<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The gas produced from the deposit usually contains various types of pollution. They are the reason for limiting its use, often making its use impossible. Therefore, it requires appropriate treatment. One of the main pollutants in gas is water. Its occurrence causes a lot of problems, especially at the stage of gas transport, such as the formation of hydrates blocking pipelines and apparatus, causes the phenomenon of condensation and corrosion of pipelines, especially if there is carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide in the gas. The paper presents a number of methods that enable drying of gas after extraction. Each of them has different parameters that will be achieved for the gas after it is dried. Depending on the required degree of drying, the economics of the process and compatibility with other dependent processes, the individual methods are more or less used in gas engineering. The paper discusses methods of absorption in ethylene glycol solutions, adsorption methods using silica gel, molecular sieves or calcium chloride and low-temperature processes such as Twister® supersonic separator, IFPEX-1® process and DexProTM process.
</abstract>

Overview of Selected Natural Gas Drying Methods

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper attempts to demonstrate the potential applications of mental maps in sociological research of the city. The author presents the method and its modification. Beginning with the classical work by Kevin Lynch, he proceeds to show the elaboration of this method in the research of psychologists, social geographers and urbanists. The subsequent part of the paper discusses the possibilities of applying the method in sociological research of the city. The author demonstrates the wide range of possibilities offered by the use of mental maps. The final chapter includes a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of this method.
</abstract>

THE USEFULNESS OF MENTAL MAPS FOR SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE CITY

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The classic test for soil or aggregate bearing capacity in road construction is the CBR test. The results of the CBR were determined for gravelly sand and sand with the addition of 1.5% cement, as well as for their mixtures with 18 mm long polypropylene fibres in the amounts of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%. The effect of compaction and time of curing of samples stabilised with hydraulic binder were also determined. The natural soil without cement and fibre additions had relatively high CBR values. The additions of 0.1% and 0.2% polypropylene fibres to the dry mass of the soil resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in the CBR value for the samples compacted using the standard method. Increasing the amount of fibres to 0.3% caused a reduction in the CBR value to that obtained without fibre addition. For samples compacted using the modified Proctor method, the observations are different. Only the sample with 0.2% fibre addition achieved a slightly higher CBR value. Moreover, the addition of 1.5% cement and the length of treatment increased the CBR values.
</abstract>

The Impact of Polypropylene Fibre Addition on the CBR Value

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents issues concerning realization of paradigm of sustainable design in the achitectural design of offices. Special attention is given to relevant technical, formal and functional solutions, being the domain of interior architects creating the built environments of adequate indoor quality with substantial reduction of negative impact on natural environment. Presented sustainable architectural interiors, completed in the last decade, have gained cerificates established by independent scientific institutions, assuring their accordance with exigencies of rating systems. The paper analyzes the formal methods of proper space planning, which assure high indoor environment quality parameters for the end users of office interiors in terms of optimum daylighyting of workstations and recreational areas as well as workers’ visual contact with natural valuable surroundings. These requirements can be satisfactorily met by properly shaped inner space elements including partitions, ceilings, space-dividing structures as well as rational and effective use of finishing and building materials. Technical and technological devices incorporated into the inner space mentioned in the paper are supposed to be essential complement of these design methods assuring proper daylight transmission and distribution in workspaces. Discussed examples indicate the necessity of collaboration of interior architects with other professionals and consultants (i.e. green building accredited consultants), whose design contributions should be accepted and respected. Integrated interior design process assured fulfilment of imperatives for sustainable architectural design of interiors.
</abstract>

Daylighting In Sustainable Interior Design of Offices

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents the influence of the quality of water subjected to treatment on the filtration process, using self-cleaning DynaSand filters with contact coagulation. Technological factors directly influencing the filtration process and filtrate quality were identified, e.g. variable flows, retention time on filter bed and filtration speed. In addition, the purification process of rinse water in the Lamella separator and its impact on the filtration process were investigated. The Lamella separator combined with the flocculation tank, in which the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes are carried out, is an excellent solution to the problem involving the formation of large amounts of rinse water after washing the sand bed of DynaSand filters. The rinse water of fast filters is cleaned on the Lamella separator and returned to the beginning of the filtration system, before DynaSand filters. This solution allows to minimize water losses in the discussed WTP.
</abstract>

