The series is aimed at publishing peer-reviewed articles presented at the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS), organized yearly by the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania. Each volume is associated with a particular edition of the conference. ICESS welcomes empirical and theoretical work, especially in the economics, business, finance, and management fields. Scope of the Conference The conference primarily focuses on empirical and theoretical work in the fields of economics, business, finance, and management. Given the research diversity of the 12 faculties of the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, it encompasses a broad spectrum of topics within these areas, encouraging interdisciplinary research and innovative approaches. Statement of Purpose: • Fostering Academic Exchange: ICESS aims to serve as a dynamic forum for the exchange of ideas, research findings, and methodologies in economics and social sciences. • Encouraging Innovative Research: By bringing together diverse perspectives, the conference seeks to stimulate innovative research and thought leadership in its core areas. • Building Professional Networks: It provides an invaluable opportunity for participants to network, collaborate, and form partnerships with international peers and experts. • Promoting Academic Growth: Through its publication series, ICESS aims to contribute to the academic growth of participants by offering a prestigious platform for their research to be recognized and cited. Editor-in-chief: Alina Mihaela Dima, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Contact: alina(.)dima@(.)ase(.)ro ADVISORY EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CLODNIȚCHI Roxana, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SABIE Oana Matilda, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STATE Olimpia, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania HERȚELIU Claudiu, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ALBU Nadia, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STANEF-PUICÃ Roberta Mihaela, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PÃTÃRLÃGEANU Simona Roxana, Ph.D. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania CÂMPEANU Emilia, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SIMION Cezar-Petre, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRU Ionel, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PÃUN Cristian Valeriu, Ph.D., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania LAZÃR Valentin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MANAGER VARGAS Vanesa Mãdãlina, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083050/Editorial-policy-ICESS.docx">Editorial Policy ICESS</A> <A href="https://staticcms.sciendo.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Instructions_for_authors-_ICESS.docx">Instruction for authors ICESS</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083049/Review-process-ICESS.docx">Review process</A> <A href="http://3.66.255.121/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Publication_Ethics_ICESS_20_iunie_2022.pdf">Publication_Ethics_ICESS</A>

