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Influence of the Precipitation Pattern on the Water Runoff Dynamics From the Loess Gully in the Lublin Upland (Eastern Poland) in the Years 2003–2022

GrzeGorz Janicki

GrzeGorz Janicki

Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in LublinLublin, Poland
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Janicki, GrzeGorz
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Jan Rodzik

Jan Rodzik

Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in LublinLublin, Poland
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Rodzik, Jan
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Krzysztof Stępniewski

Krzysztof Stępniewski

Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in LublinLublin, Poland
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Stępniewski, Krzysztof
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Waldemar Kociuba

Waldemar Kociuba

Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in LublinLublin, Poland
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Kociuba, Waldemar
  
29 gen 2025
Influence of the Precipitation Pattern on the Water Runoff Dynamics From the Loess Gully in the Lublin Upland (Eastern Poland) in the Years 2003–2022's Cover Image
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Pubblicato online: 29 gen 2025
Pagine: 39 - 56
Ricevuto: 29 ago 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2025-0003
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© 2025 Grzegorz Janicki et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

A – Localisation of the study area on the DEM background: 1 – Kolonia Celejów catchment, 2 – macroregions border, 3 – mesoregions border, 4 – the Vistula channel, 5 – stream channel; B – Relief and hydrological conditions of the studied catchment in Kolonia Celejów (Hillshade Relief Model – DEM: https://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl): 1 – catchment border, 2 – rainfall station, 3 – hydrological station, 4 – spring, 5 – periodical stream, 6 – seeps and exudates, 7 – pond.
A – Localisation of the study area on the DEM background: 1 – Kolonia Celejów catchment, 2 – macroregions border, 3 – mesoregions border, 4 – the Vistula channel, 5 – stream channel; B – Relief and hydrological conditions of the studied catchment in Kolonia Celejów (Hillshade Relief Model – DEM: https://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl): 1 – catchment border, 2 – rainfall station, 3 – hydrological station, 4 – spring, 5 – periodical stream, 6 – seeps and exudates, 7 – pond.

Fig. 2.

Measurement of snowmelt flow at the hydrometric cross-section closing the gully catchment (photo by J. Rodzik).
Measurement of snowmelt flow at the hydrometric cross-section closing the gully catchment (photo by J. Rodzik).

Fig. 3.

Distribution of annual sums of precipitation and annual volumes of water runoff from the gully catchment for the years 2003–2022; precipitation classifcation according to Kaczorowska (1962): Vd – extremely dry year, D – dry year, N – average, W – wet, Vw – extremely wet and blue dotted line means the average precipitation for total period.
Distribution of annual sums of precipitation and annual volumes of water runoff from the gully catchment for the years 2003–2022; precipitation classifcation according to Kaczorowska (1962): Vd – extremely dry year, D – dry year, N – average, W – wet, Vw – extremely wet and blue dotted line means the average precipitation for total period.

Fig. 4.

Distribution of half-year precipitation and water runoff from studied gully catchment in Kolonia Celejów in 2003–2022; c-p – cold half-year, w-p – warm half-year.
Distribution of half-year precipitation and water runoff from studied gully catchment in Kolonia Celejów in 2003–2022; c-p – cold half-year, w-p – warm half-year.

Fig. 5.

Monthly precipitation total sum and runoff between 2003 and 2022 in the studied gully catchment.
Monthly precipitation total sum and runoff between 2003 and 2022 in the studied gully catchment.

Fig. 6.

Monthly water runoff sums distribution from the loess gully catchment Kolonia Celejów in the 20-year period 2003–2022.
Monthly water runoff sums distribution from the loess gully catchment Kolonia Celejów in the 20-year period 2003–2022.

Fig. 7.

Average monthly precipitation total sums and runoff in the gully catchment: A – nival period 2003–2006, B – steady period 2007–2009, C – pluvial period 2010–2018, D – variable period 2019–2022.
Average monthly precipitation total sums and runoff in the gully catchment: A – nival period 2003–2006, B – steady period 2007–2009, C – pluvial period 2010–2018, D – variable period 2019–2022.

