<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The aim of this work is to present the application possibilities of ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL STUDIES STUDIA EKONOMICZNE I REGIONALNE ISSN 2083-3725 Volume 14, No. 2, 2021 ECREG STUDIES Vol. 14, No. 2, 2021 the weights of criteria is proposed, which maximizes the similarity of the final ranking to the other ones.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> PROMETHEE II method and taxonomic measure were used to create rankings of exchanges. Hierarchical clustering combined with the k-means algorithm <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.ers.edu.pl">www.ers.edu.pl</ext-link> PDF OPEN ACCESS eISSN 2451-182X available data published on the Internet were analysed.
<bold>Results:</bold> There was a high consistency in the ordering of exchanges when a multi-criteria and a multi-dimensional approach were used. Four groups of exchanges with a similar level of the values of net flows were identified. Exchanges in group one were characterized by the highest average net flows.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The multi-criteria approach can be used as an alternative to the multi-dimensional assessment of cryptocurrency exchanges. The proposed simulation method for determining the weights of criteria can be helpful in case the researcher has no information about the importance of the criteria.
</abstract>

The Promethee II Method in Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Cryptocurrency Exchanges

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> A quantitative measurement of the implementation of the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy, an assessment of the degree of implementation of the strategy objectives for the individual EU-27 countries, and a ranking of countries in terms of the implementation of the strategy objectives were carried out.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The empirical analysis used EUROSTAT statistics covering the values of the basic indicators of the Europe 2020 strategy in the five main areas of development. The TOPSIS linear ordering method was used. For each country, a synthetic measure was established to express the level of achievement of the objectives of the strategy. On the basis of the value of the synthetic measure, a ranking of the countries was created in terms of the degree of the implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy objectives. A ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL STUDIES STUDIA EKONOMICZNE I REGIONALNE ISSN 2083-3725 Volume 14, No. 2, 2021 ECREG STUDIES
<bold>Results:</bold> Vol. 14, No. 2, 2021 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.ers.edu.pl">www.ers.edu.pl</ext-link> PDF OPEN ACCESS eISSN 2451-182X quantitative approach was adopted in order to compare the effects of implementing the strategy assumptions. Groups of countries with a similar level of strategy implementation were identified.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The research confirmed the existence of a significant diversification of the results of implementing the strategy objectives in the EU-27 countries. The differences were particularly visible between the highly developed Western European countries and the South European countries, severely weakened by the economic crisis of 2008–2009 and the recession of 2012–2013. The values of the synthetic measure allowed to determine the degree of the implementation of the objectives of the strategy and to create a ranking of the EU-27 countries. The adopted approach made it possible to compare the obtained classification of the Member States into groups with a similar level of achievement of the objectives of the strategy and to define measurable effects of the implementation of the “Europe 2020” strategic plan.
</abstract>

An Evaluation of the Implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> Security of tenure is observed as an underlying tool for measuring the development among communities of developing countries. Despite this, the issues related to peoples’ thinking or feelings as well as to what drives security of land tenure are poorly understood and inconclusive. This study examines the residents’ perception of security of land tenure in rural Nigeria.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 125 respondents from the study area by administering a questionnaire while key informants were subjected to an in-depth interview.
<bold>Results:</bold> The data for the study were collected and analysed using content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the perception of security of land tenure varies in the area studied and across the settlement categories. Further results showed that four factors such as income, length of stay, culture, and education were identified as major factors influencing the residents’ perception of the security of land tenure.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The study concluded that socio-economic and cultural factors influence the residents’ perception of security of land tenure in the area researched.
</abstract>

Land Tenure Security Perceptions Amongst Nigerian Rural Communities: A Case Of Atiba Local Government Area (Lga), Oyo State