Impact of Variable Technological and Quality Factors on the Efficiency of Filtration Processes Using Dynasand Filters and Lamella Separator

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper discusses the close relationship between the concept of health-affirming everyday landscapes and the idea of sustainable city design. The French National program of eco-neighborhood certification ÉcoQuartier is described and the correlation between the concepts of health-affirming landscapes, sustainable cities, and eco-neighborhoods is explained using the example of a selected eco-neighborhood in France.
</abstract>

Health-Affirming Everyday Landscapes in Sustainable City. Eco-Neighborhoods in France Case

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Governments worldwide have established lockdowns to limit the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic. The restrictions on travel and reduction of economic activity have led to a temporary improvement in air quality in several countries, especially in urban areas. This study investigates the changes in concentration levels of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and bacterial aerosol) in the Upper Silesia Region of Southern Poland, during three periods: pre (March 2018 and 2019), during (March 2020, and 2021) and post-COVID-19 lockdown period (March 2022 and 2023). Our findings indicate that COVID-19 restrictions had a moderate impact on PM10 levels in comparison to pre- and post-COVID-19 periods. PM2.5 during lockdown was significantly lower than in the pre-COVID period and not significantly higher after COVID. PM10 and PM2.5 average concentrations decreased during COVID-19 restrictions by 27.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Compared with the results from the pre-COVID-19 phase, the reductions in NO2 and SO2 during the lockdown were 9.5% and 34.0%. Among other pollutants, bacterial aerosol (BA) concentrations also decreased during the lockdown by 23.0%, compared to the results from the pre-COVID-19 period.
</abstract>

Ambient Air Quality in Upper Silesia Region Pre-During, and Post-COVID-19 Periods

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The transformed living space as a symptom of culture remains in regulated relation or opposition to nature. Habitation concerns living beings, humans, as well as animals and plants whose well-being requires appropriate conditions that translate into quality of life. Coexistence with nature is essential from the level of satisfying basic physiological needs to higher ones. Contemporary imitations of natural elements are enhanced by information technologies and their incarnated manifestation – the virtual space, which enables substitute solutions – the simulacra. Dwellings have become multidimensional platforms for everyday activities, combining elements of simultaneous natural and virtual worlds.
Research includes ecocritical interpretations of the natural world in architecture, exemplified by the design of a dormitory for the campus of the University of California in Santa Barbara. The aim is to indicate the direction of further development of smart residential architecture marked by modern technologies in an ecological context considering the interdependence of human and nature. The conclusions indicate that balanced natural and virtual elements are compatible but not equivalent.
</abstract>

Ecocritical Interpretation of Natural and Virtual Elements in the Residential Environment. Nature in Dwelling Spaces and its Simulacra

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents theoretical analyses of renovating a historical bridge in order to decrease stresses. The installation of additional equipment, including a vibration absorber, is relatively easy to perform if such a need is indicated by the current bridge diagnostics or the monitoring of the structure’s vibrations. Moreover, absorbers could be mounted in such a way as not to alter the appearance of the historic structure. The authors focused on the problem of optimising the cooperation between a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) and a structure under dynamic load moving with constant velocity. A simple degree of freedom (SDOF) system – as a model of the absorber and a multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) system – as the primary structure, were adopted in the calculations. Every force is regarded as a random variable, as well as interarrivals of moving forces. Two different situations and solutions were presented. The first case is when the stream of moving forces with a constant velocity is modelled as the filtered Poisson process. The second one when one of the forces is located in the point of the beam in which the response of the beam has the maximum value.
</abstract>

Optimisation of the Parameters of a Vibration Damper Installed on a Historic Bridge

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents a comparative analysis of the application of two nonlocal gradient-formulated models to evaluate the concrete cover degradation time. Calculations were made taking into account the increase in the volume of the steel ring around the perimeter of the reinforcement bar. The results of the calculations were compared with the results of experimental studies published in the literature and with the elastic-plastic model based on the Menetrey-Willam surface, in which the objectivity of the obtained results depends on the fracture energy. In addition, the paper compares solutions using different contact models and cohesion models.
</abstract>

