[AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis (16th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA (1990).]Search in Google Scholar
[Belenguer A., Toral P.G., Frutos P., Hervás G. (2010). Changes in the rumen bacterial community in response to sunflower oil and fish oil supplements in the diet of dairy sheep. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 3275-3286.]Search in Google Scholar
[Boeckaert C., Fievez V., Van Hecke D., Verstraete W., Boon N. (2007). Changes in rumen biohydrogenation intermediates and ciliate protozoa diversity after algae supplementation to dairy cattle. Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Technol., 109: 767-777.]Search in Google Scholar
[Boeckaert C., Vlaeminck B., Fievez V., Maignien L., Dijkstra J., Boon N. (2008). Accumulation of trans C18:1 fatty acids in the rumen after dietary algae supplementation is associated with shifts in Butyrivibrio species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74: 6923-6930.]Search in Google Scholar
[Buccioni A., Decandia M., Minieri S., Molle G., Cabiddu A. (2012). Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 174: 1-25.]Search in Google Scholar
[Castro-Carrera T., Toral P.G., Frutos P., Mc Ewan N.R., Hervás G., Abecia L., Pin- loche E., Girdwood S.E., Belenguer A. (2014). Rumen bacterial community evaluated by 454 pyrosequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses in dairy sheep fed marine algae. J. Dairy Sci., 97: 1661-1669.]Search in Google Scholar
[Cheng Y., Mao S.Y., Pei C., Liu J.H., Zhu W.Y. (2006). Detection and diversity analysis of rumen methanogens in the co-cultures with anaerobic fungi. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 46: 879-883.]Search in Google Scholar
[Childs S., Hennessy A.A., Sreenan J.M., Wathes D.C., Cheng Z., Stanton C., Dis- kin M.G., Dehority B.A. (1984). Evaluation of subsampling and fixation procedures used for counting rumen protozoa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 48: 182-185.]Search in Google Scholar
[Cooper S.L., Sinclair L.A., Wilkinson R.G., Hallett K.G., Enser M., Wood J.D. (2004). Manipulation of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of muscle and adipose tissue in lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 82: 1461-1470.]Search in Google Scholar
[Denman S.E., Mc Sweeney C.S. (2006). Development ofareal-time PCRassay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 58: 572-582.]Search in Google Scholar
[Duckett S.K., Gillis M.H. (2010). Effects of oil source and fish oil addition on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci., 88: 2684-2691.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fievez V., Dohme F., Danneels M., Raes K., Demeyer D. (2003). Fish oils as potent rumen methane inhibitors and associated effects on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 104: 41-58.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fievez V., Boeckaert C., Vlaeminck B., Mestdagh J., Demeyer D. (2007). In vitro examination of DHA-edible micro-algae: 2. Effect on rumen methane production and apparent degradability of hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 136: 80-95.]Search in Google Scholar
[Harfoot C.G., Hazlewood G.P. (1997). Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In: Hobson P.N., Stewart D.S. (eds.) The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Chapman & Hall, London, UK. pp. 382-426.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hristov A., Kennington L., Mc Guire M., Hunt C. (2005). Effect of diets containing linoleic acid- or oleic acid-rich oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and performance and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of finishing cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 83: 1312-1321.]Search in Google Scholar
[Huws S.A., Lee M.R., Muetzel S.M., Scott M.B., Wallace R.J., Scollan N.D. (2010). Forage type and fish oil cause shifts in rumen bacterial diversity. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 73: 396-407.]Search in Google Scholar
[Janeczek W., Pogoda-Sewerniak K., Dzięcioł M., Szołtysik M., Zawadzki W. (2011). Influence of marine algae and fish oil application on dairy cows metabolism. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Medicina Veterinaria, 10: 35-45.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kim E.J., Huws S.A., Lee M.R.F., Wood J.D., Muetzel S.M., Wallace R.J., Scol - lan N.D. (2008). Fish oil increases the duodenal flow of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans-11 18:1 and decreases 18:0 in steers via changes in the rumen bacterial community. J. Nutr., 138: 889-896.]Search in Google Scholar
[Konstantinov S.R., Zhu W.Y., Williams B.A., Tamminga S., Vos W.M., Akker- mans A.D.L. (2003). Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on piglet faecal bacterial communities as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16Sribosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 43: 225-235.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kupczyński R., Szołtysik M., Janeczek W., Chrzanowska J., Kinal S., Króli - czewska B. (2011). Effect of dietary fish oil on milk yield, fatty acids content and serum metabolic profile in dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. An. N., 95: 512-522.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lane D. (1991). 16S/23Sr RNAsequencing. Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics, pp. 125-175.]Search in Google Scholar
[Liu S., Bu D., Wang J., Liu L., Liang S., Wei H., Zhou L., Li D., Loor J. (2012). Effect of incremental levels of fish oil supplementation on specific bacterial populations in bovine ruminal fluid. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 96: 9-16.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lunn J., Theobald H.E. (2006). The health effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition Bulletin, 31: 178-224.]Search in Google Scholar