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The aim of the work was to show the impact of the implemented public investments and development projects on the local development and the changes that occurred, as well as on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the Sarnaki Commune in 2014- 2020. The research problem of the study was to show the role and the nature of the investments made by the commune in the area of local development. The assumed hypothesis states that the investments implemented in the Sarnaki Commune in the period 2014-2020 have led to the socio-economic development of the commune.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The publication used Polish literature concerning local investments, local development and local government, statistical data and an analysis of the documentation related to the investments obtained from the Sarnaki Commune Office. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a survey was carried out among a deliberately selected group consisting of the representatives of the commune office (commune administrator, secretary, and treasurer), the councilors (legislative authority) and the village leaders (opinion-forming authority) of the Sarnaki commune. A particularly important group included the village leaders, that is the representatives of the local community who are the closest to social developmental problems and are impartial in issuing their opinions. A separate research group consisted of social representatives who were elected in democratic elections by the inhabitants, and who are closely related and knowledgeable about social and economic matters. Some information was also collected from the employees of the commune office.
<bold>Results:</bold> The conducted analyses and the research show that the implemented public investments in the commune studied had the most positive impact on the technical infrastructure in which the most funds were invested. They had the most impact on the access to sports and recreation facilities, road and water infrastructure, as well as on the state of the natural environment and the aesthetics of the surroundings. On the other hand, they had the least impact on the employment opportunities in the commune, access to housing infrastructure and public safety.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The investments carried out in the period 2014-2020 in the Sarnaki Commune led to the socio-economic development of the commune, and, as a result, to positive changes, both quantitative and qualitative, in the local development as well as in the living conditions of the inhabitants.
</abstract>

Impact of Public Investments on the Local Development of the Sarnaki Commune in the Years 2014-2020

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The subject of this study concerns profitability and risk of selected forms of investment on the Polish capital market. The aim of the study was to compare profitability and risk of active and passive investment portfolios.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The research material consisted of the rates of return on investments in the undervalued shares and growth shares included in the WIG-20 index and the results of the Lyxor WIG 20 UCITS ETF fund in 2014-2019. The study compares the rates of the return and standard deviations of returns of the portfolios managed actively and passively.
<bold>Results:</bold> The analysis of the rates of return of the created investment portfolios indicates a higher profitability and a lower risk of the passive form of investment consisting in the purchase of an ETF fund. Among active strategies the growth investing strategy showed a higher profitability and a lower risk.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> Passive forms of investment are an effective alternative to active portfolio management.
</abstract>

Profitability and Risk of Selected Forms of Investment on the Polish Capital Market

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The article is devoted to factors influencing the migration decisions of young Poles to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and to showing the differences in their perception of the country of emigration and the country of immigration. The elements of youth policy in Poland and the Netherlands were also presented. The hypothesis adopted in the paper was that the decisions of young people in the labor market are mainly influenced by short-term financial aspects.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The observations and assessments used in the article were formulated based on the research literature on the subject, the statistical data collected by the institutions of Poland, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the European Union, a questionnaire survey and own experiences gained from mobility.
<bold>Results:</bold> The article outlines the course of migration trends of Poles and presents the causes of changes in the choice of the destination country for migration. It presents factors encouraging young people to take up employment in the country and those encouraging them to search a job abroad, specifically in the Netherlands. The barriers and facilities that may be encountered by young people seeking employment in the labor market in both countries were indicated. The reasons for the emigration of young people from Poland were discussed based on the results of the current study, that is a 400-person research sample obtained from an online survey. The aim of the study was to identify three important factors influencing the decision to emigrate and to evaluate this decision.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The conducted analysis shows the complexity of the problems of migration of young people. Economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors have a significant influence on the decisions made. From the point of view of young people, the unattractive domestic labor market in terms of finance and development, and all the resulting consequences are the biggest problems.
</abstract>

Emigration to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as a Perceived Opportunity by Young People