Fig. 8.

Multi-year distribution of the precipitation total sums and annual runoff between 2003 and 2022 from the gully catchment. Position of X axis determines the average annual water runoff from the catchment.
Multi-year distribution of the precipitation total sums and annual runoff between 2003 and 2022 from the gully catchment. Position of X axis determines the average annual water runoff from the catchment.

Fig. 9.

Response of a loess gully catchment water runoff to a downpours series depending on the preceding conditions: A – during the dry period, B – during the wet period.
Response of a loess gully catchment water runoff to a downpours series depending on the preceding conditions: A – during the dry period, B – during the wet period.

Segmental regression models of the rainfall/gully water runoff relationship_

Data Equation Determination coefficient (R2) Break point (b)
Monthly y = 68x + 487 and y = 18.4x + 5235 0.62 2216.0
Half year: XI–IV y = 26.3x - 1377 and y = –47.8x + 29783 0.63 13461.0
Half year: V–X y = 11.5x – 853 and y = –6.9x + 29353 0.73 196.8
Hydrological year y = 9.4x + 7610 and y = 96.6x – 10434 0.79 26593.0
Average monthly: 2003–2022 y = 16x + 747 and y = –8.6x + 3464 0.64 2216.0
2003–2006 y = 6 x + 98.6 and y = 2782x – 80825 0.99 1517.0
2007–2009 y = 0.5 x + 3.4 and y = –12 x + 1153 0.90 161.6
2010–2018 y = 18.3 x + 1193 and y = 29.7x + 2534 0.82 3277.6
2019–2022 y = 2.8 x + 1216 and y = –24.3x + 4372 0.80 2068.4

Hydrological results of mostly effective rainfalls in the Kolonia Celejów in 2003-2022_

Date of rainfall Coefficient Remarks
Rainfall sum [mm] Max rain intensity [mm·min.−1] Rain efficiency3 Max discharge [dm·s−1] Total surface runoff [m3] Runoff surface index [mm] Runoff coefficient [%] Max spec. runoff [dm3·s−1·km−2]
4.V.2005 64.5 0.6 38.7 167.8 1620.0 1.3 2.0 135.5 downpour
31.VII.2005 34.3 2.4 82.3 283.6 932.7 0.8 2.2 228.7 downpour
4.VIII.2005 17.8 0.9 16.0 59.1 181.2 0.1 0.8 47.7 downpour
18.VIII.2006 14.9 2.9 43.2 57.0 205.3 0.2 1.1 41.2 downpour
20.VIII.2006 28.0 2.4 67.2 193.4 766.7 0.6 2.2 156.0 downpour
10.06.2009 24.3 1.1 26.7 146.1 433.5 0.3 1.4 117.8 downpour, damp ground,
23.VIII.2009 33.9 0.5 17.0 65.1 500.9 0.4 1.2 52.5 continuous rain, dry ground
14.VI.2010 30.1 1.5 45.2 273.0 704.6 0.6 1.9 220.2 continuous rain, damp ground
18.VII.2010 38.4 1.9 73.0 473.6 1784.0 1.4 3.7 381.9 downpour, dry ground,
6.VIII.2010 24.7 1.4 34.6 273.0 624.9 0.5 2.0 220.2 continuous rain, damp ground
31.VIII–2.IX.2010 100.2 0.6 60.1 81.3 7084.6 5.7 5.7 65.6 continuous rain, damp ground
6.VII.2011 24.3 0.8 19.4 300.0 2253.6 1.8 7.5 241.9 continuous rain, damp ground
18.VII.2011 18.2 1.4 25.5 163.8 665.6 0.5 2.9 132.1 continuous rain, damp ground
20.VII.2011 27.2 1.5 40.8 372.7 2198.4 1.8 6.5 300.6 continuous rain, damp ground
1.VII.2012 20.8 1.3 27.0 273.0 624.9 0.5 2.4 220.2 continuous rain, dry ground,
4.VII.2012 25.2 1.9 47.9 423.7 922.6 0.7 3.0 341.7 continuous rain, damp ground
11.VI.2013 38.4 1.4 53.8 714.8 5253.8 4.2 11.0 576.5 continuous rain, damp ground
23.VI.2013 19.0 1.6 30.4 863.2 5641.1 4.5 23.9 696.1 downpur, damp ground
27.04.2014 14.5 1.5 21.8 84.3 4286.5 3.5 23.8 68.0 continuous rain, wet ground
15–16.05.14 29.3 0.3 8.8 201.1 9931.3 8.0 27.3 162.2 continuous rain, damp ground
16–18.05.14 36.6 0.5 18.3 247.5 10508.2 8.5 23.2 199.6 continuous rain, wet ground
29.05.2014 11.7 0.4 4.7 62.3 2028.1 1.6 14.0 50.2 continuous rain, dump ground
7.08.2014 18.31 4.82 88.3 108.9 909.5 0.7 4.0 87.8 continuous rain, dump ground
26–27.05.2015 34.1 0.4 13.6 38.7 1416.1 1.1 3.3 31.2 continuous rain, wet ground
27.07.2016 11.9 1.3 15.5 171.0 730.2 0.6 4.9 137.9 downpur, dry ground
29.07.2016 31.4 1.6 50.2 232.9 1574.9 1.3 4.0 187.8 downpur, wet ground
31.07.2016 7.8 0.8 6.2 338.9 1098.1 0.9 11.4 273.3 downpur, wet ground
9–11.08.2016 46.7 1.3 60.7 828.1 10320.3 8.3 17.8 667.8 continuous rain, dry ground
19–20.07.2017 64.7 1.6 103.5 665.5 6540.0 5.3 8.2 536.7 continuous rain, dry ground
20.07.20l7 18.6 1.4 26.0 752.1 2370.0 1.9 10.3 606.5 downpur, wet ground
19–20.08.2017 34.8 0.7 24.4 37.9 605.3 0.5 1.4 30.6 downpur, damp ground
29.10.2017 24.3 0.8 19.4 81.1 1272.8 1.0 4.2 65.4 continuous rain, damp ground
16.07.2018 29.5 0.9 26.6 110.4 1213.8 1.0 3.3 89.0 continuous rain, damp ground
19.07.2018 30.8 1.9 58.5 358.7 2360.5 1.9 6.2 289.3 downpur, damp ground
27.05.2019 14.4 1.6 23.0 112.7 857.8 0.7 4.8 90.9 continuous rain, damp ground
29.06.2020 12.8 0.6 7.7 132.1 711.0 0.6 4.5 106.5 downpur, wet ground
26–27.09.2020 49.0 0.3 14.7 14.1 831.1 0.7 1.4 11.4 continuous rain, damp ground
13.10.2020 18.7 0.3 5.6 30.4 907.1 0.7 3.9 24.5 continuous rain, wet ground
29.07.2021 15.1 0.8 12.1 209.8 2518.7 2.0 13.5 169.2 downpur, damp ground
23–24.08.2021 84.31 0.8 67.4 95.5 7348.7 5.9 7.0 77.0 continuous rain, damp ground
11.09.2022 16.9 0.1 1.7 27.6 1913.8 1.5 9.1 22.3 continuous rain, wet ground

Periodicity of water runoff from the Kolonia Celejów gully for the years 2003–2022

Type of period Unit Nival Steady Pluvial Variable Total series
Years (XI–X) 2003-2006 2007-2009 2010-2018 2019-2022 2003–2022
Data type Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Mean
Precipitation sum year [mm] 426 584 536 563 593 582 541 711 605 342 728 504 572
Days >10 mm [–] 10 20 14 13 15 14 11 21 14 6 25 14 15
Precipitation max daily [mm] 19.0 64.5 35.6 25.4 32.5 28.9 23.6 61.0 37.3 17.5 40.8 26.5 33.5
Snow max thickness* [mm] 320 440 355 140 260 210 110 460 228 30 260 178 241
Days with snow cover* [–] 84 159 113 34 80 58 27 118 64 5 59 39 68
Outflow total [x103 m3] 6.6 37.9 18.2 0.04 4.2 1.9 18.8 75.8 39.3 16.6 35.0 24.8 26.6
a) cold half-year (XI–IV) 4.1 35.0 15.8 0.01 1.0 0.4 3.4 33.8 16.5 4.9 21.4 14.4 13.5
b) warm half-year (V–X) 1.24 3.0 2.4 0.03 3.2 1.5 7.4 42.0 22.9 3.9 20.8 10.4 13.1