<DIV align=justify> <A href="https://icess.ase.ro/">The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)</A> organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provide an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The papers presented at the Conference are available online in the Conference Proceedings series (ISSN 2704-6524): Volume 2019 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675322/">Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences</A>, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788395815072/">Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy</A>, ISBN 9788395815072 Volume 2021 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675704/">Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics</A>, ISBN 9788366675704 Volume 2022 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788367405072">Fostering recovery through metaverse business modelling</A>, ISBN 9788367405072 The second edition of the conference, Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences, 4-5 April 2019 brought together researchers, PhD students and business representatives for an integrated approach of scientific research and better collaboration in the future. This edition of the conference includes five academic sessions, namely: <UL> <UL> <LI>Management Challenges in Public and Private Organizations </LI> <LI>Financial Challenges for Bio-Economy and Environmental Projects </LI> <LI>Cultural & Creative Economy. Creative and Entrepreneurial Europe </LI> <LI>Contemporary Business – between Sustainability and Waste </LI> <LI>Information Gathering and Reporting in the Data Science Era: Challenges and Opportunities </LI> </UL></UL> The sessions were designed to connect different stakeholders from university to business and provide opportunities to develop joint papers and projects. The papers and presentations contained in this Proceedings volume cover a wide range of topics and ideas including European Governance Process, Lifelong Learning, Emotional Intelligence, Business Intelligence and Analytics, Neuromarketing, Fuzzy Models, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development, Blockchain, Multiculturalism in Economic Higher Education, E-governance, Cloud Computing, Digital Globalization, Innovation and Multi-Level Governance and others. Scientific Committee ABYRE Asmaa, Ph.D. - University Ibn Tofail, Morocco AHMAD Burhan, Ph.D. - Centre for foreign relations, Tanzania AJIN R S - Kerala State Disaster Management Authority, India AKINFOLARIN Akinwale Victor, Ph.D. - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria ALDEA Anamaria, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania BÂRÃ Adela, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania BODEA Constanța, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania BOITAN Iustina, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania BUSMACHIU Eugenia, Ph.D. - Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Chisinau CÂMPEANU Emilia, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania CHAUDHARY Monica, Ph.D. - Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India CHICIUDEAN Gabriela, Ph.D. - University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania CICEA Claudiu, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania CIUREA Maria, Ph.D. - University of Petrosani, Romania CONSTANTIN Daniela-Luminiþa, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania COVEI Dragoº, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DIEACONESCU (ÞARÞAVULEA) Ramona Iulia, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DIMA Adriana, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRESCU Dalina, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRESCU Diana, Ph.D. - West University of Timisoara, Romania DUMITRU Ionel, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FANEA IVANOVICI Mina, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FELEAGÃ Liliana, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania GAGHMAN Abdulghnai Abdullah - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania GANDHI Arfive, Ph.D. - School of Creative Technology Bina Nusantara Bandung, Indonesia GAVRILA-PAVEN Ionela, Ph.D. - 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, Romania GONGETA Sanja, Ph.D. - College of Applied Sciences Lavoslav Ružièka in Vukovar, Croatia GOSCHIN Zizi, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania HARUN Hanifah Musa Fathullah, Ph.D. - Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia HURU Dragoº, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ILEA Marioara - University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania IONAªCU Ion, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ISTUDOR Nicolae, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania JAGANATHAN Mathivannan, Ph.D. - Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia JIANU Ionel - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania JIANU Iulia, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania JOHANN Maria - Warsaw School of Economics, Poland KOUBAA Salah, Ph.D. - Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco MOISE Daniel, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania MOUSSA Amr, Ph.D. - Cairo University, Egypt MUJTABA Asad Muhammad, Ph.D. - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia MUªETESCU Radu, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NILPLUB Chartaya, Ph.D. - Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Thailand NJOROGE Rose, Ph.D. - Kenyatta University, Kenya PANAIT Mirela, Ph.D. - Petroleum-Gas University, Romania PARASCHIV Dorel Mihai, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PÃTÃRLÃGEANU Simona Roxana, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PATIL Shashikant, Ph.D. - SVKMS NMIMS Mumbai, India PÃUN Cristian, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PELÃU Corina, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PEREIRA Elisabeth, Ph.D. - University of Aveiro, Portugal PLEªEA Doru, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania POLURU Ramesh, Ph.D. - The INCLEN Trust International, India POPA Florin Marius - National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Romania POPESCU Claudia, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania POPESCU Ioana Cecilia, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania POTCOVARU Ana-Mãdãlina - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PROFIROIU Alina Georgiana, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PROFIROIU Marius Constantin, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania RÃDULESCU Carmen Valentina, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania RÃILEANU Vasile, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania RAO Sana, Ph.D. - Xiamen University RAUF Farhan Abdul, Ph.D. - Our Own Public Health Institute (OOPHI), Pakistan RAUT Asutosh Chaurasiya - Adarsha Secondary School, Biratnagar, Nepal RODINO Steliana - National Institute for Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Romania ROMAN Mihai, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SABIE Oana Matilda, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SALEHI Nader, Ph.D. - Islamic Azad University (IAU), Iran SÂRBU Roxana, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ªERBAN Daniela, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SERPA Sandro - University of the Azores, Portugal SHAKIL Ahmed Abu, Ph.D. - Leading University, Bangladesh SHARMA Eliza, Ph.D. - Calorx Teachers' University, India SHRESTHA Prabin Shrestha - Tri Chandra Multiple Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal SILBERBERG Roi, Ph.D. - University of Haifa, Israel SIMION Cezar-Petre, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SIMIONESCU Liliana, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SINGUN Amando Jr., Ph.D. - Higher College of Technology, Oman SMEUREANU Ion, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STANCU Stelian, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STRAT Vasile, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SUCIU George, Ph.D. - Beia Consult International, Romania SUCIU Martha Cristina, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SURY S. Michael, Ph.D. - University of Texas, USA THINH Hoang, Ph.D. – England THIRUMENI Thambidurai, Ph.D. - Grian Technologies Pvt Ltd, India TRIPON Cristina, Ph.D. - University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania TROJANOWSKA Hanna, Ph.D. - Warsaw University of Technology, Poland VEGHEª Cãlin, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VIRTOP Sorin Avram - Constantin Brâncuși University, Romania VOICU-DOROBANȚU Roxana - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VOLINTIRU Clara, Ph.D. – Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ZAMFIR Andreea, Ph.D. - Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Open Access Statement These conference proceedings are Open Access proceedings that allow a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License These conference proceedings provide immediate open access to its content under the <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0</A>. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license</A>. ABSTRACTING & INDEXING Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences is covered by the following services: <UL> </UL> Baidu Scholar Bayerische Staatsbibliothek BDS Bowker Book Data Ciando CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) Dimensions EBSCO ExLibris Google Books Google Scholar Naviga ReadCube Semantic Scholar TDOne (TDNet) WorldCat (OCLC) X-MOL Additionally, the proceedings volume is registered and indexed in the Crossref database and accessible on Amazon. <UL> </UL> Online submission platform - Editorial Manager <A href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx">https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083050/Editorial-policy-ICESS.docx">Editorial Policy ICESS</A> <A href="https://staticcms.sciendo.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Instruction_for_authors_ICESS_2019.docx">Instruction for authors ICESS 2019</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083049/Review-process-ICESS.docx">Review process</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/07083216/Publication_Ethics_ICESS_20_iunie_2022.pdf">Publication Ethics</A> </DIV>

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences

Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences

<DIV align=left>Editor-in-chief: Alina Mihaela Dima Editorial Assistant: Vanesa Madalina Vargas</DIV>

Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences

<DIV align=justify> <A href="https://icess.ase.ro/">The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)</A>organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provide an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The papers presented at the Conference are available online in the Conference Proceedings series (ISSN 2704-6524): Volume 2019 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675322/">Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences</A>, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788395815072/">Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy</A>, ISBN 9788395815072 Volume 2021 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675704/">Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics</A>, ISBN 9788366675704 Volume 2022 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788367405072">Fostering recovery through metaverse business modelling</A>, ISBN 9788367405072 During 2020, leaders found themselves at a historic crossroads, taking decisions under remarkable pressures and uncertainties. However, windows of opportunity are being created to shape the economic recovery, restore the health of the environment, develop sustainable business models, strengthen regional development, revitalize global cooperation, harness Industry 4.0, and redesign the social contracts, skills, and jobs. This conference provides an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas especially in the light of recent crisis determined by COVID-19. We welcome both empirical and theoretical work that is broadly consistent with the conference’ general theme. Especially, researchers, PhD students and practitioners are invited to submit papers on the topics related to new models in entrepreneurship and innovation, sustainability and education, data science and digitalization, marketing and finance etc. that will develop innovative instruments for countries, businesses and education to revive after the crisis. The main topics of the conference are focused on, but not limited to, the following sections: • Applied Economics and Statistics and Data Science • The role of innovation in public and private organizations in context of digital transformation • Financial perspectives in turbulent times • Global Challenges for Agri-Food Systems and Sustainable Development • Universities and community impact • Economic Policies for Non-Cyclical Crises • Innovative Technopreneurship and Sustainable Business Models • Marketing and Sustainability • The role of accounting in Sustainable Development • Global world after crisis: towards a new economic model • Resilience and Digitalization - key strategies for successful business in critical times • Current challenges within demographic data: measurement, collection, retrieval, analysis and reporting • Business Law and Sustainable Development • Branding and training talented researchers for new entrepreneurial and digital society SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 2021 Mirela ACELEANU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Lucian ALBU, Academia Română, Romania Răzvan Cătălin DOBREA, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Javier ARROYO GALLARDO, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain Marcel AUSLOOS, Leicester University, United Kingdom Diego BEGALLI, University of Verona, Italy Francesco BELLINI, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Ștefan BRATOSIN, Universite Montpellier 3, France André CABANIS, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, France Herbert CASTERAN, EM Strasbourg University, France Silvian CENȚIU, Retina Communications, San Francisco, USA Roy CERQUETI, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Gilbert CHAVEZ, Globis University Tokyo, Japan Cristian CHELARIU, Suffolk University, USA Ionela COSTICĂ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Michael COX, London School of Economics, England, United Kingdom Fabrizio D’ASCENZO, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Marian DÂRDALĂ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Carmen-Elena DOROBĂȚ, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, United Kingdom Dan Gabriel DUMITRESCU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Ovidiu DUMITRU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Erich Walter FARKAS, University of Zurich, Switzerland Liliana FELEAGĂ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Luis Miguel FONSECA, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Manuel GARCÍA-GOÑI, Universitad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Paolo GIUDICI, The University of Pavia, Italy Aleksandar GRUBOR, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Wolfgang Karl HÄRDLE, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Gheorghe HURDUZEU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Nicolae ISTUDOR, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Kyoko KOKUSHO, IBM Tokyo, Japan Mariarosaria LOMBARDI, University of Foggia, Italy Babak MEHMANPAZIR, EM Strasbourg University, France Dumitru MIRON, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Anna Vadimovna NABIRUKHINA, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia Elvira NICA, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Peter NIJKAMP, Jeronimus Academy of Data Science, Den Bosch, Netherlands Maria Isabel NOVO CORTI, Universidade da Coruña, Spain Javier ORDÓÑEZ MONFORT, Jaume I University, Spain Roberto PANETTA, Bocconi University, Italy Dorel Mihai PARASCHIV, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Xose PICATOSTE, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Grigore PIROȘCĂ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Sébastien POINT, EM Strasbourg University, France Ion POPA, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Marius Constantin PROFIROIU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Peter RICHMOND, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom Roxana SÂRBU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Slavica SINGER, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia Ion SMEUREANU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Tănase STAMULE, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Radu STATE, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Mirela STOIAN, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Vasile Alecsandru STRAT, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Donna STREET, University of Dayton, USA José Pedro TEIXEIRA DOMINGUES, University of Minho, Portugal Gabriela ȚIGU, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Carlos Ramirez VALDEBENITO, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile Călin Petrică VEGHEȘ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Peter VERHOEF, University of Groningen, Netherlands Christine Katharina VOLKMANN, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, Wuppertal, Germany Berend WIERENGA, Rotterdam School of Management, Netherlands Michael WOODS, University of Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom Klaus F. ZIMMERMANN, Bonn University (em.) Global Labor Organization (president), Germany Open Access Statement These conference proceedings are Open Access proceedings that allow a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License These conference proceedings provide immediate open access to its content under the <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0</A>. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license</A>. Online submission platform - Editorial Manager <A href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx">https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx</A> ABSTRACTING & INDEXING Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics is covered by the following services: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Barnes & Noble BDS Bowker Book Data EBSCO Google Scholar Naviga (Softweco) Primo Central (ExLibris) ReadCube Summon (ProQuest) TDOne (TDNet) Web of Science - Conference Proceedings Citation Index WorldCat (OCLC) Additionally, the proceedings volume is registered and indexed in the Crossref database and accessible on Amazon. <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083050/Editorial-policy-ICESS.docx">Editorial Policy ICESS</A> <A href="https://staticcms.sciendo.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Instructions_for_authors-_ICESS.docx">Instruction for authors ICESS</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083049/Review-process-ICESS.docx">Review process</A> <A href="https://staticcms.sciendo.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/SCIENTIFIC_COMMITTEE_2021.docx">SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 2021</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/07083216/Publication_Ethics_ICESS_20_iunie_2022.pdf">Publication Ethics</A> </DIV>

