<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Power swing is a phenomenon that is basically caused by large disturbances in the power system. If not blocked, it can cause incorrect operation of distance protection and result in incorrect or unwanted disconnection of transmission line switches. Furthermore, if not prevented, it can lead to serious damage to the generator. This paper describes the basics of power system stability during power swings, lists the effects on the distance or other relay during power swing, and presents methods for detecting power swing, both traditional and advanced. Additionally, it provides a description of the settings of the Power Swing Blocking (PSB) scheme to meet these requirements.
</abstract>

Power Swing: Detection and Prevention

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A low impedance fault on a transmission line causes large fault currents that can lead current transformers in the switchyard that supplies the fault to saturation. If the fast automatic reclosing is implemented the current transformers additionally enter saturation. After the definitive trip, the residual magnetic energy in the current transformers is discharged via secondary circuits. The measuring inputs of the protective devices are connected to the secondary of the current transformers, and if the current is large and lasts long enough consequence can be an unwanted operation of the protective device. This paper gives an example of an unwanted operation of circuit breaker failure protection, which is a function within distributed busbar protection, as a consequence of such an event.
</abstract>

Influence of Current Transformer Saturation on Numerical Protection Relays – A Case Study of Circuit Breaker Failure Protection

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The electrification of public transportation fleets worldwide can pose a challenge to multiple stakeholders, such as the fleet operator or the operator of the local electrical grid. One of the important prerequisites for the successful integration of these fleets into the existing system is the knowledge of the energy consumption of the buses during their trips. The energy consumption varies depending on multiple factors such as the vehicle or route-related parameters, operational, and environmental parameters. This paper gives an overview of the latest research regarding these influential factors. Another essential prerequisite for the implementation of intelligent management systems for electric bus fleets is the forecasting of energy consumption. Researchers take different approaches to tackle this issue. A review of the latest research considering empirical approaches, physical models, regression, and machine learning is also provided in this paper. The findings of this paper provide a quick overview of different aspects of the energy consumption of electric buses and can therefore support other researchers or decision-makers in their work.
</abstract>

Energy Consumption of Battery- Electric Buses: Review of Influential Parameters and Modelling Approaches

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Settlement of unintended deviation between scheduled and realized energy exchange among LFC (Load Frequency Control) areas used to be conducted through the energy compensation programs, where energy deviation from period of registration is compensated at a later stage period of compensation of unintended deviation. With the adoption of the Synchronous Area Framework Agreement (SAFA), the Regional Group for Continental Europe the methodology of accounting and financial settlement of unintended deviations FSKAR (Financial settlement <italic>kΔf</italic>, ACE and ramping period) is defined. The FSKAR methodology defines necessary data for the calculation and determination of unintended deviation. The methodology defines the method of determining settlement prices. The paper describes the methodology of determining settlement prices, the method of data collection and validation, the method of calculation of deviations and other energy and financial quantities, and data exchange between entities.
</abstract>

Introduction of Financial Settlement Among LFC Areas

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Artificial intelligence (AI) and Deep learning (DL) methods in power systems are being tested and prepared for practical use in many applications. In this work an artificial neural network models for fault identification and classification and switching logic control in middle voltage (MV) power electricity network is presented. Models are implemented in Google’s Python based tool Tensorflow with belonging program libraries. For fault detection and classification example a few thousand simulations are conducted in order to obtain enough fault current and voltage samples for high accuracy artificial neural network (ANN) with backpropagation model. Achieved accuracy and speed of presented deep learning model, open a possibility for application in digital relay protection devices. Second example is implementation of switching control rules in HV/MV substations. Presented models are patterns for power system controlling centres as part of broader controlling and protection logic.
</abstract>

Power System Control and Protection Models Based on Artificial Intelligence – A Tensorflow Approach

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Next-generation environmentally friendly switchgear will not use SF6. Currently, all of the main manufacturers in the world are developing products using alternatives based on CO2 as a background gas. The use of FluoroNitriles, 3M™ Novec™ 4710, C4F7N (C4FN) is addressed by different producers under different trademark names. In most cases, Oxygen is added for health and/or functional reasons. In terms of potential climate impact, considering only the GWP of the single gas mixture components is insufficient. In order to better evaluate and understand the advantages the different alternatives offer in comparison to SF6, the GWP calculations of the gas mixtures over a defined timeframe are much more complete. Additionally, not only the GWP of the gas mixtures in new condition is to be considered, but also their evolution through the switchgear lifetime. Arcing, created in all switching and interrupting test duties of HVCB will cause reversible and irreversible chemical reactions that produce new compounds with different dielectric, arc quenching, and environmental properties as the original molecule. Based on thermodynamic calculations, CFD simulations, and gas analysis of samples of alternatives that have been subjected to arcing, this work studies the effect the byproducts of the different mixtures have in terms of climate impact, dielectrics, and arc quenching. This paper offers different scenarios of electrical and gas degradation, from very uncommon events e.g., T100s to very common ones e.g., switching of nominal and/or capacitive currents. The influence of the always evolving gas mixtures along the lifetime of the equipment is evaluated and compared in terms of performance and the climate impact.
</abstract>

