backpacks on students: Measurement of cervical and shoulder posture. Aus. J. Physiother., 47(2): 110-116.10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60302-0Search in Google Scholar

8. Chow D.H., Kwok M.L., Cheng J.C., Lao M.L., Holmes A.D., Au-Yang A., Yao F.Y., Wong M.S. (2006) The effect of backpack weight on the standing posture and balance of schoolgirls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and normal controls. Gait Posture, 24(2): 173-181.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.08.00716198112Search in Google Scholar

9. Cole T.J., Bellizzi M.C., Flegal, K.M., Dietz W.H. (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. B.M.J., 320(7244): 1240-1243. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240.10.1136/bmj.320.7244.12402736510797032Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Dahl K.D., Wang H., Popp J.K., Dickin D.C. (2016) Load distribution and postural changes in young adults when wearing a traditional backpack versus the backTpack. Gait Posture, 45: 90-96.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.01.01226979888Search in Google Scholar

11. Fiolkowski P., Horodyski M., Bishop M., Williams M., Stylianou L. (2006) Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a front pack. Ergonomics, 49: 885-894. 10.1080/0014013060066744416801234Search in Google Scholar

12. Gillette J.C., Stevermer C.A., Miller R.H., Edwards W.B., Schwab C.V. (2012) Lower extremity joint moments during carrying tasks in children. J. Appl. Biomech., 28(2): 156-164.10.1123/jab.28.2.156Search in Google Scholar

13. Goh J.H., Thambyah A., Bose K. (1998) Effects of varying backpack loads on peak forces in the lumbosacral spine during walking. Clin. Biomech.,13: S26-S31.10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00071-5Search in Google Scholar

14. Grimmer K., Dansie B., Milanse S., Ubon P., Patricia T. (2002) Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: A randomized controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 3: 10. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-3-10.10.1186/1471-2474-3-1011106111960561Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Heller M.F., Challis J.H., Sharkey N.A. (2009) Changes in postural sway as a consequence of wearing a military backpack. Gait Posture, 30(1): 115-117.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.02.01519403310Search in Google Scholar

16. Kapandji I.A. (2007) The physiology of the joints. 6th ed., English ed. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone. Search in Google Scholar

17. Karimi N., Ebrahimi I., Kahrizi S., Torkaman G. (2008) Evaluation of postural balance using the BIODEX Balance System in subjects with and without low back pain. Pak. J. Med. Sci., Part II, 24(3): 372-377.Search in Google Scholar

18. Kim M.H., Yi C.H., Kwon O.Y., Cho S.H., Yoo W.G. (2008) Changes in neck muscle electromyography and forward head posture of children when carrying schoolbags. Ergon., 51(6): 890-901.10.1080/0014013070185274718484402Search in Google Scholar

19. Kistner F., Fiebert I., Roach K., Moore J. (2013) Postural compensations and subjective complaints due to backpack loads and wear time in schoolchildren. Pediatr. Phys. Ther., 25: 15-24. DOI: 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31827ab2f7.10.1097/PEP.0b013e31827ab2f723288001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Knapik J., Harman E., Reynolds K. (1996) Load carriage using packs. A review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects. Appl. Ergon., 27: 207-216.Search in Google Scholar

21. Lanes T., Gauron E., Spratt K., Wernimont T., Found E., Weinstein, J. (1995) Long term follow up of patients with low back pain treated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Spine, 20: 801-806.10.1097/00007632-199504000-000127701394Search in Google Scholar

22. Lloyd R., Cooke C. (2011) Biomechanical differences associated with two different load carriage systems and their relationship to economy. Hum. Move., 12(1): 65-74.10.2478/v10038-011-0006-xSearch in Google Scholar

23. Majumdar D., Pal M.S., Majumdar D. (2010) Effects of military load carriage on kinematics of gait. Ergonomics, 53: 782-791.10.1080/0014013100367201520496244Search in Google Scholar

24. Mastalerz A., Niźnikowski T., Buszta M.,Różański P., Wiśniowski P., Sadowski J. (2016) Effect of two backpack designs on cop displacement and plantar force distribution in children during upright stance. Pol. J. Sport Tourism, 23(3): 123-126.10.1515/pjst-2016-0015Search in Google Scholar

