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Current advances in technology without any doubt bring numerous advancements to mankind, but also introduce new challenges in regard to human rights. This is particularly true in the context of data protection. Clearly, in the current digital age, data has great value. However, there are great concerns in regard to data collection, processing and its use. These concerns are related to privacy, transparency and accountability. In the technology era, the protection of data rights is crucial for upholding human rights in a digital society, as the widespread collection, storage, and use of personal data pose significant challenges to privacy, autonomy, and non-discrimination. This paper explores the intersection of human rights and data rights, analyzes the legal and ethical dimensions of data protection, and proposes strategies to ensure the effective safeguarding of data rights in order to uphold fundamental human rights principles in the digital age.
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Assistant Professor, University of Tetova

Associate Professor, South East European University

Human rights in the technology era – Protection of data rights

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This paper explores the phenomenon of populism and its impact on the democratic processes in Albania. The spread of populism represents one of the most acute challenges to Albanian democracy. To understand the dynamics of populist strategies and behavior, it is crucial to analyze the relationship between populism and the media, and to discuss the phenomenon of “media populism”. More than two decades after the transition from communism, democracy in Albania remains fragile. Freedom House labels Albania ‘transitional or hybrid regime’ and international organizations have expressed concern about the progress of Albania. Populism, characterized by its appeal to the emotions and grievances of the people, has gained prominence in recent years, posing significant challenges to the stability and development of democratic institutions in Albania. Through an examination of the historical and socio-political context of Albania, this paper analyzes the rise of populism, its consequences for democracy, and proposes potential strategies to mitigate its negative effects. Drawing upon scholarly research and case studies, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of populism’s influence on Albania’s democracy and suggest actionable recommendations for safeguarding democratic values and institutions.
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Populism as a challenge for Albania’s fragile democracy

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Corporate transactions form the foundation of modern business activities, including mergers, acquisitions, partnerships and commercial agreements. Such transactions are supported by contractual relationships that define rights, obligations and expectations between multiple parties. This paper uses a methodology that integrates a comprehensive literature review with a legal analysis, surrounding contract formation, interpretation, performance and remedies in the corporate context. The legal analysis component examines relevant contract law principles and precedents, examining their application and relevance to corporate transactions. This analysis identifies the legal complexities and challenges inherent in these transactions and assesses the effectiveness of contract law in addressing them. This analysis verifies that contract law is an essential aspect of learning and engaging in corporate transactions. It demonstrates how the principles of contract law provide a framework for negotiation, execution and resolution of disputes within these transactions. It underlines the importance of knowledge of contract law in mitigating risks and ensuring the successful implementation of corporate transactions. In conclusion, contract law plays an important role in learning and conducting corporate transactions.
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Law of Contracts: Their presence in corporate transactions learning

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No matter how little experience in a profession, every foreign language teacher understands that effective teaching can be based on more than just using the selected book, regardless of the variety of topics it contains. Foreign language teaching is a process that involves the use of supplementary materials from its initial steps. These materials are developed, processed, and adapted as complementary resources to the textbook or even as substitutes for specific elements, especially when they do not meet the needs and requirements of students.
The majority of teaching materials include the texts used in foreign language instruction. Therefore, using texts as instructional materials and utilising them in the teaching process constitute the focus of this paper.
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The use of texts in foreign language teaching

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Treaties as instruments for establishing legal relations between the subjects of international law are acts which can both create a relationship and extinguish it. On the other hand, despite the fact that the parties to a treaty enter into this relationship with the good will that it will last in time and the treaty will be implemented, for various reasons it may happen that the parties are no longer interested in being bound by this treaty. For this reason, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties has provided for ways to terminate the legal force of a treaty. One of these foreseen ways is the breach of the treaty by one of the parties, which must be said, is a way that has found application and is being implemented even today.
This paper aims that, relying on a qualitative methodology, based on research in literature and relevant legislation, to analyze the breach of the treaty as a reason for its termination, the types of breaches and the systems proposed by the 1969 Vienna Convention as well as the consequences of breaches of the treaty and a comparative overview with international responsibility.
As an expected result of this research, is the conclusion that not every breach of a treaty is a cause for the termination of its legal force and that there are differences between the consequences of the termination of the treaty as a result of a breach by the parties and the reactions to breaches by the point of view of international responsibility.
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Breach of a treaty as a cause for its termination and the ratio with international responsibility

