<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Identifying the intersection between digital finance, green finance and social finance is important for promoting sustainable financial, social and environmental development. This paper suggests a link between digital finance, green finance and social finance. Using a simple conceptual model, I show that digital finance offers a smooth, efficient and seamless channel for individuals and corporations to fund social projects that deliver a social dividend, and green projects lead to a sustainable environment. The implication is that digital finance is both an enabler and a channel for efficient green financing and social financing.
</abstract>

Digital Finance, Green Finance and Social Finance: Is there a Link?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In 1961, Miller and Modigliani (M–M) published a dividend irrelevance theory, which shows that the payment of dividends does not make any changes to the value of the company. The assumption about the existence of the perfect market made by M–M became the basis for a common criticism of the theory, and the critics also tried to empirically prove that dividend payments have a positive effect on future stock prices. A different interpretation was presented by Damodaran (2007), who stated that a dividend is a compensation for lost capital gains on the first day without a dividend. The aim of the article is to verify the M-M theory according to the Damodaran approach based on the data of companies listed on the WSE in 2019–2021. For this purpose the calculations of the total rate of return on investments consisting in the purchase of shares at the end of the cum-dividend day and the sale of these shares at the end of the ex-dividend day were carried out. Then, the average values of the total rates of return in each of the three years were calculated and using the Student’s t-test it was examined whether the average of one-session rate of return is insignificantly different from zero. If so, it would mean that the dividend irrelevance theory is correct. In 2019 and 2021, the average total rates of return turned out to be statistically insignificant, which supports the M—M theory. The negative significant value of the average in 2020 may result from the COVID-19. The M–M theory perceived in this way can be a warning to investors looking for “quick profits” and trying to apply the strategy of buying dividend stocks at the cum-dividend day and selling them at the ex-dividend day.
</abstract>

mieczyslaw.kowerski@akademiazamojska.edu.pl

The Miller–Modigliani dividend irrelevance theory as a warning for investors looking for quick profits from investments in companies paying dividends

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article presents the main features of one category of innovative financial products – exchange traded commodities (ETCs) and results of the analysis of the European market for ETCs. ETCs are products listed and traded on the stock exchanges and they offer investors returns based on various assets (commodities or currencies). In contrast with the most widely recognized exchange traded funds (ETFs), ETCs are structured as debt instruments due to legal requirements regarding investment funds in the European Union. The European ETCs market is the largest in the world (in terms of assets its share in the global market in 2015 was close to 98%). It had developed rapidly until 2012 when total assets reached the record-high value of ca. 26,6 billion EUR (i.e. 9,5% of total assets of all exchange traded products listed in Europe). Over the next few years both the value of assets and market share of ETCs decreased significantly, mostly due to decline of the tracked assets’ prices (especially commodities) – during the analyzed time period the average flows to commodity or currency ETCs were close to 0. An important feature of the European market is its high concentration level, both in terms of companies launching ETCs and locations of the trade in the share of ETCs. Four ETC providers manage most of the assets (with the cumulated market share of over 94%). Three exchanges –in London, Milan and Frankfurt am Main account for almost the entire regulated market turnover of ETCs in Europe.</abstract>

Exchange traded commodities as a category of innovative products on European financial markets

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper presents a theoretical and empirical outlook on different aspects of various cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology including the evolution of digital tokens and how they widely affect the financial markets, organizations, banks, governments via analyzing the characteristics and current history of cryptocurrencies alongside with blockchain technology. The choice of this topic was motivated by the fact that the virtual money concept and blockchain technology are utterly new phenomena. This new technology is completely decentralized making the subject worthy of scientific research.The paper solely focuses on analyzing how cryptocurrencies currently affect the financial markets and the future trends of these virtual tokens in the global economy. The study is keen to further examine the impact of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies on international fund transfers. Literature review and case study with up-to-date data has been included in the analysis. The following results have been obtained: cryptocurrencies offer a wide range of features such as faster, cheaper and more secure cross-border money transfers that can also provide anonymity. Most crypto tokens are highly volatile due to their nature and various other factors. Cryptocurrencies could provide more beneficial options for users on cross border transfers compared to traditional methods of fund transfers. Cryptocurrencies might have the potential to replace paper money and gain mainstream recognition throughout the world. The study sheds light onto current and future trends of cryptocurrencies and blockchain. It is outlined for the crypto, financial, economic field.</abstract>

The Crypto Effect on Cross Border Transfers and Future Trends of Cryptocurrencies

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper analyses how financially included adults might become unbanked again. Agents of financial inclusion incorporate economic and social constraints in the delivery of formal financial services. These constraints limit the ability of poor banked adults to use basic financial services to the fullest. The constraints affect agents of financial inclusion positively and affect customers negatively up to a point where the marginal benefit of being financially included is negative for poor customers. When the marginal benefit of using formal financial services becomes negative, the affected banked adults may discontinue using their formal accounts or exit the formal financial sector when they can no longer bear the negative effect of social and economic constraints that hinder their ability to enjoy basic financial services to the fullest.
</abstract>