[Maia M.R.G., Chaudhary L.C., Figueres L., Wallace R.J. (2007). Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their toxicity to the microflora of the rumen. Antonie Leeuwenhoek, 91: 303-314.]Search in Google Scholar
[Maia M.R.G., Chaudhary L.C., Bestwick C.S., Richardson A.J., Mc Kain N., Lar- son T.R., Graham I.A., Wallace R.J. (2010). Toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids to the biohydrogenating ruminal bacterium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. BMC Microbiology, 10: 52-61.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mao S.Y., Zhang G., Zhu W.Y. (2007). Effect of disodium fumarate on in vitro rumen fermentation of different substrates and rumen bacterial communities as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16s ribosomal DNA. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 20: 543-549.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mashek D.G., Bertics S.J., Grummer R.R. (2002). Metabolic fate of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and their effects on palmitic acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes. J. Dairy Sci., 85: 2283-2289.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ministry of Agriculture of China (2004). Feeding standard of meat-producing sheep and goats (NY/ Y816-2004). China Agricultural Press, Beijing, China.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mirzaei F., Rezaeian M., Towhidi A., Nik- Khah A., Sereshti H. (2009). Effects of fish oil, safflower oil and monensin supplementation on performance, rumen fermentation parameters and plasma metabolites in Chall sheep. Int. J. Vet. Res., 3: 113-128.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mosoni P., Chaucheyras- Durand F., Béra-Maillet C., Forano E. (2007). Quantification by real-time PCRof cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen of sheep after supplementation of a forage diet with readily fermentable carbohydrates: effect ofayeast additive. J. Appl. Microbiol., 103: 2676-2685.]Search in Google Scholar
[Nocek J., Russell J. (1988). Protein and energy as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrate availability to microbial synthesis and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2070-2107.]Search in Google Scholar
[Nübel U., Engelen B., Felske A., Snaidr J., Wieshuber A., Amann R.I., Lud- wig W., Backhaus H. (1996). Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16Sr RNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. J. Bacteriol., 178: 5636-5643.]Search in Google Scholar
[Orpin C., Letcher A. (1979). Utilization of cellulose, starch, xylan, and other hemicelluloses for growth by the rumen phycomycete Neocallimastix frontalis. Curr. Microbiol., 3: 121-124.]Search in Google Scholar
[Paillard D., Mc Kain N., Chaudhary L., Walker N., Pizette F., Koppova I., Mc - Ewan N., Kopečný J., Vercoe P., Louis P., Wallace R. (2007). Relation between phylogenetic position, lipid metabolism and butyrate production by different Butyrivibrio-like bacteria from the rumen. Antonie Leeuwenhoek, 91: 417-422.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shannon C.E., Weaver W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, U.S.A.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shingfield K.J., Ahvenjärvi S., Toivonen V., Ärölä A. (2003). Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Anim. Sci., 77: 165-179.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shingfield K.J., Kairenius P., Ärölä A., Paillard D., Muetzel S., Ahvenjärvi S., Vanhatalo A., Huhtanen P., Toivonen V., Griinari J.M. (2012). Dietary fish oil supplements modify ruminal biohydrogenation, alter the flow of fatty acids at the omasum, and induce changes in the ruminal Butyrivibrio population in lactating cows. J. Nutr., 142: 1437-1448.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sun Y.Z., Mao S.Y., Yao W., Zhu W.Y. (2008). DGGEand 16Sr DNAanalysis revealsahighly diverse and rapidly colonising bacterial community on different substrates in the rumen of goats. Animal, 2: 391-398.]Search in Google Scholar
[Suzuki M.T., Taylor L.T., De Long E.F. (2000). Quantitative analysis of small-subunit r RNA genes in mixed microbial populations via 5'-nuclease assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 4605-4614.]Search in Google Scholar
[Toral P.G., Shingfield K.J., Hervás G., Toivonen V., Frutos P. (2010). Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil on rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid composition of digesta in ewes fedahigh concentrate diet. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 4804-4817.]Search in Google Scholar
[Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B., Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.]Search in Google Scholar
[Wanapat M., Cherdthong A. (2009). Use of real-time PCRtechnique in studying rumen cellulolytic bacteria population as affected by level of roughage in swamp buffalo. Curr. Microbiol., 58: 294-299.]Search in Google Scholar
[Wąsowska I., Maia M.R., Niedzwiedzka K.M., Czauderna M., Ribeiro J.M., Dev- illard E., Shingfield K.J., Wallace R.J. (2006). Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. Br. J. Nutr., 95: 1199-1211.]Search in Google Scholar
[Weatherburn M. (1967). Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal. Chem., 39: 971-974.]Search in Google Scholar
[Yang C.J., Mao S.Y., Long L.M., Zhu W.Y. (2012). Effect of disodium fumarate on microbial abundance, ruminal fermentation and methane emission in goats under different forage: concentrate ratios. Animal, 6: 1788-1794.]Search in Google Scholar