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Juvenile delinquency represents a serious social problem, and as such should be understood by society, considering the seriousness, importance, danger, and long-term consequences that this problem can have.
Crime as a negative phenomenon has always aroused the interest of society because through criminal actions the most basic goods of humanity are damaged.
It is undeniable that today crime is a fundamental problem that society must face to prevent it. Criminality as a negative social phenomenon is not only characteristic of the adult population, but often also minors appear as actors of criminal behaviour (Sahiti and Murati, 2013).
The problem becomes even greater when minors appear as perpetrators of criminal acts, due to their specific age and not fully formed personality. In this context, juvenile delinquency is a sensitive and delicate phenomenon for many reasons.
Minors who still do not understand and weigh their actions sufficiently are presented as actors of delinquent behaviour, for that reason they are more likely to fall into conflict situations more often.
When we treat juvenile delinquency as a problem and try to solve it in the most efficient and useful way, we must consider many other factors that have a dominant role in juvenile delinquency and thus the delinquency of minors is presented to us as a chain of problems in the links of which there are many factors that require solutions.
Juvenile criminality is an integral part of general criminality. However, due to the age of minors as well as many other characteristics - sociological, psychological, criminological - political, legal, etc., minor perpetrators of criminal offenses have a more lenient, more favourable treatment compared to major criminal perpetrators (Salihu, 2018).
Adolescence is that stage of a person’s life, in which he is formed, and which is accompanied by a large number and variety of physiological and psychological changes. Minors as an integral part of society represent a relatively special world, with special ways and special reactions to the external world’s stimuli.
Therefore, special care should be taken in dealing with them, both when undertaking preventive and repressive measures.
Young people are the future of a society, and with this in mind every society is interested in creating better conditions for life to enable young people to grow and develop properly, resulting in a healthy and capable youth to face life’s challenges.
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Fundamental characteristics of juvenile delinquency

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A large part of the world’s economies, but especially countries in transition, face high levels of fiscal evasion and tax avoidance. The tax administration must analyze the factors that influence the level of income declaration by taxpayers, specifically the identification of the problems of this fiscal policy in relation to VAT, Social Security and Health contributions and consolidate the infrastructure in order to improve the situation in a way to achieve a better performance in the realization of tax revenues. Tax control remains one of the most discussed issues in this case. Despite the fact that there are other important structures that affect the performance of the tax administration, tax audit has a significant impact on increasing the awareness of taxpayers. The quality of tax control has been treated as one of the basic performance indicators of the tax administration that has a direct impact on tax revenue collection. Fiscal evasion and tax evasion leads to a low level of revenue realization, which causes low levels of public investment. The object of the study will be the identification of the current problems of the fiscal policy, the identification of influencing factors in the behavior of taxpayers and the impact of tax control on tax performance. There are studies related to the structuring and management of the tax audit and the factors that make a tax audit more qualitative. These studies emphasize that an independent tax control takes on new burdens aiming to guarantee the budgets with the necessary revenues to carry out economic and social programs for the benefit of citizens. The recent global and regional economic crisis has affected fiscal administration, requiring all governments to increase tax performance in support of the minimization of informality and the fight against fiscal evasion and tax avoidance.
In a country like Albania, where the informal economy is present (World Bank, 2015), taxpayers try to use all the “ways” they find to avoid paying tax obligations. The difference between the taxes that should be collected and those actually collected 1 is calculated to be somewhere between 16% and 20% for VAT and for profit tax an average of 38%, also if measures for tax controls had not been taken, the potential evasion reaches 66% (World Bank, 2015). Also, the occasional changes in tax legislation and the tax burden creates difficulties for business until finding abusive ways. Under these conditions, for the tax administration in Albania, maintaining an efficient and effective tax administration is a difficult challenge.
In all countries, the tax audit plays an important role in the performance of the tax administration. The main purpose of the tax administration is to make taxpayers aware of their tax obligations. An important tool for improving efficiency and effectiveness of an administration is the implementation of an appropriate tax control system in relation to the conditions in which the country is located.
This study constitutes a scientific effort to present the problems of the current fiscal policy and the influencing factors in the performance of the tax administration in Albania. Through this study it will be possible to prove the relationship that exists between the various factors that have been studied (which are thought to affect efficiency) and the efficiency of the tax administration. At the same time it will be analyzed what part of the income is realized from the tax control from the total collected income.
This study is a novelty in this field, since there are no studies in Albania that have dealt with these issues before, but it will also serve the senior managers of the tax administration and policy makers to take the appropriate measures.
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The current situation of the tax system and administration in Albania

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The article aims to present the contextual translation by Fan Noli, in the translation of the tragedy of ‘Macbeth’ written by William ‘Shakespeare’. It will be analyzed that the process of translation is not only the knowledge of the language, but also the knowledge of the culture for which the text was written. The manuscript also presents that a text in order to be translated from one language to another must be made from a series of guesses on the meaning of the text, giving the context. In this article it will be presented that Noli’s translation does not depend only on the linguistic context, but also on something that lies beyond the text. It shows that it has absolutely great information about the world.
The article will present that Noli’s contextual translation aims to reproduce the original text in a contextual way, adapting to the grammatical structure of the target language. Through contextual translation, Noli aimed to be completely faithful to the intention and realization of the original text of the writer. We will present that Noli’s contextual translation is absolutely flexible and allows his intuition and sensitivity towards the original text. The used methodology is the comparative approach method.
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A comparative view between Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” and Fan Noli’s Albanian translation of “Macbeth”

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EU-NATO relations have come to the spotlight particularly due to the increasing focus of the EU on strengthening its military dimension as part of its evolving Common Security and Defense Policy. In this context, Kosovo provides a very interesting case concerning the level of cooperation between the EU and NATO in the area of crisis management given that the EU maintains in Kosovo the largest civilian mission launched to date (i.e. EULEX) which can also make use of a limited number of executive powers whereas NATO has deployed KFOR as a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo since 1999. This article aims at elucidating the relations between EULEX and KFOR on the ground amidst the lack of a formal agreement on the coordination of strategic efforts between NATO and the EU at the military strategic level.
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EU-NATO Cooperation in the Area of Crisis Management: Case of Kosovo

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The right to private and family life is difficult to define, since it encompasses a wide range of overlapping and interrelated rights that protect the individual’s freedom from state interference. This means that the individual has the right to live free from state interference, placing the individual in a higher position compared to the state in the enjoyment of this right. The right to private and family life is protected both at the international level by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and at domestic level starting with the Constitution of the Republic of Albania and the legal framework. This right may be limited under specific conditions for the interest of others, provided that the interference is not arbitrary or unlawful. The article deals with the development of the right to private and family life in Albania at the constitutional level, at different periods of time, highlighting the range and the progress of this right compared to international legal framework. The article highlights one of the aspects of the right to private and family life such as data protection, on the challenges faced by the development of technology and the digital environment. The analysis is accompanied with the jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights which elucidates the engagement undertaken by Albania as a contracting party of the European Convention to raise the standards of protection of human rights.
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The right to private and family life and the need for protection against the digital environment

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 8 (2024): Issue 2 (June 2024)

Volume 8 (2024): Issue 1 (January 2024)

Volume 7 (2023): Issue 3 (October 2023)

Volume 7 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)

European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences

European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences is an international journal published in Austria focused on interdisciplinary research. The need for interdisciplinary approaches as a key to reinvigorating and integrating both theory and practice is increasingly recognized in the academy. EJELS Journal aims to promote rapid communication and exchange between the World as well as other Research Scholars, Universities and academic institutions. It mainly reflects the latest advances being made in many disciplines of scientific research in universities and academic institutions. It addresses both theoretical and empirical issues in the fields of business and management, law, public administration, sociology, anthropology, economics, social work, history, education, psychology, political science etc. Acceptance for publication is subject to a double-blind peer-reviewing process. The journal expects authors to write clearly and accessibly for an international audience. No particular theories are favoured. We invite researchers to submit their original papers via email at: ejels.journal@gmail.com  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 