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Contemporary Dynamics of Glacial Lakes: Comparison Between Selected Systems Developing in Northern, Central and Southern Regions in Spitsbergen

Iwo Wieczorek

Iwo Wieczorek

Alfred Jahn Cold Regions Research Centre, Department of Geomorphology, Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
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Wieczorek, Iwo
  
04 set 2024
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Pubblicato online: 04 set 2024
Pagine: 135 - 146
Ricevuto: 21 feb 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0033
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© 2024 Iwo Wieczorek, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Selected catchments for case studies of Svalbard glacial lakes. A – Map of Spitsbergen, B – Nepebreen and Knivseggbreen watersheds, C – Crammerbreen watershed, D – Ragnarbreen watershed, E – Gåsbreen watershed. Source: NPI Ortofoto and Basiskart. NPI, Norwegian Polar Institute.
Selected catchments for case studies of Svalbard glacial lakes. A – Map of Spitsbergen, B – Nepebreen and Knivseggbreen watersheds, C – Crammerbreen watershed, D – Ragnarbreen watershed, E – Gåsbreen watershed. Source: NPI Ortofoto and Basiskart. NPI, Norwegian Polar Institute.

Fig. 2.

Methodological process. DEM – digital elevation model; GLOF – glacial lake outburst flood.
Methodological process. DEM – digital elevation model; GLOF – glacial lake outburst flood.

Fig. 3.

Catchments of Crammerbreen, Gåsbreen, as well as Knivseggbreen and Neppebreen before GLOF and in 2023 and catchment of Ragnarbreen in 2015 and 2023. The left column shows the DEM of the catchment before GLOF, and the right column shows the current state of the catchment as seen on satellite imagery using settings that emphasise water (glacial lakes) and glaciers. DEM – digital elevation model; GLOF – glacial lake outburst flood. Source: ArcticDEM, Image © 2023 Planet Labs PBC.
Catchments of Crammerbreen, Gåsbreen, as well as Knivseggbreen and Neppebreen before GLOF and in 2023 and catchment of Ragnarbreen in 2015 and 2023. The left column shows the DEM of the catchment before GLOF, and the right column shows the current state of the catchment as seen on satellite imagery using settings that emphasise water (glacial lakes) and glaciers. DEM – digital elevation model; GLOF – glacial lake outburst flood. Source: ArcticDEM, Image © 2023 Planet Labs PBC.

Fig. 4.

Comparison of slopes (left column) and the longitudinal profiles (right column) of different glaciers and their slopes. Source: ArcticDEM. DEM, digital elevation model.
Comparison of slopes (left column) and the longitudinal profiles (right column) of different glaciers and their slopes. Source: ArcticDEM. DEM, digital elevation model.

Summary of the basic morphometric and meteorological parameters of the selected catchments_

Lake location near the glacier Catchment area Glacier area Annual temperature Annual precipitation Altitude min-max Glacier retreat
[km2] [°C] [mm] [m a.s.l.] [m · a−1]
Gåsbreen 30.77 12.59 −4.0 Osuch, Wawrzyniak (2017) 432.9 Błaszczyk et al. (2019) 18–1388 18
Crammerbreen 9.47 5.5 −2.5 Repelewska-Pękalowa et al. (2013) 32.4 Mędrek et al. (2014) 55–820 11
Knivseggbreen and Neppebreen 6.30 2.87 −6.9 200–400 51–716 4
Ragnarbreen 18.22 9.39 >0 Rachlewicz, Styszyńska (2007) 189.1 Bednorz, Jakielczyk (2014) 86–939 9

Comparison of glacial lake outburst flood type, area, and volume for glacial lakes in each watershed_

Classification Unit Knivseggbreen Nepebreen Crammerbreen Goësvatnet Ragnarbreen
Frontal morainedammed lake Frontal morainedammed lake Medial-moraine dammed lake Ice-dammed lake Frontal morainedammed lake
Biggest recorded area (date) [m2] 115,166 (2015) 206,859 (2022) 418,292 (2019) 930,000 (1938) 546,743 (2023)
Area before GLOF [m2] 49,388 197,264 418,292 370,000 –
Area after GLOF [m2] 0 145,741 197,395 50,000 –
Estimated GLOF volume [m3] 666,389 ND 4,624,892 7,391,392 –
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