Global Warming Potential Considerations for Gaseous Sf6 Alternatives Along the Switchgear Lifetime

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The methodology for the evaluation of long-term exposure to the overhead line magnetic field is presented, in this paper. The developed methodology is based on the ambient temperature measurements and phase conductors’ height measurements to find a linear regression model to determine phase conductors’ height changes for different ambient temperatures. Based on the overhead transmission line geometry, and datasets about historical overhead line phase current intensity values and ambient temperatures long-term magnetic field exposure can be determined. For magnetic flux density determination, a method based on artificial neural networks is used. The methodology is applied to the case study of overhead line that connect substations Sarajevo 10 and Sarajevo 20. A period of one year is analyzed and magnetic flux density values are determined. The obtained results indicate that during the analyzed period for significant amounts of time magnetic flux density values surpass the recommended values for long-term exposure.
</abstract>

Evaluation of the Long-Term Exposure to the Magnetic Fields Generated by Overhead Transmission Lines Using Artificial Neural Networks – A Case Study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper presents a detailed model of low-frequency oscillations and their damping within the Electric Power System (EPS) of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&amp;H). The system is modeled using MATLAB software, analysing the steady state and dynamic responses. This research highlights the challenges and impacts of integrating renewable energy sources, such as wind farms, on grid stability and oscillation damping. The paper utilizes eigenvalue analysis to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the system, emphasizing the need for efficient damping strategies to maintain system stability. The methodology includes a comprehensive review of existing literature, the creation of a detailed EPS model of B&amp;H, and the application of eigenvalue and oscillation amplitude analysis to determine damping ratios. The dynamic responses of hydro power plants, HPP Mostar and HPP Jablanica, to transient disturbances are analysed to validate the model and refine damping strategies. The results indicate that the B&amp;H EPS is well-damped, with all eigenvalues possessing negative real parts, and demonstrate the system’s resilience to small disturbances. The results are compared with the technical report on the integration of the wind power plant WPP Podveležje. This comparative analysis shows consistent patterns between the modeled calculations and empirical data, confirming the robustness of the EPS model. This alignment underscores the effectiveness of current damping mechanisms and provides a foundational strategy for enhancing system stability with increasing renewable energy penetration. The findings highlight the importance of developing advanced control strategies to sustain system stability as the integration of variable renewable energy sources continues to grow.
</abstract>

Analysis of Low-Frequency Oscillations in the Bosnia and Herzegovina Power System

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper investigates the strategic placement of capacitor banks in the distribution network of Gračanica, with a specific focus on the medium-voltage feeder Grades. The primary objective is to optimize voltage profiles, minimize power losses, and enhance the overall performance of the distribution network. The significance of this research lies in its thorough examination of optimal capacitor placement within the medium-voltage (MV) branch of distribution networks, specifically considering the intricate interplay between capacitor banks and MV branch components, underlining the necessity for informed decisions in the context of distributed generators (DG) integration to enhance overall network performance. The study further investigates the impact of integrating DGs on these objectives on capacitor placement in the MV feeder. Employing the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software tool for modelling the MV feeder and utilizing a genetic algorithm for capacitor placement optimization, the study underscores the robustness of this approach in handling various conditions and seeking optimal solutions. Simulation results demonstrate that strategically placing capacitor banks and integrating DGs can significantly improve the voltage profile and reduce power losses within the distribution system. The findings of this research support 2MVA of concentrated DGs at the middle of the line as the most efficient and most economically beneficial situation on the medium-voltage feeder Grades study case and contribute valuable insights, serving as a reference for future studies on optimal capacitor placement.
</abstract>

Optimal Capacitor Placement in Real Distribution Network with Reactive Power Support of Distributed Generation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Voltage unbalance and voltage variations are common issues in low voltage distribution networks caused by unbalanced connection of single-phase loads and electric vehicles (EVs) among phases. Part of the real low voltage grid in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the vicinity of the town of Tešanj, was analysed. The impact on single-phase consumer and single-phase EVs penetration was analysed. The grid was modelled using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. Three cases of the distribution of consumers by phases were analysed. Each of the three cases is expanded with four scenarios depending on the penetration of EV into the grid. Results showed that none of the twelve scenarios remained within the permissible limits of −10% voltage variation limit of EN 50160 for phase A. Seven of the twelve scenarios exceeded voltage unbalance limits +2% according to EN 50160.
</abstract>

Analysis of the Impact of Unbalanced Connection of Consumers and Electric Vehicles on Voltage Variation and Voltage Unbalance

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper presents a method for distributed generation (DG) allocation in medium voltage (MV) distribution system based on energy loss minimization. The main objective of the research is to design, implement and test a DG allocation (siting and sizing) method and to investigate how optimal DG allocation influence the operational parameters of the system from the Distribution System Operator (DSO) perspective. The problem is formulated as a single objective optimization problem solved by using both genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization techniques. Model of a realistic Electric Power Distribution System (EPDS) and IEEE 37-bus EPDS are used as test systems. The results confirm that proposed algorithms can be used for practical DG allocation. The research presented contributes to the field as it provides a DG allocation method for energy loss reduction performed on a EPDS which can be applied in realistic planning and regulatory situations using open-source software.
</abstract>

Distributed Generation Allocation in Distribution Network for Energy Losses Reduction

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Electromobility is strongly encouraged in the European Union. Elektroprivreda of Bosnia and Herzegovina (EP BiH) is the only company in BiH that uses Charge Point Management Software. To ensure a functional process of calculation and billing of charging consumption, it is necessary to implement appropriate software solutions. This paper provides a comparative analysis of possible models of ad-hoc charging at electric vehicle charging stations. As a result of a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the observed variants, a more detailed description of one selected model was given, which, due to its characteristics, as well as readiness for quick implementation in existing environment of EP BiH, proved to be the most adequate solution for business requirements of the company. The paper describes the economic effects of the introduction of the selected billing model, as well as the tariff model for charging.
</abstract>

Implementation of Billing System at Electrical Vehicle Charging Stations in Elektroprivreda BiH

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In recent years, significant achievements have been made with respect to the development of SF6-free gas insulated substations (GIS). In parallel, the interest in installing SF6-free GIS by utilities increased steadily and tenders for new substations or upgrades, which regularly also include alternative technologies. The excellent performance of SF6 was unequivocally accepted by all vendors and users so that the community became used to single technology solutions. This is no longer the case with alternative gas mixtures, and multiple technological solutions are available. However, from the present body of literature it is not possible to make a full and comparative evaluation of different alternative gas switchgear, i.e. circuit-breakers and disconnectors. Thus, the High-Voltage Laboratory of ETH Zürich started investigations and measurements of basic experiments that allow an unbiased comparison of properties of alternative gas mixtures relevant for switching. The two main purposes of these investigations are to define a set of measurements that allow an estimation and comparison of switching performance with different gas mixtures, independent of a specific interruption nozzle geometry, drive system, electrostatic design, and other design specific features, and to perform (some of) these measurements comparing pure SF6, with air, pure CO2, CO2/O2 mixture, and further specific gas mixtures that are currently proposed by manufacturers for SF6 replacement. The basic analysis behind the definition of measurements will be given in detail and the design principles of the chosen test devices and the derived test currents and diagnostics will be introduced. Test results themselves will not be given, rather they will be the subject of separate future publications.
</abstract>

Comparative Test Program Framework for Non-Sf6 Switching Gases

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The importance of the high voltage circuit breaker for the power system’s safe and reliable operation is paramount. This research aims to analyse and provide the most significant high voltage circuit breaker health state indices based on the non-invasive vibration fingerprint measurement method. Results obtained and presented in this paper are validated on the data set acquired from the vacuum circuit breaker.
</abstract>

High Voltage Circuit Breaker Vibration Signature Indices Evaluation for Condition Assessment

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper analyses and compares the conventional lightning protection systems proposed in IEC 62305 to the lightning protection systems based on the application of early streamer emission lightning rods proposed in NF C 17-102. Comparison between the two approaches to the lightning protection of structures was presented, both from a technical and economic point of view. Some inconsistencies in the conventional air termination system design methods are pointed out. The critical attitude of the scientific community regarding the declared protection characteristics of the early streamer emission lightning rods is discussed.
</abstract>

Early Streamer Emission Vs Conventional Lightning Protection Systems

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper explores the possibility of using the novel Deep Operator Networks (DeepONet) for forward analysis of numerically intensive and challenging multiphysics designs and optimizations of advanced materials and processes. As an important step towards that goal, DeepONet networks were devised and trained on GPUs to solve the Poisson equation (heat-conduction equation) with the spatially variable heat source and highly nonlinear stress distributions under plastic deformation with variable loads and material properties. Since DeepONet can learn the parametric solution of various phenomena and processes in science and engineering, it was found that a properly trained DeepONet can instantly and accurately inference thermal and mechanical solutions for new parametric inputs without re-training and transfer learning and several orders of magnitude faster than classical numerical methods.
</abstract>

About Applications of Deep Learning Operator Networks for Design and Optimization of Advanced Materials and Processes

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this work we present the design of a PV plant comprising storage for the transition of the fossil fuelled power plant of a non-interconnected Greek Island to a hybrid one with high RES penetration. Simulations are performed using the OpenDSS software. The proposed design offers 58.1% reduction in both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for the first year of operation, which reduces to 44.2% and 42.2% after 20 years.
</abstract>

Hybrid Power Plant with Storage on a Non-Interconnected Greek Island

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B&H Electrical Engineering

B&amp;H Electrical Engineering (ISSN: 2566-3143, e-ISSN: 2566-3151) is an international, double blind peer reviewed, non-commercial, open access journal.   The Committee for...

B&amp;H Electrical Engineering (ISSN: 2566-3143, e-ISSN: 2566-3151) is an international, double blind peer reviewed, non-commercial, open access...