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences

Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics

<A href="https://icess.ase.ro/">The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)</A> organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provide an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The conference takes place in Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Piata Romana 6, Bucharest, Romania. Contact: conference.icess[@]ase.ro The series (ISSN 2704-6524) is aimed at publishing a selection of the peer-reviewed articles presented at the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS), organized yearly by the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania. Each volume is associated with a particular edition of the conference. Date and location: June 16-17, 2022. Bucharest, Romania　　 Scope of the Conference: The　conference primarily focuses on empirical and theoretical work in the fields of economics, business, finance, and management.　Given the research　diversity　of the 12 faculties of the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, it encompasses a broad spectrum of topics within these areas, encouraging interdisciplinary research and innovative approaches.　 Statement of Purpose: <UL> <LI>Fostering Academic Exchange:　ICESS aims to serve as a dynamic forum for the exchange of ideas, research findings, and methodologies in economics and social sciences. </LI> <LI>Encouraging Innovative Research: By bringing together diverse perspectives, the conference seeks to stimulate innovative research and thought leadership in its core areas. </LI> <LI>Building Professional Networks: It provides an invaluable opportunity for participants to network, collaborate, and form partnerships with international peers and experts. </LI> <LI>Promoting Academic Growth: Through its publication series, ICESS aims to contribute to the academic growth of participants by offering a prestigious platform for their research to be recognized and cited. </LI> </UL> Volume 2019 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675322/">Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences</A>, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788395815072/">Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy</A>, ISBN 9788395815072 Volume 2021 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675704/">Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics</A>, ISBN 9788366675704 The past years’ uncertainties and pressures resulted from the pandemic, alongside new developments in social technology, 5G, cloud computing, augmented and virtual reality, generated the perfect setting for the metaverse to gain traction. Several companies found there’s a critical need to redefine the work environment and started exploring the metaverse concept beyond the entertainment sector. Thus, new tools for collaboration and data visualization within a digital shared space are being created, aiming for a fully immersive interaction between the virtual and the physical worlds within the next few years. While still in its early developments, the metaverse can be seen as an extension of the social media platforms, and an opportunity to leverage remote work even further. ICESS 2022 provides a space for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas in the light of the work environment, business model, and technological changes driven by COVID-19. We welcome both empirical and theoretical work that is broadly consistent with the conference’s general theme. The main topics of the conference are focused on, but not limited to, the following sections: <UL> <LI>Applied Economics and Statistics and Data Science </LI> <LI>Management in the Metaverse Era – the Role of Digital Transformation in </LI> <LI>Fostering Recovery of Public and Private Organizations </LI> <LI>Financial perspectives in turbulent times </LI> <LI>Resilient Agri-food and Environmental Systems for Sustainable Development and Agile Entrepreneurship </LI> <LI>Innovative Strategies and Models in Higher Education </LI> <LI>Digitalization impact on economic recovery in the context of Covid-19 pandemic </LI> <LI>Digital Leadership and Resilient Entrepreneurship in the Metaverse Era </LI> <LI>Marketing and Sustainability </LI> <LI>The role of accounting frameworks and digitalization in fostering recovery </LI> <LI>Global world after crisis: towards a new economic model </LI> <LI>Building business in times of crisis through entrepreneurship </LI> <LI>Current challenges within demographic data: measurement, collection, retrieval, analysis and reporting </LI> <LI>Looking into the future of a legal metaverse? </LI> <LI>Experimental Economics </LI> </UL> SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 2022 ACELEANU Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ALBU Lucian, Academia Romana, Romania ANGHEL Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ARROYO GALLARDO Javier, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain AUSLOOS Marcel, Leicester University, United Kingdom BEGALLI Diego, University of Verona, Italy BELLINI Francesco, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy BRATOSIN Ștefan, Universite Montpellier 3, France BRUGGEMAN Evelien, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands CABANIS Andre, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, France CALABRÒ Grazia, University of Messina, Italy CASTERAN Herbert, EM Strasbourg University, France CENȚIU Silvian, Retina Communications, San Francisco, USA CERQUETI Roy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CHAVEZ Gilbert, Globis University Tokyo, Japan CHELARIU Cristian, Suffolk University, USA COSTICĂ Ionela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania COX Michael, London School of Economics, England, United Kingdom DAVIDESCU (ALEXANDRU) Adriana Ana Maria, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania D’ASCENZO Fabrizio, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy DELL’ANNO Roberto, University of Salerno, Italy DIMA Alina Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DÂRDALĂ Marian, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DOBREA Răzvan Cătălin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DOROBĂȚ Carmen-Elena, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, United Kingdom DUMITRESCU Dan Gabriel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRU Ovidiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FARKAS Erich Walter, University of Zurich, Switzerland FELEAGĂ Liliana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FONSECA Luis Miguel, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal GARCÍA-GOÑI Manuel, Universitad Complutense de Madrid, Spain GIUDICI Paolo, University of Pavia, Italy GRUBOR Aleksandar, University of Novi Sad, Serbia HÄRDLE Wolfgang Karl, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany HURDUZEU Gheorghe, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania IORDACHE-PLATIS Magdalena, University of Bucharest, Romania ISTUDOR Nicolae, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania KOKUSHO Kyoko, IBM Tokyo, Japan LOMBARDI Mariarosaria, University of Foggia, Italy MARUSZEWSKA Ewa Wanda, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland MEHMANPAZIR Babak, EM Strasbourg University, France MIRON Dumitru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NABIRUKHINA Anna Vadimovna, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia NICA Elvira, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NIJKAMP Peter, Jeronimus Academy of Data Science, Den Bosch, Netherlands NOVO-CORTI Maria Isabel, Universidade da Coruña, Spain NTOUROS Vasileios, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ORDÓÑEZ MONFORT Javier, Jaume I University, Spain PANETTA Roberto, Bocconi University, Italy PARASCHIV Dorel Mihai, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PICATOSTE Xose, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain PIROȘCĂ Grigore Ioan, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania POINT Sébastien, EM Strasbourg University, France POPA Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PROFIROIU Marius Constantin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania RICHMOND Peter, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom ROSSIGNOL Bruno, European Investment Bank Institute, Luxemburg SÂRBU Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SINGER Slavica, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia SMEUREANU Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STAMULE Tănase, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STATE Radu, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg STOIAN Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STRAT Vasile Alecsandru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STREET Donna, University of Dayton, USA ȘUTAN Angela, Burgundy School of Business, France TEIXEIRA DOMINGUES José Pedro, University of Minho, Portugal ȚIGU Gabriela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VALDEBENITO Carlos Ramirez, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile VEGHEȘ Călin Petrică, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VERHOEF Peter, University of Groningen, Netherlands VOLKMANN Christine Katharina, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany VRÂNCEANU Radu, ESSEC Business School, France WIERENGA Berend, Rotterdam School of Management, Netherlands WOODS Michael, University of Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom ZIMMERMANN Klaus F., Bonn University and Global Labor Organization, Germany ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 2022 ALBU Nadia, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania BUȘU Mihail, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania CÂMPEANU Emilia, Bucharest University of Economic Studies Romania DUMITRU Ionel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania HERȚELIU Claudiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania HURU Dragoș, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania LAZĂR Valentin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PĂTĂRLĂGEANU Simona Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PĂUN Cristian Valeriu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SABIE Oana Matilda, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SIMION Cezar-Petre, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STANEF-PUICĂ Roberta Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STATE Olimpia, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Registration and payment EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION AND PAYMENT By April 30　 Academics 100 euro Practitioners 125 euro Ph.D. Students 75 euro 　 STANDARD REGISTRATION AND PAYMENT Academics 130 euro Practitioners 150 euro Ph.D. Students 90 euro Open Access Statement This conference proceedings is an Open Access proceedings that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License This conference proceedings provides immediate open access to its content under the <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons BY 4.0</A>. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons BY 4.0</A> license. Online submission platform - Editorial Manager <A href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx">https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083050/Editorial-policy-ICESS.docx">Editorial Policy ICESS 2022</A> <A href="https://staticcms.sciendo.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Instructions_for_Authors_ICESS.docx">Instruction for authors ICESS</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083049/Review-process-ICESS.docx">Review process</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/21141258/Program_ICESS_2022.pdf">Program ICESS 2022</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/07083216/Publication_Ethics_ICESS_20_iunie_2022.pdf">Publication Ethics</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/21141250/Submission_Guidelines_for_Authors.pdf">Submission Guidelines for Authors</A> Abstracting & Indexing ”Fostering recovery through metaverse business modelling” is covered by the following services: • Baidu Scholar • Barnes & Noble • Bayerische Staatsbibliothek • BDS • Bowker Book Data • Ciando • CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) • Dimensions • EBSCO • ExLibris • Google Books • Google Scholar • Naviga • ReadCube • Semantic Scholar • TDOne (TDNet) • WorldCat (OCLC) • X-MOL Additionally, the proceedings volume is registered and indexed in the Crossref database and accessible on Amazon. PARTNERS Academic Partners Sapienza University of Rome EM Strasbourg Business School HERMES Universities Romanian Academy Corporate Sponsors Groupama Strategic Partners The Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Europe Direct C2DH, University of Luxembourg Editor-in-chief: Alina Mihaela Dima, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Editorial Assistant: Vanesa Madalina Vargas, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Economics and Social Science