25. McGill S.M., Marshall L., Andersen, J. (2013) Low back loads while walking and carrying: comparing the load carried in one hand or in both hands. Ergon., 56(2): 293-302. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.752528.10.1080/00140139.2012.752528Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Mo S.W., Xu D.Q., Li J.X., Liu M. (2013) Effect of backpack load on the head, cervical spine and shoulder postures in children during gait termination. Ergon., 56(12): 1908-1916. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.851281.10.1080/00140139.2013.851281Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Moezy A., Olyaei G., Hadian M., Razi M., Faghihzadeh S. (2008) A comparative study of whole body vibration training and conventional training on knee proprioception and postural stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Br. J. Sports Med., 42(5): 373-378.10.1136/bjsm.2007.038554Search in Google Scholar

28. Mosaad D.M., Abdel-aziem A.A. (2015) Backpack carriage effect on head posture and ground reaction forces in school children. Work, 52: 203-209. DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152043.10.3233/WOR-152043Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Negrini S., Carabalona R. (2002) Backpacks on! Schoolchildren’s perceptions of load, associations with back pain and factors determining the load. Spine, 27(2): 187-195.10.1097/00007632-200201150-00014Search in Google Scholar

30. Novak J.S. (1999) Posture, get it straight! 1st ed. New York: Perigee Books. Search in Google Scholar

31. Patreno M.V., Myer G.D., Ford K.R., Hewett, T.E. (2004) Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female atheletes. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 34: 305-316.Search in Google Scholar

32. Pau M., Corona F., Leban B., Pau M. (2011) Effects of backpack carriage on foot-ground relationship in chil-dren during upright stance. Gait Posture, 33: 195-199.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.10.096Search in Google Scholar

33. Raine S., Twomey T.L. (1997) Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 78(11): 1215-1223.10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90335-XSearch in Google Scholar

34. Raine S., Twomey L. (1994) Posture of the head, shoulder and thoracic spine in comfortable erect standing. Aus. J. Physiother., 40: 25-32.Search in Google Scholar

35. Ramadan M.Z., Al-Shayea A.M. (2013) A modified backpack design for male school children. Inter. J. Ind. Er-gon., 43: 462-471. DOI: 10.1016/j.ergon.2013.03.002.10.1016/j.ergon.2013.03.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Ramprasad M., Alias J., Raghuveer A.K. (2010) Effect of backpack weight on postural angles in preadolescent children. Indian Pediatr., 47(7): 575-580.10.1007/s13312-010-0130-220019396Search in Google Scholar

37. Rodríguez-Soto A.E., Jaworski R., Jensen A., Niederberger B., Hargens A.R., Frank, L.R., Kelly K.R., Ward S.R. (2013) Effect of load carriage on lumbar spine kinematics. Spine, 38: E783-91. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f.10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f23524870Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Rozzi S.L., Lephart S.M., Sterner R., Kuligowski L. (1999) Balance training for persons with functionally unstable ankles. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 29(8): 478-486.10.2519/jospt.1999.29.8.47810444738Search in Google Scholar

39. Rugel J.D., Sevek F. (2008) The influence of load placement on postural sway parameters. 13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering. Vol. 23 of the series IFMBE Proceedings, 2008, 3-6 December, Singa-pore pp. 1821-1824.Search in Google Scholar

40. Sahli S., Rebai H., Ghroubi S., Yahia A., Guermazi M., Elleuch M.H. (2013) The effects of backpack load and carrying method on the balance of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis subjects. Spine J., 13(12): 1835-1842. DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.023.10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.02324095102Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Schmitz R., Arnold B. (1998) Intertester and interatester reliability of a dynamic balance protocol using the Biodex Stability System. J. Sport Rehabil., 7: 95-101.Search in Google Scholar

42. Shumway C.A. (2001) Control of normal mobility. In: Shumway C.A., Woollacott M.H., (Eds.) Motor Control: Theory and Practical Applications. Maryland USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p. 128-234.Search in Google Scholar

43. Singh T., Koh M. (2009) Effects of backpack load position on spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean. Gait Posture, 29: 49-53.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.06.00618667319Search in Google Scholar

44. Testerman C., Vander Griend R. (1999) Evaluation of ankle instability using the Biodex Stability System. Foot Ankle Int., 20: 317-321.Search in Google Scholar

45. Vathrakokilis K., Malliou P., Gioftsidou A., Beneka A., Godolias G. (2008) Effects of a balance training protocol on knee joint proprioception after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil., 21: 233-237.Search in Google Scholar

46. Wang C.X.G., Chow D.H.K., Pope M.H. (2007) Biomechanical effect of load carriage on spine curvature and repositioning ability in adolescents. Anaheim, CA: ACTA Press, p. 161-166.Search in Google Scholar