<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Orientation is a design parameter that plays a major role in climate responsive architecture and helps achieve comfort within the built environment. However, it is difficult to achieve an ideal orientation, especially in urban context. The main aim of this paper is to develop alternate strategies to overcome the challenges faced in designing as per preferred orientation and then derive a set of tools that can help decide the orientation of a building on site both under normal and congested site conditions. Thereafter, the inferences from the paper can act as references for choosing an optimum orientation for placement of buildings in warm humid climate. It can act as a significant pedagogical guideline for students of architecture in deciphering solutions for a climate responsive design in a simplified manner. The results can also be utilised for future research in formulating similar tools for other climatic regions.
</abstract>

Building Orientation as the Primary Design Consideration for Climate Responsive Architecture in Urban Areas

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Sustainable development – development that meets the needs of the present-day societies without compromising the possibilities of the future societies to meet their needs – became the predominant paradigm of planning policies. This concept with its environmental, social, economic and cultural dimensions has been applied to the field of architecture since the end of the 20th century. However, numerous researchers still notice technological and ecological orientation of sustainable architecture and the lack of attention to its cultural, place-based and aesthetics aspects. The question may be asked if it is possible to distinguish the aesthetics of sustainable architecture. Thus, this research analyses the question of sustainability aesthetics and the ways that it is expressed in the field of architecture. In order to reach this aim: the quantitative and qualitative literature review on the questions of sustainability aesthetics and sustainability aesthetics in architecture was performed; the discussion of the notion of sustainability aesthetics and the aesthetic trends of sustainable architecture was developed based on the results of literature analysis.
</abstract>

Aesthetics of Sustainability and Architecture: An Overview

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of this article is to analyse how physical classroom environment can be related to pedagogy and to examine the causes that prevent such correlation. The article briefly introduces the development of classrooms since the 20th century, it underlines modern learning activities, presents visual organization of classroom spaces in correlation with the latter and analyses students’ activity zones in the classrooms. Article presents the model of interaction between pedagogy and physical classroom environment.
</abstract>

Physical Classroom Environment and Pedagogy

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The intention of this paper is to provide a comparative parametric approach that to analyze informal housing patterns and to develop alternative housing paradigms by designing new formal housing patterns in Istanbul. This paper focuses on parameters which are effective in the formation of “informal housing settlements” considering the formal housing production alternatives. Observation, actual sources and parametric evaluation was used. This study aims to make comparison between organic informal housing structure and formal housing structure in Maltepe/ Istanbul housing settlement and analyse their physical and spatial patterns by using parametric evaluation approach.</abstract>

Department of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University Address: Barbaros, Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey, 34349. Phone: +90 5054970414

Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University Address: Taşkışla, Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey, 34743. Phone: +90 5322476767

A Comparative Parametric Evaluation of Informal and Formal Housing: Maltepe/Istanbul Case Study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Affordable Housing is a critical issue in many developing countries that impacts their potential for sustainability and socio-economic development. Lack of affordable housing, slower growth of housing stock, and aging housing conflates numerous other problems in Pakistan, including overcrowding, poor indoor air quality, prevalence of preventable diseases, and development of slums and katchi abadies, etc. These challenges lessen living standards in many areas. Unaffordable housing forces low income families in urban areas to live in dilapidated areas. An increase in the construction of affordable housing is needed to mitigate housing affordability challenges in Pakistan. Setting aside land quotas for low-income families in housing development schemes is not sufficient because the households still lack the means to construct housing. This paper attempts to identify the causes of unaffordable housing and solutions for its provision.
</abstract>

Making Unaffordable to Affordable: Looking into Affordable Housing Issues and Its Remedies

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article describes a traditional one-story building named <italic>cardenha</italic>, which is a type of vernacular building in the village of Vale de Poldros and widespread in the northern region of Portugal. The author has done the comparative analysis of construction of <italic>cardenha</italic> and similar structures that have dry stone masonry walls and corbelled dome roofs in the territory of the Mediterranean Basin. Related construction systems of <italic>cardenha</italic> were identified in the basic types of corbelled domes and unique features of the structures in Vale de Poldros are described.</abstract>

Vernacular Values in Architectural Heritage. The Case of Vale de Poldros

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The analysis in this research focuses on folk schools, which are among the oldest educational buildings in Latvia. These schools played a significant role in the advancement of Latvian national culture and the initiation of Latvian education. Throughout history, the preservation and fate of this architectural heritage have consistently relied on socio-economic and political factors. Even in the present day, due to urbanization, school restructuring, and a lack of societal appreciation for their historical significance, these buildings remain vulnerable to complete deterioration and eventual disappearance. The historical form of folk schools as an educational network no longer exists, and today their architectural heritage serves as vanishing proof of the past, with its value primarily recognized within cultural and historical contexts. This study analyzes 114 identified folk school structures situated in two historical regions of Latvia. It delves into their construction history and architectural characteristics while elucidating the inherent risks and potential cultural significance these edifices hold in the contemporary landscape of Kurzeme and Zemgale.
</abstract>