Fostering Recovery Through Metaverse Business Modelling

<DIV align=left>Editor-in-chief: Alina Mihaela Dima Editorial Assistant: Vanesa Madalina Vargas

<DIV align=justify> <A href="https://icess.ase.ro/">The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)</A>organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provide an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The papers presented at the Conference are available online in the Conference Proceedings series (ISSN 2704-6524): Volume 2019 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675322/">Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences</A>, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788395815072/">Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy</A>, ISBN 9788395815072 Volume 2021 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675704/">Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics</A>, ISBN 9788366675704 Volume 2022 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788367405072">Fostering recovery through metaverse business modelling</A>, ISBN 9788367405072 This conference provides an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. We welcome both empirical and theoretical work that is broadly consistent with the conference’ general theme. Especially, researchers, PhD students and practitioners are invited to submit papers on the topics related to new models in entrepreneurship and innovation, sustainability and education, data science and digitalization, marketing and finance, Fintech & Insurtech etc. that will develop innovative instruments for countries, businesses and education. The innovative models for sustainable development aim to ensure simultaneous economic development, social development, and environmental protection, to achieve a higher quality of life for all people and protect all living beings and the planet. The main topics of the conference are focused on but not limited to the following sections: <UL> <LI>Fintech & Insurtech - towards a sustainable financial environment </LI> <LI>The role of innovation in public and private organizations </LI> <LI>Financial perspectives in turbulent times </LI> <LI>Global Challenges for Agri-Food Systems and Sustainable Development </LI> <LI>Economic Policies for Non-Cyclical Crises </LI> <LI>Education for Sustainable Development: impact of universities on society </LI> <LI>Marketing and Sustainability </LI> <LI>The role of accounting in Sustainable Development </LI> <LI>Global world after crisis: towards a new economic model </LI> <LI>Sustainability for future business </LI> <LI>Current challenges within demographic data: measurement, collection, retrieval, analysis and reporting </LI></UL> Scientific Committee ACELEANU Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ALBU Lucian, Academia Romana, Romania ANGHEL Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ARROYO GALLARDO Javier, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain AUSLOOS Marcel, Leicester University, United Kingdom BEGALLI Diego, University of Verona, Italy BELLINI Francesco, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy BRATOSIN Ștefan, Universite Montpellier 3, France CABANIS Andre, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, France CASTERAN Herbert, EM Strasbourg University, France CENȚIU Silvian, Retina Communications, San Francisco, USA CERQUETI Roy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CHAVEZ Gilbert, Globis University Tokyo, Japan COSTICÃ Ionela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania COX Michael, London School of Economics, England, UK D’ASCENZO Fabrizio, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy DIMA Alina Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DÂRDALÃ Marian, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRESCU Dan Gabriel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRU Ovidiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FELEAGÃ Liliana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FONSECA Luis Miguel, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal GARCÍA-GOÑI Manuel, Universitad Complutense de Madrid, Spain GIUDICI Paolo, The University of Pavia, Italy GRUBOR Aleksandar, University of Novi Sad, Serbia HÄRDLE Wolfgang Karl, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany HURDUZEU Gheorghe, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ISTUDOR Nicolae, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania KOKUSHO Kyoko, IBM Tokyo, Japan LOMBARDI Mariarosaria, University of Foggia, Italy MEHMANPAZIR Babak, EM Strasbourg University, France MIRON Dumitru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NABIRUKHINA Anna Vadimovna, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia NICA Elvira, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NIJKAMP Peter, Jeronimus Academy of Data Science Den Bosch, Netherlands NOVO CORTI Maria Isabel, Universidade da Coruña, Spain ORDÓÑEZ MONFORT Javier, Jaume I University, Spain PANETTA Roberto, Bocconi University, Italy PARASCHIV Dorel Mihai, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PICATOSTE Xose, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain PIROȘCÃ Grigore, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania POINT Sébastien, EM Strasbourg University, France POPA Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PROFIROIU Marius Constantin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania RICHMOND Peter, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland SÂRBU Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SINGER Slavica, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia SMEUREANU Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STAMULE Tãnase, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STATE Radu, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg STOIAN Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STRAT Vasile Alecsandru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STREET Donna, University of Dayton, USA TEIXEIRA DOMINGUES José Pedro, University of Minho, Portugal ȚIGU Gabriela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VALDEBENITO Carlos Ramirez, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile VEGHEȘ Cãlin Petricã, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VERHOEF Peter, University of Groningen, Netherlands VOLKMANN Christine Katharina, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany WALTER FARKAS Erich, University of Zurich, Switzerland WIERENGA Berend, Rotterdam School of Management, Netherlands WOODS Michael, University of Aberystwyth, Wales, UK ZIMMERMANN Klaus F., Bonn University (em.) end Global Labor Organization, Germany Open Access Statement These conference proceedings are Open Access proceedings that allow a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License These conference proceedings provide immediate open access to its content under the <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0</A>. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license</A>. ABSTRACTING & INDEXING Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy is covered by the following services: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek BDS Bowker Book Data Ciando EBSCO Google Scholar Naviga (Softweco) Primo Central (ExLibris) ReadCube Summon (ProQuest) TDOne (TDNet) Web of Science - Conference Proceedings Citation Index WorldCat (OCLC) Additionally, the proceedings volume is registered and indexed in the Crossref database and accessible on Amazon. Online submission platform - Editorial Manager <A href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx">https://www.editorialmanager.com/icess/default1.aspx</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083050/Editorial-policy-ICESS.docx">Editorial Policy ICESS</A> <A href="https://staticcms.sciendo.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Instruction_for_authors_ICESS_2020.docx">Instruction for authors ICESS 2020</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/24083049/Review-process-ICESS.docx">Review process</A> <A href="https://sciendo-storage-bucket.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/07083216/Publication_Ethics_ICESS_20_iunie_2022.pdf">Publication Ethics</A> </DIV>