Analysis of Application of Gradient Concrete Models to Assess Concrete Cover Degradation Under Reinforcement Corrosion

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
One of the municipal waste streams is street cleaning waste, classified under code 20 03 03. They are not considered hazardous waste. Due to the lack of other management technology, they are sent to landfills. This waste, among other things, by its high chloride content especially after winter, can contribute to changes in the salinity of surface and groundwater and soil salinization, which consequently contributes to changes in the local environment and entire ecosystems. As it is deposited entirely in landfills, it also contributes to the salinity of leachate generated here. The Regulation of the Minister of Economy of July 16, 2015, on allowing waste to be deposited in landfills, the total organic carbon in waste deposited in non-hazardous and inert waste landfills must not exceed 5% of dry weight. The purpose of this article is to present a study of the quality of the waste on parameters like water content, organic and mineral fraction in the dry weight of the waste, and fractional separation. The water content of the waste ranged from 12–27%, while the mineral fraction in the dry weight was 91–94%. The smallest fraction below 0.05 mm accounted for 0d 1.8 to 4.5%.
</abstract>

Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Street and Sidewalk Cleaning Waste

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Carbon neutrality is necessary to address the global problem of climate change. The International Energy Agency has recognized coal as the largest source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. This article analyzes carbon dioxide emissions from coal and carbon dioxide emissions from energy for the major emitters of CO2 emissions. As more than half of the world's Carbon dioxide emissions from coal come from China, the authors have analyzed the extreme situation that could arise in the carbon reduction market if China were to postpone its commitments to reduce coal consumption. The article calculates the time frame required for other coal-consuming countries to phase out coal to compensate for China's annual coal consumption. It demonstrates that without China transitioning from coal consumption to zero-carbon energy sources, other countries will not be able to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. This proves that for the first time in history, the achievement of the goal set by the global community depends on the actions of a single country. The article outlines the goals set by China in its Nationally Determined Contribution and other government documents to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. It also presents China's efforts to implement renewable energy sources, nuclear reactors, and energy storage.
</abstract>

Race to Carbon Neutrality. Prospects of Phasing Out Coal

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Biogas is produced during anaerobic digestion of organic substances by a consortium of microorganisms. Biogas consists mainly of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Other gases such as dinitrogen (N2), water vapour (H2O), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfur compounds could also be found therein. Biogas produced by waste biomass has been recognized as one of the most important alternative energy sources in the recent years. In order to be used as a source of energy to generate heat and electricity, biogas should be cleaned. H2S is a colourless, flammable, malodorous and toxic gas. The main issues due to the high concentrations of H2S in biogas are its corrosive action, which damages engines and the production of sulfur oxides (SOx) due to H2S combustion. The best ways to remove H2S from biogas are the biological methods with the use of biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers and using of activated sludge.
</abstract>

Use of Biological Methods For Removal of H2S From Biogas In Wastewater Treatment Plants – A Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents an integrated (inferential) system of computer assistance in waste management designed in component-based technology. The system allows for the implementation of individual elements (system components) with native and managed programming languages and performance technologies, ensuring easy integration of those components into one coherent, cooperating whole. One of the key issues involves the placement of the objects, events and conducted spatial (geographical) analyses in the system through the application of GIS technology (ability to use digital (vector or halftonebased) terrain maps), execution of spatial analyses, data visualization on maps, etc., using also commonly available spatial data available as part of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information (established under the Act on Infrastructure for Spatial Information).
</abstract>

A Gis Based Graph Oriented Algorithmic Model for Poly-Optimization of Waste Management System

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Chitosan is a natural product derived from chitin, which is mostly found in exo-skeletons of shrimp, crab and lobster shells. This paper presents a short review of the literature regarding the use of chitosan and its modifications for removing selected pollutants from water and wastewater. In particular, the examples of removal of metal ions, dyes, anions and phenols were described. Furthermore, the possibility of the use of chitosan as a coagulant and flocculant in water and wastewater technologies are also shown. Based on the literature review described in this article it can be concluded that chitosan and especially its modifications is a very promising sorbent for removing a broad spectrum of pollutants from aqueous solutions. It also presents directions for further research in order to obtain a better knowledge of the practical applications of chitosan.
</abstract>