The Architecture of Folk Schools in Latvia: Development and Stylistic Features in Kurzeme and Zemgale

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The limited access to fulfilment of housing needs, inadequate availability of finance, and unaffordable housing prices are essential factors used to determine the effectiveness of housing finance policies for Low-Income Communities (MBR). This study aims to determine how <italic>SiKasep</italic>, a Housing Subsidized KPR Information System Application effectively improves housing needs fulfilment, provides access to finance, and ensures affordable houses for low-income communities. The strategies used include leadership approaches and effective communication, government support, community knowledge, participation, and policy impact. This is a quantitative and qualitative research with data collected from 55 respondents through questionnaires. The findings indicate the importance of the community’s knowledge factors, specifically on aspects of technology proficiency and economy for MBR, as an innovative approach to effective housing finance policy.
</abstract>

The Effectiveness of Housing Finance Policy Innovation for Low-Income Communities in Indonesia

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The epistemological debate regarding the new industrial heritage paradigm from the landscape perspective has generated a number of uncertainties as well as new questions and challenges that need to be addressed, not only from a conceptual viewpoint but also via the definition of methodological approaches that facilitate the implementation in the territory in question of some of its axioms as an initial, unavoidable step towards the identification and characterisation of these landscapes. The purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual and methodological approach to the industrial landscape based on its heritage dimension. On a conceptual level, the article explores the study of these landscapes, addressing their heritage dimension and offering a synthesis of existent theories in this field with those practical instruments, regulations, recommendations, etc., that recognise their heritage value. On a methodological level, the article advances in the design of methodological keys for the analysis and identification of these landscapes by focusing on their specific nature and heritage dimension, a step that constitutes a priority task in terms of the enhancement and integrated management of the same in a manner that supports their protection and administration on the basis of heritage and cultural considerations.
</abstract>

The Heritage Dimension of Industrial Landscape. Methodological Keys for Its Analysis and Identification

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The development of a contemporary townscape within the historical urban structures is a phenomenon of this period that has been going on in Lithuania for about 20 years. This is an ongoing process with an uncertain outcome, as the rapidly changing urban design trends require quick responses to current needs. It is necessary to modify, revise, and supplement the concepts and existing legislation accordingly. This article examines the factors leading to the emergence and formation of the modern townscape in Vilnius, as well as the documents governing the city’s development after gaining independence. It presents an evaluation of the newly established urban structures in the central part of Vilnius and identifies the challenges and problems in shaping the contemporary townscape. The results of the study allow us to identify what actions must be taken in order to form a high-quality modern townscape, starting with self-evaluation of what has been done and ending with the creation of a dynamic urban model that would respond to constantly changing needs.
</abstract>

Shaping a Modern Townscape in The City Centre Area: The Case of Vilnius

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Post-war concrete architecture is a valuable part of the 20th-century heritage spread worldwide with specific preservation challenges. This paper analyses three possible preservation scenarios: conservation, comprehensive upgrade, and adaptive reuse based on a broad legacy of post-war concrete architecture in Lithuania and the sustainability aspect. Even though several significant concrete objects are listed, they are protected very formally, and no comprehensive preservation is applied.
</abstract>

Preservation Scenarios for Post-War Concrete Architecture: The Case of Lithuania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The process of improving the residential areas in Latvia’s cities and their visual and aesthetic quality at the beginning of the 21st century is very slow. Legislation, lack of professionals in institutions, bureaucratic burden of decision-making and other factors create an unnecessary hierarchy. The current instability of the country’s economic and political situation contributes to an imbalance in the psycho-emotional state of society. The permissiveness of society and the desire of citizens to park their cars closer to their front doors are negative features. The construction of multi-storey garages and removing vehicles from courtyards are not a priority for city authorities. The courtyards of apartment blocks built in Latvia in the 1950s–1970s were planned in the post-war years when the number of cars was minimal. The only space in the courtyards was for footpaths, a small play area and a sports field. The rest of the courtyard was lawn and tree planting to provide easy access for emergency vehicles. More than half a century has passed, and today’s task is not easy, as the trees have grown to a great height and are forming shade. In turn, footpaths have lost the purpose to which they led many decades ago. As the political system collapses, the format of living space must change. A new generation is emerging with a new demand for quality. The socio-political and national economic fluctuations are far from easy to stop in the 21st century. There is an apparent lack of cooperation in several planning processes that would ensure the visual and functional quality of urban space at different levels. Latvia’s cities are currently on the path of developing new residential open spaces. Therefore, the study looks at several examples of residential neighbourhoods in Helsinki, Finland, and compares them with residential neighbourhoods in Jelgava, Latvia.
</abstract>