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences

Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy

<DIV align=justify> <A href="https://icess.ase.ro/">The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)</A>organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provide an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The series (ISSN 2704-6524) is aimed at publishing a selection of the peer-reviewed articles presented at the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS), organized yearly by the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania. Each volume is associated with a particular edition of the conference. Date and location: June 15-16, 2023. Bucharest, Romania Scope of the Conference The conference primarily focuses on empirical and theoretical work in the fields of economics, business, finance, and management. Given the research diversity of the 12 faculties of the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, it encompasses a broad spectrum of topics within these areas, encouraging interdisciplinary research and innovative approaches. Statement of Purpose: <UL> <LI>Fostering Academic Exchange: ICESS aims to serve as a dynamic forum for the exchange of ideas, research findings, and methodologies in economics and social sciences. </LI> </UL> <UL> <LI>Encouraging Innovative Research: By bringing together diverse perspectives, the conference seeks to stimulate innovative research and thought leadership in its core areas. </LI> <LI>Building Professional Networks: It provides an invaluable opportunity for participants to network, collaborate, and form partnerships with international peers and experts. </LI> <LI>Promoting Academic Growth: Through its publication series, ICESS aims to contribute to the academic growth of participants by offering a prestigious platform for their research to be recognized and cited. </LI> </UL> Volume 2019 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675322/">Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences</A>, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788395815072/">Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy</A>, ISBN 9788395815072 Volume 2021 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788366675704/">Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics</A>, ISBN 9788366675704 Volume 2022 <A href="https://sciendo.com/book/9788367405072">Fostering recovery through metaverse business modelling</A>, ISBN 978-83-67405-07-2 The world today is vastly different than what it was even a few decades ago, as a result of advances in technology, globalization, and societal changes. Recently, particular attention has been given to sustainable development raising the question of how to drive economic growth in a responsible manner by harnessing technology’s potential while accounting for diverse national perspectives. In 2015, the United Nations agreed upon 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed to transform our world by 2030. However, without the support of stakeholders from government, business and civil societies, the SDGs are only aspirations. In light of these developments, ICESS 2023 provides a space for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas for increasing economic performance while improving our quality of life and meeting the needs of future generations. We welcome both empirical and theoretical work that is broadly consistent with the conference theme. Researchers, PhD students and practitioners are invited to explore the topic, especially from an Economics, Management or Finance perspective, and submit papers that will help organizations, economic sectors and countries develop in a sustainable way. The main topics of the conference are focused on, but not limited to, the following sections: <UL> <LI>Economy and Economics under the influence of the new scientific and technological revolution </LI> <LI>Service Learning, Civic Engagement and Sustainable Education </LI> <LI>Applied Economics and Statistics & Data Science </LI> <LI>New challenges for a sustainable financial ecosystem </LI> <LI>Digital Leadership and Resilient Entrepreneurship in the Metaverse Era </LI> <LI>Transforming the Future of Labor: mapping the route to a digitally transformed workforce </LI> <LI>Resilient Agri-food and Environmental Systems for Sustainable Development and Agile Entrepreneurship </LI> <LI>Geopolitical current changes and perspectives in sustainable business and tourism </LI> <LI>New geopolitical perspectives and technological challenges for sustainable marketing </LI> <LI>Technological challenges for sustainable development of public and private organizations in the 21 st century </LI> <LI>Accounting for sustainable development </LI> <LI>Global world under crisis: towards a new economic model </LI> </UL> SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 2023 ALBU Nadia, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ACELEANU Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ALBU Lucian, Romanian Academy, Romania ANGHEL Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania APETREI Andreea, Universidad Catolica de Valencia, Spain ARROYO GALLARDO Javier, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain AUSLOOS Marcel, Leicester University, United Kingdom BEGALLI Diego, University of Verona, Italy BELLINI Francesco, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy BRATOSIN Ștefan, Universite Montpellier 3, France BRUGGEMAN Evelien, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands CABANIS Andre, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, France CALABRÒ Grazia, University of Messina, Italy CASTERAN Herbert, EM Strasbourg University, France CENȚIU Silvian, Retina Communications, San Francisco, United States of America CERQUETI Roy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CHAVEZ Gilbert, Globis University Tokyo, Japan CHELARIU Cristian, Suffolk University, United States of America COSTICĂ Ionela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania COX Michael, London School of Economics, England, United Kingdom DAVIDESCU (ALEXANDRU) Adriana Ana Maria, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania D’ASCENZO Fabrizio, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy DELL’ANNO Roberto, University of Salerno, Italy DIMA Alina Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRU Ionel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DÂRDALĂ Marian, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DOBREA Răzvan Cătălin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DOROBĂȚ Carmen-Elena, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, United Kingdom DUMITRESCU Dan Gabriel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRU Ovidiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FARKAS Erich Walter, University of Zurich, Switzerland FELEAGĂ Liliana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FONSECA Luis Miguel, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal GARCÍA-GOÑI Manuel, Universitad Complutense de Madrid, Spain GIUDICI Paolo, University of Pavia, Italy GRIGORE Georgiana, University of Leicester, United Kingdom GRUBOR Aleksandar, University of Novi Sad, Serbia HÄRDLE Wolfgang