Are Soils Forming on Buildings Indicators of Pollution in The City? A Case Study from Lublin (Eastern Poland)

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Heavy metal content_

Horizon	Depth	Cd	Cu	Mn	Pb	Zn	Ni	Cr	Fe
	[cm]	[mg·kg−1]							[g·kg−1]
1LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall (watermill)
Ada	0–6	2.2	16.2	181.8	n.d.	257.3	n.d.	43.0	8.8
2LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall
Aca	0–3	1.8	9.6	150.2	n.d.	77.3	n.d.	39.6	6.5
Ca	3–6	2.0	6.2	125.9	n.d.	26.3	n.d.	36.5	5.2
3LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall (dyework)
Aa	0–7	2.7	13.5	158.6	n.d.	220.1	n.d.	29.8	4.8
AC(Ca)	7–10	1.6	2.9	72.8	n.d.	24.5	n.d.	21.0	2.5
4LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – roof of outbuilding (gap)
Ada	0–5	1.2	29.4	292.5	16.2	150.6	29.1	27.6	14.1
5LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – gutter on an industrial plant
A	0–4	1.6	45.6	794.8	34.5	670.0	60.9	95.8	39.0
Ada	4–8	1.5	44.8	744.1	30.5	436.6	53.1	80.2	36.4
6LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – gutter on a car garage
Ada	0–4	1.2	34.0	758.6	21.1	340.4	38.8	43.9	25.8
ACa	4–8	1.6	41.0	449.6	45.0	698.1	38.8	47.4	28.7
Ca	8–10	2.2	52.0	355.0	80.6	1177.0	51.7	45.3	34.9
7LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – concrete railway ramp
Ada	0–6	3.3	34.8	457.7	116.9	432.6	39.3	42.2	22.4
8LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – concrete bridge pillar
A	0–6	6.0	55.2	258.6	759.6	359.7	21.5	31.2	14.8
Ada	6–12	6.1	33.9	310.0	475.8	275.4	20.3	28.0	15.6
mean		2.5	29.9	365.0	112.9	367.6	25.2	43.7	18.5
standard deviation		1.6	16.8	236.6	215.5	301.6	21.6	19.8	12.2
kurtosis		0.3	0.1	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.1
skewness		82.2	-12948.0	131032176.9	308047370.4	474593294.9	12534.4	165749.3	8191.8
Local geochemical background		0.5	3.0	120.0	10.0	25.0	3.0	3.0	9200.0
		[mg·kg−1]

Geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and potential environmental risk index_

0.00	Cd	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cr	Mn	Pb
Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo)
Mean	1.34	1.81	2.21	2.26	3.13	0.70	1.32
Max	3.01	3.66	3.33	4.12	4.28	2.10	5.32
Min	0.67	0.00	0.46	0.12	2.57	-0.56	0.00
SD	0.81	1.56	1.25	1.60	0.56	0.90	1.91
Enrichment Factor (EF)
Mean	3.72	3.13	5.12	6.10	10.57	1.71	5.71
Max	8.50	6.41	9.04	8.74	20.02	2.24	37.60
Min	0.76	0.00	3.67	2.66	4.76	1.41	0.00
SD	2.90	2.68	1.83	2.05	6.49	0.29	12.98
Potential Environmental Risk Index
Profile	Cd	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cr	Mn	Pb
1LU	87.60	0.00	17.90	5.50	28.70	n.d.	0.00
2LU	90.60	0.00	12.30	1.80	24.10	n.d.	0.00
3LU	106.80	0.00	12.50	3.60	18.00	n.d.	0.00
4LU	71.60	48.50	49.00	6.00	18.40	n.d.	8.10
5LU	93.10	95.00	75.30	22.10	58.70	n.d.	16.20
6LU	100.60	71.80	70.60	29.50	30.30	n.d.	24.40
7LU	195.40	65.50	57.90	17.30	28.10	n.d.	58.40
8LU	363.70	60.60	74.20	12.70	19.70	n.d.	308.80