The Research for Aesthetic Quality of Residential Areas in Latvia and Finland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Wood in general is a traditional building material in Northern Europe including Latvia and other Baltic countries, but nowadays it is used less in Latvia than in other EU countries. There are many forests in Latvia and a well-developed timber industry. Latvian society is enthusiastic about eco-materials, and qualified architects and engineers are ready to work with timber structures. However, wood is mainly used for small buildings and residential construction, but minimally in public and multi-apartment buildings. The study was carried out among architects and other stakeholders in Latvia to analyze their impact on the selection of building material. Thirty-eight interviews were conducted, questionnaire among 73 respondents carried out, and discussion in a focus group was held to find out the main reason and barriers for using wood for buildings in Latvia less than in other EU countries. During the research the main influencing factors for choosing wood constructions were identified and seven main barriers formulated. The study results were compared with the results of similar studies in other countries. Two of the seven barriers in Latvia – stereotypes and legislation – were not mentioned in other studies, nevertheless, these are the most frequently mentioned obstacles in the Latvian case.</abstract>

Barriers for Use of Wood in Architecture: The Latvian Case

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Design studio, workshop, practical placement and design-build concept, are all forms of experiential learning. The aim of this paper is to investigate the significance of design-build concept and to define the extent to which it has penetrated into architectural curricula. Results indicate variety in understanding, programming and implementation among different schools. Conducted comparative analysis of different case examples could be used as a guideline to schools in which this concept has not been introduced yet.</abstract>

Design-Build Concept In Architectural Education

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Urban regeneration with a view to efficient use of urban areas has been a strategy for urban development for decades. Densification is used as a planning approach to promote the implementation of the compact city model and to discourage urban sprawl. The central parts of the city are usually of high density, so the areas outside the city’s historic centre are seen as potential sites for urban densification. In many European cities large-scale residential areas built after the Second World War occupy a significant part of the territory outside of the city’s historic centres. Today, these housing areas are in most cases sleeping areas with great potential for development. Densification of urban areas outside of urban nuclei is not an easy task, and deals with a whole series of challenges.The paper examines the existing approaches focused on densification in large housing estates. In order to define the typical challenges of this process, the examples of infill developments in large housing area Imanta in Riga are analysed. The analysis of infill development in Imanta showed four possible approaches. Some approaches contribute to the improvement of public space for neighbourhood inhabitants in general, still some approaches tend to isolate the new development and inhabitants from the surrounding territory.</abstract>

Urban Densification of Large Housing Estates in the Context of Privatisation of Public Open Space: the Case of Imanta, Riga

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The residential landscape of a city is key to its economic, social, and cultural functioning. Following the collapse of communist rule in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, urban residential dynamics and household mobility have been critical to urban change under new economies and political systems. This article explores neighbourhood perception, which is a link in the chain to better explanation of socio-spatial processes (and their interruption by the socialist system). We use a novel data set – opinions expressed on one of social media (Twitter), and a novel empirical method – neural network analysis, to explore people’s current attitudes and perceptions about the neighbourhoods and districts in Tartu, Estonia. The findings suggest that Twitter comments about urban neighbourhoods display attitudinal and perceptual commentary, which is subdued compared to other subjects. The socialist goal of homogeneity in neighbourhoods is not reflected in present day perspectives about urban neighbourhoods, 25 years after the disintegration of the USSR. Ambivalence about neighbourhoods persists, but this ambivalence may be in flux. Older, formerly neglected neighbourhoods, the subject of positive perception on social media, are currently experiencing increased investment, and the observed trends in our data support a narrative of neighbourhood transition.</abstract>

Network Connections and Neighbourhood Perception: Using Social Media Postings to Capture Attitudes among Twitter Users in Estonia

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
COVID-19, evidently the world’s worst pandemic during the last two centuries, has predicated several challenges for urban designers, especially in their bid to find appropriate designing strategies. Even though there are umpteenth studies in the literature that have focused on the different aspects of COVID-19 related pandemics, very scant studies sought to find appropriate mitigating strategies in designing pandemic friendly urban spaces. Thus, through qualitative grounded theory as a main methodological approach, this study hypothesized that the COVID-19 induced pandemic has direct effects on the liveability of public spaces. Accordingly, by developing a comprehensive review of the literature on the environmental and socio-economic effects of the pandemic, this study proposed a comprehensive framework for understanding its side effects and a comprehensive mitigating strategy to deal with it in the short and long term of designing a healthy urban environment.
</abstract>

A Comprehensive Review on the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Urban Spaces

Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form - Authors

Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form - Editor

Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form - Reviewer

Editorial Policy

Open Access License

Review Form

Author Guidelines

License to Publish

Architecture and Urban Planning

The annual Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University, Architecture and Urban Planning reflects most of the research themes and content of global and local problems in the regional...

Cite Score

SNIP

MNiSW

The annual Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University, Architecture and Urban Planning reflects most of the research themes and content of...