Financial Inclusion-Exclusion Paradox: How Banked Adults become Unbanked Again

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper highlights the globally-important determinants of financial inclusion. The determi-nants identified in this paper are formal account ownership; demand for formal savings; demand for formal borrowing; financial literacy and education; debit and credit card usage; the need to receive remittances from family and friends; size of the financial system; number of automated teller machines (ATMs); number of bank branches; proximity to a bank; availability and access to mobile phones; availability of digital financial products and services; technology infrastructure; government policy; culture and traditional belief systems; national financial inclusion strategy and implementation; and direct legislation.
</abstract>

Financial Inclusion: Globally Important Determinants

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study aims to investigate the effects of financial bootstrapping and government support on working capital, as well as the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation towards the impact of working capital on financial performance. The study was conducted on 260 MSME owners in the food and beverage sector in Semarang, Surakarta, and Salatiga, in Central Java Province, Indonesia. By using a Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, the determinant effects and consequences of working capital were determined. The findings of this study indicate that financial bootstrapping and government support are proven to have a significant positive effect on working capital. Working capital has a significant positive effect on financial performance, but entrepreneurial orientation is not confirmed to moderate the effect of working capital on financial performance.
</abstract>

The interrelationship of working capital: The role of financial bootstraping and government support

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The purpose of the article is to present a new approach to the optimal selection of financial resources to increase the level of economic security in a dynamic external environment. The scientific question arises as to which of the possible options is optimal, taking into account the dynamism of the external environment and security needs. The object of the study is the economic safety of industrial companies. The methodology is based on modern methods of system analysis, multi-criteria evaluation and paired comparison. The main result of the study is the proposed approach to assessing resource support for the implementation of a security mechanism, which, based on the actual limitations of human, organizational and financial resources at the disposal of most Ukrainian enterprises, can significantly improve the efficiency of their use without reducing the effectiveness of actions which are aimed at increasing competitiveness. The study has limitations, since it only takes into account the specifics of enterprises in the industrial sector of this economy, and therefore the options for financial resources are adjusted accordingly.
</abstract>

A methodological approach to optimizing financial resources to increase the level of economic security in a dynamic external environment

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this study, we aimed to investigate the financial implications of website performance on restaurant visitor traffic. It is crucial to address the current challenges faced by the restaurant industry, such as decreasing diner numbers due to rising prices, which can have a negative impact on the financial results of companies. Recognizing the significance of maximizing profitability, especially for small businesses operating in a highly competitive industry, we sought to explore the potential of website performance as a driver of increased visitor traffic and daily menu sales. We conducted a two-month field experiment in which we measured morning website visits and daily lunch menu sales for a restaurant with a slower website and one with a quicker website. However, we did not find any statistically significant increase in visits to the restaurant as a result of improving the website’s speed. We conclude that there may be other ways to improve daily menu sales beyond website speed. The restaurant industry is highly competitive, and small businesses in particular need to carefully consider how to allocate their resources in order to maximize profitability. The results of our study suggest that investing in website redesign as a means of increasing visitor traffic may not be the most effective tactic for small restaurants. Our research highlights the importance of conducting experiments and gathering data to inform decision making, as it can help small businesses in the restaurant industry to make more informed choices about how to allocate their resources. By understanding the factors that do and do not impact sales, small restaurants can make more informed decisions and achieve their business goals.
</abstract>

The impact of website performance on business sales

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Guarantee of autonomy and stability of economic subjects from the government can be considered an important gauge of state security. Due to the financial, migration and energy crisis, we can observe a notable increase of social problems, which gives more importance to the policy for social security of the population. In this article we address the ongoing problem of an excessively high number of debts owed to the Slovak Social Insurance Agency in recent years. The social security system for trade-licence holders, its financing and the method of enforcement are briefly characterised. The development of the payment/non-payment of taxes and levies to the Social Insurance Agency is tracked against the background of legislative changes. In the conclusion, the ineffectiveness of selected legal provisions and processes of exacting taxes and social security contributions is evaluated in terms of their impact on the financial disciplines of trade-licence holders in the Slovak Republic. Severity of the deficit in money collected on social insurance poses a threat in several areas, such as providing social security to all citizens in some required quality as guaranteed by the government, or sustainability of the public finance which poses a risk for the whole economic security of the country.
</abstract>

Analysis of the payment discipline of trade-licence holders regarding social insurance contributions in the Slovak Republic

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The study analyzes and assesses the economic and linguistic complexity of individual retirement products in Poland. For this purpose, an original multidimensional approach was used and various research methods were applied. We analyzed 75 out of 86 individual pension products (IKEs and IKZEs) offered in Poland in the first half of 2017, covering our analysis of nearly 90% of Poland’s market of individual pension products. We performed the nonparametric Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, we used hierarchical cluster analysis, analysis of variance, and a chi-square test to verify if there was a statistical relationship between the clusters and the type of financial provider and the type of individual pension product (IKE or IKZE). We also built also a map of the products that shows their economic and linguistic complexity. We find that high-fee products tend to have the most complex fee systems, suggesting that the complex fee system may be a strategy used by the providers of individual retirement products. Our results also indicate that individual retirement products are too complex for most individuals.
</abstract>

