<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

How do civilians select internal displacement destinations during conflict? Existing research emphasizes the value of cascades as a guide to making these difficult decisions. Cascades may involve civilians following people in their social networks (community cascades), people with similar characteristics (co-ethnic cascades), or the crowd in general (herd cascades). Analyses relying upon interview or regression-based methodological approaches face substantial challenges in identifying the prevalence of, and relationship between, each type of cascade. While interview-based approaches can incorporate location characteristics and movement patterns, they struggle with assessing aggregate trends. Meanwhile, regression-based approaches can assess aggregate trends, but they struggle with incorporating location characteristics and movement patterns. Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) that conceive of locations as nodes in a network and movements between those locations as ties can overcome these challenges and assess aggregate trends while incorporating location characteristics and movement patterns. This paper demonstrates the utility of this approach using data from UNHCR on internal displacement in Somalia from 2007-2013. Results reveal that herd cascades only form at high displacement levels, co-ethnic cascades form at medium and high displacement levels, and community cascades form at all displacement levels. Therefore, cascades provide stronger guides for displacement-related decisions as civilians switch from following the crowd in general to following those with similar characteristics to following social ties.
</abstract>

Using ERGMs to Disaggregate Displacement Cascades*

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Deterministic blockmodeling of a two-mode binary network matrix based on structural equivalence is a well-known problem in the social network literature. Whether implemented in a standalone fashion, or embedded within a metaheuristic framework, a popular relocation heuristic (RH) has served as the principal solution tool for this problem. In this paper, we establish that a two-mode <italic>KL</italic>-median heuristic (TMKLMedH) seeks to optimize the same criterion as the RH for deterministic blockmodeling. The TMKLMedH runs much faster than the RH, so many more restarts of the TMKLMedH can be accomplished when the two methods are constrained to the same time limit. Three computational comparisons of RH and TMKLMedH were conducted using both synthetic and real-world networks. In all three comparisons, the superiority of TMKLMedH was unequivocal.
</abstract>

Deterministic Blockmodeling of Two-Mode Binary Networks Using a Two-Mode <italic>KL</italic>-Median Heuristic

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

How do sex risk and protection change over the course of a relationship? It is often claimed that protection generally declines over the course of relationships. This 3-year longitudinal study examines 412 new sexual relationships described by 126 adult participants and tests this claim. Analyses identify four relationship trajectories: only 15% of new sex relationships show a declining trajectory of protection; another 12% show only a temporary decline. Population average analyses previously interpreted to show a decline in protection are shown here to be is largely explained by the attrition of the low trust, high protection relationships that creates the association between higher trust and lower protection. The long-term relationships turn out mostly <italic>not</italic> to have been low trust, high protection relationships at the start. Instead they have mostly always been high trust, low protection relationships. Other proposed theories, notably self-protection and power theories are not supported, while drug use is supported for 15% of the sample. Only trust and secondary partners successfully account for the observed patterns of protection and attrition. Actors seem to be concerned to protect their partners, using more protection with a secondary partner who might provide a risk to the primary partner.
</abstract>

Risk in New Sexual Relationships: Trajectories of Protection*

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Adolescents who experience a pregnancy often face educational and economical difficulties later in life. One factor that has been found to improve outcomes for pregnant teens is access to social supports. Inopportunely, teen pregnancy presents social obstacles, and cross-sectional analysis has found pregnant teens have fewer friendships than their non-pregnant counterparts. However, longitudinal work has yet to explore network change after a pregnancy. This study uses multiple network modeling techniques to follow the social networks of a group of girls who become pregnant between waves of the Add Health survey. Pregnant teens were found to maintain fewer friendships between time points than peers. Whole school network maps suggest that in some schools teens move to more peripheral network positions following pregnancy. These preliminary findings suggest that the relationship between social network change and pregnancy may vary depending on school environment; future work is needed to better understand how school contexts may change the social outcomes of pregnant girls.
</abstract>

Dynamics of Social Networks Following Adolescent Pregnancy

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Journal of Social Structure

The Journal of Social Structure (JoSS) is an electronic journal of the International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA). It is designed to facilitate timely dissemination of state-of-the-art results in the interdisciplinary research area of the network representation of social structure. It publishes empirical, theoretical and methodological articles focused on social networks and their analysis.  JoSS is especially interested in manuscripts that are focused on social structure in network terms, that is, in terms of the patterning of social linkages among actors. These actors could be comprised of different types or levels of analysis, such as animals, humans, artificial agents, groups or organizations.  Articles are accepted only after peer review. Comments, rejoinders and extensions on already published articles will be peer-reviewed and if accepted will be attached via a hyperlink to the previously published piece.   Open Access Policy  This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license users are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt the work (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose) if the contribution was properly attributed and and used for non-commercial purposes.  ABOUT SOCIETY  International Network for Social Network Analysis is the professional association for researchers interested in social network analysis. The association is a non-profit organization incorporated in the state of Delaware and founded by Barry Wellman in 1977. INSNA was founded on the premise that the behavior and lives of social entities are affected by their position in the overall social structure. Network analysts believe that how an individual lives depends in large part on how that individual is tied into the larger web of social connections. Many believe, moreover, that the success or failure of societies and organizations often depends on the patterning of their internal structure. Social network analysis has found important applications in organizational behavior, inter-organizational relations, the spread of contagious diseases, mental health, social support, the diffusion of information and animal social organization. Today it has become an international effort with its own professional organizations, textbooks, journals, research centers, training centers and computer programs designed specifically to facilitate the analysis of social network structural data.   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Journal of Social Structure

Volume 19 (2018): Issue 1 (January 2018)

Using ERGMs to Disaggregate Displacement Cascades^*

Deterministic Blockmodeling of Two-Mode Binary Networks Using a Two-Mode KL-Median Heuristic

Risk in New Sexual Relationships: Trajectories of Protection^*

Dynamics of Social Networks Following Adolescent Pregnancy

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