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> At the time of constant changes in the sphere of education, any changes aimed at improving the quality of school’s work are of particular importance. Therefore the aim of the current research was to determine the quality of primary school’s work in its main areas as evaluated by parents.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The theoretical insights on the quality of school’s work were obtained on the basis of the review of the literature on the subject and acts of education law. The empirical data from the research was gathered through the diagnostic survey method with the use of the author’s research tool, i.e., a questionnaire addressed to parents of students in grades IV-VIII attending one of the primary schools in the Biała Podlaska District (N = 103).
<bold>Results:</bold> The obtained data showed quite a diverse assessment of the quality of the primary school’s work in some of its areas.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> Most of the parents surveyed gave specific proposals for actions to improve the quality of the school’s work, mainly concerning the increase of their participation not only in financial aid, but also in the didactic and educational area, which well forecasts and prompts school authorities and tutors to recommend the above-mentioned proposals and implement them in real life.
</abstract>

Quality of the School’s Work in the Light of the Assessment of the Parents of the Children Attending the Primary School in Janów Podlaski

Review of the Book by Józef Stanisław Zegar “An Outline of a Long-Term Strategy for the Development of Agriculture in Poland”, Ierigż-Pib, Warsaw 2021

Opinion on the Paper by Jacek Kamiński Entitled “Historical Marketing Research – Barriers to Conducting it and its Importance”, Economic and Regional Studies 2021, 14(1), 108–126

AHEAD OF PRINT

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Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne

Print ISSN: 2083-3725, Online ISSN: 2451-182X Dear Authors and Readers,  Welcome to the website of the international, open access, bilingual scientific journal "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne", published by John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska (Poland).  Editor-in-ChiefMieczysław Adamowicz  Accessible also on platform: www.ers.edu.pl/en and in print.  FROM THE EDITOR / OD REDAKCJI  Dear Authors and Readers  "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne" is an international open access journal published in two languages: English and Polish since 2011. First two years it was published bi-annually, since 2013 as the quarterly. The journal is available in electronic and printed versions. We consider electronic English language version as a basic one, while the Polish language version provided greater access to the magazines content for national reader in Poland. Since the beginning the journal is available on the web platform www.ers.edu.pl/en of the publisher: John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska (Poland, Europe). Paper submission and peer review process are implemented through editorial system: www.editorialsystem.com/editor/ersen.  We accept original papers which have not been published elsewhere and have a clear scientific, cognitive and scholary value. Paper submited for publication undergo preliminary editorial review and are subject to blind review by two or more external experts. The periodical is available in English and Polish online and in print version.  The magazine has an open character and implements international publishing ethical and standards. The electronic version allows free access to all current and archived issues and articles. Actually, publishing articles in the journal is free from any payments.  Index Copernicus Journal Master List, ICV 2012: 5.62; ICV 2013: 6.48; ICV 2014: 70.81 (6.96); ICV 2015: 81,26; ICV 2016: 92.91; ICV 2017: 100,00; ICV 2018: 100,00  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 2011-2012: 2 points; 2013-2014: 4 points; 2015-2018: 9 points  Focus and Scope  "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne" is an international journal of multi and interdisciplinary research and policy analysis in broad regions at the world. The main mission of the magazine is to broaden theoretical knowledge, contribute to the policy debates and disseminate results of empirical research across a wide range of economic and social sciences, mainly as following:    Business, Economics and Finance,  Socio-economic Geography and Spatial Management,  Community, Rural/ Urban and Regional Development.   Journal provides information on general and sectoral economic problems, practices and policies, on contemporary and historical development in these disciplines from local, regional, national, European and global perspectives.  Journal is open for publishing original research results as well as for overview and review articles, reports an surveys, policy debates, announcements of research and conference results, case studies and other scientific publications.  Texts in Polish which are correctly translated into English are published free of charge. In case of sending a text in only one language version,either in Polish or in English,the authors will bear the costs of translating the article into the other missing language. The authors may be also asked to cover the costs of verification of the submitted texts in English. The translations are conducted by a Translation Office which currently cooperates with the Editors and the current cost per 1 translation page (that is, 1800 characters including spaces) amounts to 30 PLN gross.  An article is passed on for translation after obtaining a positive review of the submitted language version, after corrections if necessary and upon its approval for print by the Editor in Chief.  Digitalization of Economic and Regional Studies/ Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne – task financed from the resources of the Polish Minister of Science and Education for disseminating science under Agreement No. 819/P-DUN/2018  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 