Complex pension products: A multidimensional approach

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Adequate enterprise financial risk management (EFRM) represents a leading competitive advantage of enterprises that determines market survival and business success in an uncertain global environment. Over time, EFRM has become a constituent part of integral business dealings of enterprises and one of the strategic functions of enterprise management. The main purpose of the paper is to explore the effects of the EFRM function/system on the financial performance of enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The basic source of data in the research was collected by means of a structured questionnaire. The target population in the research consists of large enterprises that have continuously operated in the territory of BiH (2013-2017). The selection of enterprises was made applying a random sampling method and contains 72 enterprises. Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in the data analysis and panel data analysis was used to assess effects of EFRM function on financial performance. The scientific contribution of the paper is reflected in the fact that the research is pioneering for Bosnia and Herzegovina with the analysis of effects of the EFRM function on enterprise financial performance (EFP). The results show that there are no systematic, statistically significant differences between large enterprises that engage in risk management (‘hedgers’) and enterprises that do not engage in risk management (‘non-hedgers’) in BiH.
</abstract>

The impact of the enterprise financial risk management function on financial performance in Bosnia and Herzegovina

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Mobile banking has been a game changer for financial organizations in terms of remote banking services. However, many customers remain uncertain due to its security. Therefore, improving the comprehension of the customer’s reasons and methods of using bank sites, including their behaviour towards e-banking, is crucial. This article discusses the matter by suggesting a technology acceptance model that integrates the theory of the planned behavior model in the classic TAM model with trust and perceived risk in order to elucidate the aspects that influence users’ acceptance of mobile banking applications in Palestine. This study is designed to give both theoretical and empirical support for e-commerce adoption. We are also capable in providing particular marketing ideas for practitioners in relation to the uptake of mobile banking.
</abstract>

Predicting Mobile Banking Adoption: An Integration of TAM and TPB with Trust and Perceived Risk

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Purpose</bold> The main objective of this study is to expand the technology acceptance model (TAM) by examining the factors affecting the adoption of mobile banking services by the customers of Palestinian banks and to design a comprehensive model based on TAM and TPB and additional constructs.<bold>Design/methodology/approach</bold> This study used the quantitative approach with cross sectional research design and a questionnaire as a data tool. From the six big cities in Palestine, we surveyed 1000 banking consumers. The samples include different characteristics. For construct relationship analysis this study applied partial least squares (PLS).<bold>Findings</bold> The study framework provides a complete view of mobile banking services. This framework takes into consideration more determinants for prediction than other studies on the adoption of innovations. The results of using this model managed to clarify nearly 77.4 percent of the dependent variable (intention to adopt mobile banking service) variation. This is a much greater value than those of the previous studies. Moreover, this study found that the perceived risk has a negative effect on consumers’ intention to use mobile banking services. Attitude, facilitating conditions, perceived ease of use, website usability, and perceived trust were identified as the important variables that have a significant positive effect on the consumers’ intention to use mobile banking services in Palestine.<bold>Originality/value</bold> – the findings can be used by financial institutions and banks to enhance the usage rate of consumers’ adoption and to develop their strategies.</abstract>

Expanding TAM and Investigating the Factors that Effect Consumer Intention to Adopt Mobile Banking in Palestine

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article presents the results of the review of the empirical literature regarding the impact of quantitative easing (QE) on emerging markets (EMs). The subject is of interest to policymakers and researchers due to the increasingly larger role of EMs in the world economy and the large-scale capital flows occurring after 2009. The review is conducted in a systematic manner and takes into consideration different methodological choices, samples and measurement issues. The paper puts the summarized results in the context of transmission channels identified in the literature. There are few distinct methodological approaches present in the literature. While there is a consensus regarding the direction of the impact of QE on EMs, its size and durability have not yet been assessed with sufficient precision. In addition, there are clear gaps in the empirical findings, not least related to relative underrepresentation of the CEE region (in particular, Poland).</abstract>

The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Emerging Markets – Literature Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
It is quite common that the structure of a time series changes abruptly. Identifying these change points and describing the model structure in the segments between these change points is an important task in financial time series analysis. Change point detection is the identification of abrupt changes in the generative parameters of sequential data. In application areas such as finance, online rather than offline detection of change points in time series is mostly required, due to their use in predictive tasks, possibly embedded in automatic trading systems. However, the complex structure of the data generation processes makes this a challenging endeavor. This paper is concerned with online change point detection in financial time series using the Bayesian setting. To this end, the Bayesian posterior probability of change at a specific time is proposed and some procedures are presented for selecting the priors and estimation of parameters. Applications in simulated financial time series are given. Finally, conclusions are proposed.
</abstract>

Bayesian Online Change Point Detection in Finance

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