Annual outflow rates from the gully catchment

Year Precipitation total sum Runoff Runoff surface index Runoff coefficient
[mm] [m3] [mm] [%]
2003 426 37932 30.6 7.2
2004 555 6624 5.3 1.0
2005 554 10306 8.3 1.5
2006 580 17943 14.5 2.5
2007 563 1443 1.2 0.2
2008 593 43 0.0 0.0
2009 591 4330 3.5 0.6
2010 650 18816 15.2 2.3
2011 635 25774 20.8 3.3
2012 555 21252 17.1 3.1
2013 559 40232 32.4 5.8
2014 611 48475 39.1 6.4
2015 552 37152 30.0 5.4
2016 635 47585 38.4 6.0
2017 711 75822 61.1 8.6
2018 541 38866 31.3 5.8
2019 441 21004 16.9 3.8
2020 728 16612 13.4 1.8
2021 608 34951 28.2 4.6
2022 342 26711 21.5 6.3
2003–2022 572 26594 21.4 3.7

Monthly sums of total surface runoff (m3) in the Kolonia Celejów catchment in 2003–2022_

Year XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Cool halfyear Warm halfyear Annual runoff Runoff days
all > 40 m3
2003 954 370 9537 637 22422 1040 700 653 564 307 293 455 34960 2972 37932 – –
2004 257 430 194 1343 1030 830 926 689 722 107 45 51 4084 2540 6624 – –
2005 64 14 5 0 7246 7 1705 38 774 450 3 0 7336 2970 10306 – –
2006 0 0 0 0 16320 347 35 10 1 1230 0 0 16667 1276 17943 – –
2007 0 0 0 191 56 0 17 74 1 8 1097 0 246 1197 1443 23 4
2008 0 0 5 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 5 38 43 5 0
2009 0 0 0 0 95 0 34 1742 693 655 86 1025 95 4236 4330 74 22
2010 540 234 0 39 2228 400 666 1390 2697 3180 6500 942 3442 15374 18816 303 83
2011 739 615 2418 1425 2326 805 1616 943 11798 1516 510 1064 8328 17446 25774 356 130
2012 1286 1602 2104 3585 4417 566 519 1040 4049 827 20 1236 13561 7691 21252 204 118
2013 1030 628 1987 3479 3572 5794 3554 16455 3649 84 0 0 16490 23742 40232 278 166
2014 0 0 1122 342 285 5457 28216 3659 1696 4106 1248 2345 7205 41270 48475 300 100
2015 541 2112 6820 1426 2947 2306 5088 6244 5048 1985 1332 1304 16152 21001 37152 358 208
2016 1546 1379 7954 3546 2550 857 677 114 9350 19612 0 0 17832 29753 47585 272 127
2017 1380 5291 4983 17055 2408 2640 1531 58 16448 933 7237 15859 33756 42066 75822 280 217
2018 3994 3750 3985 5132 11589 3041 1943 231 4717 44 215 225 31492 7375 38866 267 205
2019 94 2638 4099 4238 4063 1946 3091 534 19 91 108 83 17078 3926 21004 222 150
2020 458 0 179 2265 1974 0 936 2417 354 507 1742 5781 4876 11736 16612 206 116
2021 2205 394 0 4514 2980 4118 1128 899 4306 10215 3135 1059 14210 20741 34951 246 174
2022 729 58 2322 5647 2155 10496 2169 27 304 0 2255 550 21406 5305 26711 237 139
2003–2022 791 976 2386 2743 4533 2032 2729 1861 3360 2293 1291 1599 13461 13133 26594 227* 122*
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