Karl, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany HINTOŠOVÁ BOBENIČ Aneta, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia HURU Dragoṣ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania HURDUZEU Gheorghe, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania IORDACHE-PLATIS Magdalena, University of Bucharest, Romania ISTUDOR Nicolae, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania JIMENEZ-MONDEJAR Jose, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain JINDRICHOVSKA Irena, Metropolitan University Prague, Czech Republic KOKUSHO Kyoko, IBM Tokyo, Japan LOMBARDI Mariarosaria, University of Foggia, Italy MARUSZEWSKA Ewa Wanda, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland MEHMANPAZIR Babak, EM Strasbourg University, France MIRON Dumitru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania MUȘETESCU Radu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NABIRUKHINA Anna Vadimovna, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia NASTASIA Sorin, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, United States of America NICA Elvira, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NIJKAMP Peter, Jeronimus Academy of Data Science, Den Bosch, Netherlands NOVO-CORTI Maria Isabel, Universidade da Coruña, Spain NTOUROS Vasileios, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ORDÓÑEZ MONFORT Javier, Jaume I University, Spain PANETTA Roberto, Bocconi University, Italy PARASCHIV Dorel Mihai, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PĂTĂRLĂGEANU Simona Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PĂUN Cristian, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PICATOSTE Xose, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain PIROȘCĂ Grigore Ioan, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania POINT Sébastien, EM Strasbourg University, France POPA Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PRINZ Enrico, EM Strasbourg University, France PROFIROIU Marius Constantin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania RICHMOND Peter, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom ROSSIGNOL Bruno, European Investment Bank Institute, Luxemburg SABIE Oana Matilda, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SÂRBU Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SINGER Slavica, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia SIMION Cezar-Petre, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SMEUREANU Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STAMULE Tănase, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STANEF-PUICĂ Mihaela Roberta, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STATE Radu, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg STOIAN Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STRAT Vasile Alecsandru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STREET Donna, University of Dayton, United States of America ȘUTAN Angela, Burgundy School of Business, France TEIXEIRA DOMINGUES José Pedro, University of Minho, Portugal ȚIGU Gabriela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VALASKOVA Katarina, University of Zilina, Slovakia VALDEBENITO Carlos Ramirez, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile VEGHEȘ Călin Petrică, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VERHOEF Peter, University of Groningen, Netherlands VOLKMANN Christine Katharina, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany VRÂNCEANU Radu, ESSEC Business School, France WIERENGA Berend, Rotterdam School of Management, Netherlands WOODS Michael, University of Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom ZIMMERMANN Klaus F., Bonn University and Global Labor Organization, Germany CONFERENCE EDITORS ALBU Nadia, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania BUȘU Mihail, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania CÂMPEANU Emilia Mioara, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DAVIDESCU (ALEXANDRU) Adriana Ana Maria, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DELL’ANNO Roberto, University of Salerno, Italy DIMA Alina Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DOROBĂȚ Carmen-Elena, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, United Kingdom DUMITRU Ionel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania DUMITRU Ovidiu Ioan, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania FONSECA Luis Miguel, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal GRIGORE Georgiana, University of Leicester, United Kingdom IORDACHE-PLATIS Magdalena, University of Bucharest, Romania JIMENEZ-MONDEJAR Jose, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain JINDRICHOVSKA Irena, Metropolitan University Prague, Czech Republic HERȚELIU Claudiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania HINTOŠOVÁ BOBENIČ Aneta, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia HURU Dragoṣ, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania LAZĂR Valentin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania LOMBARDI Mariarosaria, University of Foggia, Italy MIRON Dumitru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania MUȘETESCU Radu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania NASTASIA Sorin, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, United States of America NTOUROS Vasileios, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece OANCEA Marian, University of Bucharest, Romania PĂTĂRLĂGEANU Simona Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania PĂUN Cristian Valeriu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SABIE Oana Matilda, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SAFTIUC Bogdan-Paul, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania SIMION Cezar-Petre, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STANEF-PUICĂ Roberta Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STATE Olimpia, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania STRAT Vasile Alecsandru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ȚIGU Gabriela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VALASKOVA Katarina, University of Zilina, Slovakia VARGAS Vanesa Mădălina, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania VÂLCEA Sorin, Cleveland State University, United States of America VRÂNCEANU Radu, ESSEC Business School, France Open Access Statement This conference proceedings is an Open Access proceedings that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. 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Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Economics and Social Science

Geopolitical perspectives and technological challenges for sustainable growth in the 21st century

The series is aimed at publishing peer-reviewed articles presented at the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS), organized yearly by the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania. Each volume is associated with a particular edition of the conference. ICESS welcomes empirical and theoretical work, especially in the economics, business, finance, and management fields.

The series is aimed at publishing peer-reviewed articles presented at the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS), organized yearly...