General characteristics of the study sites_

Profile	Location	Type of building	Position			Technogenic parent material	Existing vegetation
			Fragment of the building	Height above ground level	City district
				[m]
1LU	51.216N	Watermill*	Brick wall	4	Residential	Brick, mortar	Geum urbanum L.
	22.544E
2LU	51.255N	Wall*	Brick wall	1	Residential	Brick, mortar	Acer negundo L.
	22.565E
3LU	51.243N	Industrial plant (dyework)*	Brick wall	3.5	Residential	Brick, mortar	Calamagrostis epigejos L.
	22.570E						Solidago canadensis L.
4LU	51.239N	Railway outbuilding*	Gap in concrete ceiling	2.5	Industrial	Concrete	Solidago canadensis L.
	22.608E						Poa annua L.
5LU	51.211N	Industrial plant	Gutter	4	Industrial	n.d.	Poa pratensis L.
	20.570E
6LU	51.263N	Car garage	Gutter	3	Residential	n.d.	Alliaria petiolata
	22.568E
7LU	51.234N	Railway ramp next to an industrial plant*	Concrete railway ramp	1	Industrial	Concrete	Calamagrostis epigejos L.
	22.607E						Solidago canadensis L.
8LU	51.255N	Road bridge*	Concrete bridge pillar	1	Industrial	Concrete	Solidago canadensis L.
	22.599E						Acer tataricum L.

Granulometric composition and chemical properties of the studied soils_

Horizon	Depth	Skeleton	Fraction			Soil texture (USDA)	pH [H2O]	OC	CaCO3
			Sand	Silt	Clay
			(2.0–0.05 mm)	(0.05–0.002 mm)	(<0.002 mm)
	[cm]	[%]				[–]		[%]
1LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall (watermill)
Auh	0–6	54.9	43.6	51.4	5.0	SiL	7.1	8.0	2.1
2LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall
Au	0–3	42.9	51.4	46.1	2.5	SL	7.8	1.2	5.6
Cu	3–6	5.1	64.6	32.9	2.5	SL	8.1	0.5	6.8
3LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall (dyework)
Au	0–7	37.6	81.3	16.2	2.5	LS	8.0	1.5	12.4
AuCu	7–10	20.0	81.8	15.7	2.5	LS	8.2	0.3	6.8
4LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – roof of outbuilding (gap)
Au	0–5	26.6	70.4	29.6	0.0	LS	7.9	3.5	2.8
5LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – gutter on an industrial plant
Auh1	0–4	0.0	67.4	32.6	0.0	SL	7.7	6.8	n.d.
Auh2	4–8	0.0	62.3	37.7	0.0	SL	7.4	6.5	n.d.
6LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – gutter on a car garage
Auh	0–4	0.0	60.5	39.5	0.0	SL	7.3	5.5	n.d.
Au1	4–8	0.0	64.1	35.9	0.0	SL	7.7	3.8	n.d.
Au2	8–10	0.0	43.5	56.5	0.0	SiL	7.2	3.8	n.d.
7LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – concrete railway ramp
Auh	0–6	44.9	62.6	37.4	0.0	SL	7.8	5.2	3.3
8LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – concrete bridge pillar
Au1	0–6	19.5	73.0	27.0	0.0	LS	7.7	2.2	1.5
Au2	6–12	20.4	71.3	28.7	0.0	LS	7.8	2.8	2.2

Cation exchange properties_

Horizon	Depth	Ca2+	Mg2+	Na+	K+	HA	BEC	ECEC	BS
	[cm]	[cmol·kg−1]							[%]
1LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall (watermill)
Ada	0–6	73.00	11.02	1.65	0.96	5.10	86.63	91.73	94.44
2LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall
Aca	0–3	65.80	6.75	1.98	0.61	1.65	75.14	76.79	97.85
Ca	3–6	90.80	5.00	1.08	0.49	1.25	97.37	98.62	98.74
3LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – brick wall (dyework)
Aa	0–7	88.20	3.69	1.72	0.38	1.02	93.99	95.01	98.93
AC(Ca)	7–10	104.00	1.94	1.60	0.28	1.38	107.82	109.20	98.74
4LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – roof of outbuilding (gap)
Ada	0–5	33.76	0.02	0.14	1.02	0.96	34.95	35.91	97.33
5LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – gutter on an industrial plant
A	0–4	4.35	0.02	0.10	0.09	2.04	4.56	6.60	69.10
Ada	4–8	7.39	0.01	0.12	0.11	1.53	7.63	9.16	83.29
6LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – gutter on a car garage
Ada	0–4	6.34	0.01	0.11	0.23	1.74	6.68	8.42	79.34
Aca	4–8	3.33	0.01	0.10	0.09	1.88	3.54	5.41	65.36
Ca	8–10	8.67	0.01	0.10	0.13	1.23	8.92	10.15	87.88
7LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – concrete railway ramp
Ada	0–6	23.37	0.01	0.14	0.05	0.89	23.58	24.46	96.38
8LU Isolatic Linic Technosol – concrete bridge pillar
A	0–6	17.79	0.01	0.11	0.35	1.20	18.26	19.46	93.83
Ada	6–10	21.18	0.01	0.13	0.37	0.86	21.68	22.54	96.21