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Case Study of Water Pollution in Podwiśniówka Acid Mine Pit Lake (Holy Cross Mts., Poland)

Roman Suligowski
Roman Suligowski
, 
Tadeusz Molenda
Tadeusz Molenda
 e 
Tadeusz Ciupa
Tadeusz Ciupa
   | 07 set 2023
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Pubblicato online: 07 set 2023
Pagine: 145 - 159
Ricevuto: 17 ott 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0028
© 2023 Roman Suligowski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Location of Podwiśniówka pit lake against A – significant geotectonic structures (Żylińska et al. 2006), namely Holy Cross Mountains (HCM), Precambrian East European Craton (EEC), Palaeozoic Caledonian and Variscan fold belt (P) and Carpathian Alpine orogenic belt (CA); B – a topographic map; C – Digital Elevation Model; D – orthophoto maps (https://earth.google.com); E – relief profile. The red dots in B–D and the boat symbol in E indicate measurements in the lake.
Location of Podwiśniówka pit lake against A – significant geotectonic structures (Żylińska et al. 2006), namely Holy Cross Mountains (HCM), Precambrian East European Craton (EEC), Palaeozoic Caledonian and Variscan fold belt (P) and Carpathian Alpine orogenic belt (CA); B – a topographic map; C – Digital Elevation Model; D – orthophoto maps (https://earth.google.com); E – relief profile. The red dots in B–D and the boat symbol in E indicate measurements in the lake.

Fig. 2.

Podwiśniówka mine pit lake (the boat indicates the site of measurement).
Podwiśniówka mine pit lake (the boat indicates the site of measurement).

Fig. 3.

Temperature – A and electrolytic conductivity – B of water in the vertical column of the mine pit lake during summer – a and autumn – b.
Temperature – A and electrolytic conductivity – B of water in the vertical column of the mine pit lake during summer – a and autumn – b.

Fig. 4.

Water saturation with oxygen – A and water pH – B in the vertical column of the mine pit lake: a – summer, b – autumn.
Water saturation with oxygen – A and water pH – B in the vertical column of the mine pit lake: a – summer, b – autumn.

Fig. 5.

Metal/metalloid concentrations in the vertical column of the mine pit lake: mean (μg · L–1). WRV means the global water reference value [μg · L–1] after Salminen et al. (2005).
Metal/metalloid concentrations in the vertical column of the mine pit lake: mean (μg · L–1). WRV means the global water reference value [μg · L–1] after Salminen et al. (2005).

Fig. 6.

Heatmap for hierarchical clustering of the single pollution index (SPI) in the vertical water column.
Heatmap for hierarchical clustering of the single pollution index (SPI) in the vertical water column.

Fig. 7.

Single pollution index (SPI) for heavy metals/metalloids.
Single pollution index (SPI) for heavy metals/metalloids.

Fig. 8.

Share of individual metals/metalloids in the integrated pollution index (IPI).
Share of individual metals/metalloids in the integrated pollution index (IPI).

Fig. 9.

Integrated pollution index (IPI) and electrical conductivity (EC) in the vertical water column.
Integrated pollution index (IPI) and electrical conductivity (EC) in the vertical water column.

Global reference surface water values (Salminen et al. 2005) and for the upper continental crust (McLennan 2001).

Feature U Cd As Tl Co Cu Ni Pb Cr Zn
Reference values Surface water – world [μg · L–1] 0.5 0.2 2.0 0.01 0.3 7.0 2.5 0.3 1.0 20
Rock – upper continental crust [μg · kg–1] 2800 98 1500 750 17,000 25,000 44,000 20,000 83,000 71,000
Standard WHO (2022) [μg · L–1] 30* 3 10 – – 2000 70 10 50 –

The results of the single pollution index (SPI) calculations for given metals/metalloids in the vertical column of the pit lake against mean values and standard deviations (SD). IPI – integrated pollution index.

Depth [m] SPI IPI
As Co Cu Ni Cr Tl U Pb Cd Zn
0 5916 3760 784.1 492.4 528.0 294.0 187.6 66.0 22.4 5.1 1206
1 5957 3810 844.9 542.0 518.0 278.0 182.8 111.3 21.6 10.1 1228
2 6055 3777 826.7 546.0 525.0 176.0 195.2 108.7 25.8 13.2 1225
3 6041 3773 829.9 535.6 553.0 235.0 193.4 84.3 23.2 12.1 1228
4 6059 3780 819.6 516.4 500.0 270.0 190.2 89.0 24.1 7.7 1225
5 6583 4023 891.7 576.0 531.0 239.0 206.0 189.0 22.3 22.7 1328
6 6648 3957 920.7 558.0 568.0 328.0 200.0 161.3 26.7 26.1 1339
7 6909 4150 939.1 620.4 593.0 387.0 212.0 133.0 28.4 21.7 1399
Mean 6271 3879 857.1 548.4 539.5 275.9 195.9 117.8 24.3 14.8 1272
SD 356.1 137.2 50.6 36.1 28.0 59.6 9.1 38.7 2.3 7.2 67.7

Dry matter (TDS), salinity and concentration of selected ions in the water column (every 1 m) of the Podwiśniówka mine pit lake on 18 November 2018.

Depth [m] TDS [mg · L–1] Salinity [%] Fetot. = Fe(3+) + Fe(2+) Fe2+ SO42– PO43–
[mg · L–1]
0 2580 2.9 739 12 3110 16.2
1 2938 3.2 736 12 3110 13.3
2 3383 3.7 762 12 3090 11.6
3 3562 3.9 741 21 3000 15.6
4 3656 4.1 774 34 3060 14.2
5 3822 4.3 770 79 3090 15.3
6 4258 4.7 808 100 3460 15.6
7 4453 4.9 842 130 3390 18.4

Correlation matrix between metal/metalloid concentrations in water.

As Cu Ni Co Cr Zn U Pb Cd Tl
As 1.00
Cu 0.95 1.00
Ni 0.88 0.91 1.00
Co 0.97 0.92 0.91 1.00
Cr 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.72 1.00
Zn 0.90 0.93 0.80 0.82 0.68 1.00
U 0.93 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.72 0.82 1.00
Pb 0.77 0.81 0.70 0.74 0.35 0.90 0.68 1.00
Cd 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.55 0.70 0.55 0.66 0.23 1.00
Tl 0.61 0.58 0.43 0.63 0.64 0.34 0.38 0.15 0.47 1.00
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