The Use of Chitosan For Removing Selected Pollutants From Water And Wastewater – Short Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The widespread thermal improvement in residential buildings involves not only the insulation of outdoor walls but also window replacement. In Poland it is the residents of individual premises who manage the replacement and in order to keep their heating bills low, they seek airtight solutions to minimize the cooling of premises due to air infiltration. In this situation the indoor air quality is not considered at all and no exchange of used air and fresh air occurs. Unawareness on the part of residents and the increased costs of replacing the windows which need additional devices to ensure the inflow of air are the main reason for the deteriorating microclimate conditions in residential dwellings.
The present paper demonstrates the measurement of indoor air quality, the building leakage test and the measurement of air flow in exhaust opening a four-bedroom dwelling located in Gliwice, Poland. In order to evaluate the air exchange within a longer period and in different outdoor climate conditions, the measurements were supplemented with numerical simulation of ventilating airflows. Modifications to improve the indoor air quality in the examined flat were also suggested.
</abstract>

Thermal Improvement in Residential Buildings in View of the Indoor Air Quality – Case Study for Polish Dwelling

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper deals with the problem of recycling and a review of the problem field of handling polymeric materials is carried out, on the basis of which commonality for the European space of their disposal and recycling problems is shown. Ways of solving them are identified and the leading dynamics of European approaches to waste management compared to national ones are revealed. It is shown that the tempos of formation of polymeric wastes practically coincide with the tempos of their processing, which indicates an increase in the technogenic load on the environment as a result of the continued influx of polymeric materials into it. The structure and species priorities of polymeric wastes and damage to the most vulnerable sectors of the economy and ecosystems are identified, and the dangerous impact of their destruction on the environment is estimated. Comparison of the main methods of disposal of polymeric wastes used in the world made it possible to evaluate approaches to solving the problem of cyclical handling of polymeric materials wastes, the results of which would be a socioeconomic and ecological effect, reducing the impact of the consequences of the destruction of polymer fractions of landfills on environmental quality, as well as significant saving non-renewable fossil raw materials. The expected performance is expressed quantitatively by calculating the integral indicator of the efficiency of polymer waste processing, taking into account the ratio of the sum of recycling effects, expressed in terms of value, to the capital and current costs of the project.
</abstract>

RECYCLING OF POLYMER WASTE IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPING CIRCULAR ECONOMY

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Poland was collected 9.6 million tonnes of municipal waste in 2012 (plus update). The primary method of dealing with municipal waste collected was organized depositing them in landfills. Mixed municipal waste accounted for almost 90% of all municipal waste collected (8.6 million tonnes). Poland is one of the lowest in the EU in terms of the use energy from waste.
The analysis of complex real-time physical processes, thermal waste processing and determination of their optimal parameters requires a series of studies and detailed analysis of constituents of elementary processes (degassing, gasification, combustion). The apparent simplicity of process implementation often determines knowledge and practical experience required in their application. The relationships known and used in the design usually concern a homogeneous substance (conventional fuels) and do not correspond to the conditions and needs of processing of complex substances of a different chemical composition and physic-chemical properties. Due to the complexity of the real process, numerical calculations were carried out to simulate the operation of a waste incineration technology. For this purpose a mathematical model was developed as well as its implementation in the programming code of a high-level language. In order to calibrate and validate the model (compliance with the real process) calculations were performed on a specially prepared set of validation data. The authors analysed a group of processes that belong to one technology, looking into connections between degassing, gasification and combustion of carbonized substances in pure oxygen.
</abstract>

Advanced Computational Methods In Component-Oriented Modelling Of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Processes

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Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment (ACEE) Journal is an international double-blind peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published as a quarterly by the Silesian...

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Architecture Civil Engineering Environment (ACEE) Journal is an international double-blind peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal...