[
Abeck D. and M. Mempel. 1988. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic implications. Br. J. Dermatol. 139 (Suppl 53): 13–16.10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.1390s3013.x9990408
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Adamek-Guzik T., T.J. Guzik, M. Bzowska, G. Czerniawska- Mysik, D. Szmyd, J. Miedzobrodzki and J. Pryjma. 2001. Selected parameters of the cellular and humoral immunity in atopic dermatitis. Relationship to the severity of the disease (in Polish). Przegl. Lek. 58(12): 1029–1033.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bogdali M.A., G. Antoszczyk, W. Dyga, A. Obtulowicz, A. Bia- lecka, A. Kasprowicz, Z. Magnowska and K. Obtulowicz. 2016. Nickel allergy and relationship with Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis. J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol. 33: 1–7.10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.02.00427049135
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Baran-Raunstrup K., J. Międzobrodzki and T. Ternowitz. 1998. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from atopic dermatitis with reference to proteolytic activity. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 47(2): 167–175.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Boguniewicz M. and D.Y. Leung. 2011. Atopic dermatitis:a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation. Immunol. Rev. 242(1): 233–246.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bukowski M., B. Wladyka and G. Dubin. 2010. Exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Toxins (Basel) 2(5): 1148–1165.10.3390/toxins2051148315323722069631
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bussmann C., S. Weidinger and N. Novak. 2011. Genetics of atopic dermatitis. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 9(9): 670–676.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cavalcante F.S., E.D. Abad, Y.C. Lyra, S.B. , M. Ribeiro, D.C. Ferreira and K.R. dos Santos. 2015. High prevalence of methicillinresistance and PVL genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the nares and skin lesions of pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 48(7): 588–594.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cheung G.Y., H.S. Joo, S.S. Chatterjee and M. Otto. 2014. Phenol- soluble modulins-critical determinants of staphylococcal virulence. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 38(4): 698–719.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cogen A.L., K. Yamasaki, K.M. Sanchez, R.A. Dorschner, Y. Lai, D.T. MacLeod, J.W. Torpey, M. Otto, V. Nizet, J.E. Kim and R.L. Gallo. 2010. Selective antimicrobial action is provided by phenol-soluble modulins derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal resident of the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130(1): 192–200.10.1038/jid.2009.243279646819710683]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cork M.J., S.G. Danby, Y. Vasilopoulos, J. Hadgraft, M.E. Lane, M. Moustafa, R.H. Guy, A.L. Macgowan, R. Tazi-Ahnini and S.J. Ward. 2009. Epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129: 1892–1908.10.1038/jid.2009.13319494826
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Foelster Holst R., S. Reitamo, R. Yankova, M. Worm, M. Kadu- rina, D. Thaci, T. Bieber, N. Tsankov, A. Enk, T. Luger and others. 2010. The novel protease inhibitor SRD441 ointment is not effective in the treatment of adult subjects with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Allergy 65(12): 1594–1599.10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02417.x21039597]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gelmetti C. 2008. Local antibiotics in dermatology. Derm. Ther. 21: 18.10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00190.x18564249]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gloor M., G. Peters and D. Stoika. 1982. On the resident aerobic bacterial skin flora in unaffected skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and in healthy controls. Dermatologica 164(4): 258–265.10.1159/0002500997044853
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gong J.Q., L. Lin, T. Lin, F. Hao, F.Q. Zeng, Z.G. Bi, D. Yi and
]Search in Google Scholar
[
B. Zhao. 2006. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Dermatol. 155(4): 680–687.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gordon R.J. and F.D. Lowy. 2008. Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl 5): S350–359.10.1086/533591247445918462090
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grice E.A. and J.A. Segre. 2011. The skin microbiome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9(4): 244–253. Erratum in: Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9(8): 626.]Search in Google Scholar
[
Guzik T.J., M. Bzowska, A. Kasprowicz, G. Czerniawska-Mysik, K. Wójcik, D. Szmyd, T. Adamek-Guzik and J. Pryjma. 2005. Persistent skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: relationship to clinical and immunological parameters. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35(4): 448–455.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hanifin J.M. and Rajka G. 1980. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venerol. 92: 44.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hauser C., B. Wuethrich, L. Matter, J.A. Wilhelm, W. Sonnabend and K. Schopfer. 1985. Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization in atopic dermatitis patients. Dermatologica 170: 35–39.10.1159/000249493
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ide F., T. Matsubara, M. Kaneko, T. Ichiyama, T. Mukouyama and S. Furukawa. 2004. Staphylococcal enterotoxin-specific IgE antibodies in atopic dermatitis. Pediatr. Int. 46(3): 337–341.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jahreis A., P. Beckheinrich and U.F. Haustein. 2000. Effects of two novel cationic staphylococcal proteins (NP-tase and p70) and enterotoxin B on IgE synthesis and interleukin-4 and interferon-γ production in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol.142: 680–687.10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03412.x10792217]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kloos W.E. and Schleifer K.H. 1986. Staphylococcus, pp. 431–434. In: Holt J.G. (ed). Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins, New York, USA.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kobayashi S.D. and F.R. DeLeo. 2009. An update on community associated MRSA virulence. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9(5): 545–551.]Search in Google Scholar
[
Krishna S. and L.S. Miller. 2012. Host-pathogen interactions between the skin and Staphylococcus aureus. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 15(1): 28–35.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Leung D.Y., M. Boguniewicz, M.D. Howell, I. Nomura and Q.A. Hamid. 2004. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Invest. 113(5): 651–657.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Leyden J.J., R.R. Marples and A.M. Kligman. 1974. Staphylo coccus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 90(5): 525–530.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lis G., E. Cichocka-Jarosz, D. Gazurek, T. Szczerbiński, I. Głodzik, P. Sawiec and B. Białoruska. 2002. Relationships between atopy and bronchial hyper-reactivity in Polish school age children (in Polish). Przegl. Lek. 59(10): 780–784.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lomholt H., K.E. Andersen and M. Kilian. 2005. Staphylococcus aureus clonal dynamics and virulence factors in children with atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125(5): 977–982.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lübbe J. 2003. Secondary infections in patients with atopic dermatitis. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 4( 9): 641–654.10.2165/00128071-200304090-0000612926982
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Matsubara M., D. Harada, H. Manabe and K. Hasegawa. 2004. Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan stimulates granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production from human epidermal keratinocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Invest. Dermatol. 566(1-3): 195–200.10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.02815147894
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Międzobrodzki J., A.S. Naidu, J.L. Watts, P. Ciborowski, K. Palm and T. Wadstrom. 1989. Influence of milk on fibronectin and collagen type I binding to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from Bovine mastitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 540–544.10.1128/jcm.27.3.540-544.19892673542775349
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Międzobrodzki J. and P. Kaszycki. 2000. Modyfication of Reactive- Oxygen intermediates (ROi) production by monocyte/macrophage treated with Staphylococcus aureus serine protease. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 49: 237–242
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Międzobrodzki J., P. Kaszycki, A. Białecka and A. Kasprowicz. 2002. Proteolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the colonized skin of patients with acute-phase atopic dermatitis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 21: 269–276.10.1007/s10096-002-0706-412072937
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Miedzobrodzki J., T. Panz, P.M. Płonka, K. Zajac, J. Dracz, K. Pytel, Ł. Mateuszuk and S. Chłopicki. 2008. Platelets augment respiratory burst in neutrophils activated by selected species of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 46(3): 383–388.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Na S.Y., J.Y. Roh, J.M. Kim, M.D. Tamang and J.R. Lee. 2012. Analysis of colonization and genotyping of the exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis. Ann. Dermatol. 24(4): 413–419.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Naidu A.S., J. Miedzobrodzki and A. Forsgren. 1991. Human lactoferrin binding in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Med. Microbiol. 34: 323–328.10.1099/00222615-34-6-3232056516
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nakamura Y., J. Oscherwitz, K.B. Cease, S.M. Chan, R. Muñoz- Planillo, M. Hasegawa, A.E. Villaruz, G.Y. Cheung, M.J. McGavin, J.B. Travers and others. 2013. Staphylococcus δ-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells. Nature 503(7476): 397–401.10.1038/nature12655409078024172897]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nutten S. 2015. Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 66(Suppl 1):8–16.10.1159/00037022025925336
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Orfali R.L., M.N. Sato, V.G. Santos, T.O. Titz, C.A. Brito, A.J. Duarte, R. Takaoka and V. Aoki. 2015. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces specific IgG4 and IgE antibody serum levels in atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Dermatol. 54(8): 898–904.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Otto M. 2014. Staphylococcus aureus toxins. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 17: 32–37.10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.004394266824581690
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Palmer C.N., A.D. Irvine, A. Terron-Kwiatkowski, Y. Zhao, H. Liao, S.P. Lee, D.R. Goudie, A. Sandilands, L.E. Campbell, F.J. Smith and others. 2006. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat. Genet. 38: 441–446.10.1038/ng176716550169
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Petry V., G.R. Bessa, C.S. Poziomczyck, C.F. Oliveira, M.B. Weber, R.R. Bonamigo and P.A. d’Azevedo. 2012. Bacterial skin colonization and infections in patients with atopic dermatitis. An. Bras. Dermatol. 87(5): 729–734.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Reginald K., K. Westritschnig, T. Werfel, A. Heratizadeh, N. Novak, M. Focke-Tejkl, A.M. Hirschl, D.Y. Leung, O. Elisyu- tina, E. Fedenko and others. 2011. Immunoglobulin E antibody reactivity to bacterial antigens in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41(3): 357–369.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ring J., A. Alomar, T. Bieber, M. Deleuran, A. Fink-Wagner,
]Search in Google Scholar
[
C. Gelmetti, U. Gieler, J. Lipozencic, T. Luger, A.P. Oranje and others. 2012. Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis). Part I. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 26(8): 1045–1060.]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ring J., D. Abeck and K. Neuber. 1992. Atopic eczema: role of microorganisms on the skin surface. Allergy 47(4 Pt 1): 265–269.10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02051.x1443443
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rojo A., A. Aguinaga, S. Monecke, J.R. Yuste, G. Gastaminza and A. España. 2014. Staphylococcus aureus genomic pattern and atopic dermatitis: may factors other than superantigens be involved? Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 33(4): 651–658.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Roll A., A. Cozzio, B. Fischer and P. Schmid-Grendelmeier. 2004. Microbial colonization and atopic dermatitis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 4: 373–378.10.1097/00130832-200410000-0000815349036
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sabat A.J., B. Wladyka., K. Kosowska-Shick, H. Grundmann, J.M. van Dijl, J. Kowal, P.C. Appelbaum, A. Dubin and W. Hrynie- wicz. 2008. Polymorphism, genetic exchange and intragenic recombination of the aureolysin gene among Staphylococcus aureus strains. BMC Microbiol. 29(8): 129.10.1186/1471-2180-8-129251584918664262
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schlievert P.M., L.C. Case, K.L. Strandberg, B.B. Abrams and
]Search in Google Scholar
[
D.Y. Leung. 2008. Superantigen profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with steroid-resistant atopic dermatitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(10): 1562–1567.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schlievert P.M., K.L. Strandberg, Y.C. Lin, M.L. Peterson and D.Y. Leung. 2010. Secreted virulence factor comparison between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and its relevance to atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125(1): 39–49.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Soares J., C. Lopes, F. Tavaria, L. Delgado and M. Pintado. 2013. A diversity profile from the staphylococcal community on atopic dermatitis skin: a molecular approach. J. Appl. Microbiol. 115(6): 1411–1419.]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sonesson A., J. Bartosik, J. Christiansen, I. Roscher, F. Nilsson, A. Schmidtchen and O. Bäck. 2013. Sensitization to skin-associated microorganisms in adult patients with atopic dermatitis is of importance for disease severity. Acta Derm. Venereol. 93(3): 340–345.10.2340/00015555-146523073977
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sybilski A.J., F. Raciborski, A. Lipiec, A. Tomaszewska, A. Lusawa, P. Samel-Kowalik, A. Walkiewicz, E. Krzych, J. Komorowski and B. Samoliński. 2015. Atopic dermatitis is a serious health problem in Poland. Epidemiology studies based on the ECAP study (in Polish). Postepy Dermatol. Alergol. 32(1): 1–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ternowitz T. and T. Herlin. 1986. Defective monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and clinical characteristics in atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 278(6): 454–459.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Werfel T. 2009. The role of leukocytes, keratinocytes, and allergenspecific IgE in the development of atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129: 1878–1891.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wilburg J., A. Kasprowicz and P.B. Heczko. 1984. Composition of normal bacterial flora of human skin in relation to the age and sex of examined persons (in Polish). Przegl. Dermatol. 71(6): 551–557.
]Search in Google Scholar