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(C2I)2 = CCI-CCI The CCI Creative City Index 2012

John Hartley
John Hartley
, 
Jason Potts
Jason Potts
, 
Trent MacDonald
Trent MacDonald
, 
Chris Erkunt
Chris Erkunt
 et 
Carl Kufleitner
Carl Kufleitner
   | 22 févr. 2012
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Publié en ligne: 22 févr. 2012
Pages: 1 - 138
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.41
© 2021 John Hartley, Jason Potts, Trent MacDonald, Chris Erkunt and Carl Kufleitner, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results (3D Column)
Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results (3D Column)

Figure 2

Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results (Marked Radar)
Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results (Marked Radar)

Figure 3

The CCI-BJSS agreement is signed in Beijing, September 2010Present are, from left to right: Dr. JIANG Nianyum, Research Fellow at BJSS; Angela Lin HUANG, PhD Candidate at QUT & Research Fellow at BJSS; Dr. LI Li, Director of International Collaboration Division, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology; Prof. John Hartley, CCI-QUT; Dr. ZHANG Shiyun, Director of BJSS; LUO Xin, Deputy Secretary of BJSS; ZHENG Yi, Research Fellow at BJSS.
The CCI-BJSS agreement is signed in Beijing, September 2010Present are, from left to right: Dr. JIANG Nianyum, Research Fellow at BJSS; Angela Lin HUANG, PhD Candidate at QUT & Research Fellow at BJSS; Dr. LI Li, Director of International Collaboration Division, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology; Prof. John Hartley, CCI-QUT; Dr. ZHANG Shiyun, Director of BJSS; LUO Xin, Deputy Secretary of BJSS; ZHENG Yi, Research Fellow at BJSS.

Figure 4

World Population of Young People to 2050 (UNDESA 2009)
World Population of Young People to 2050 (UNDESA 2009)

Clustering & Networking

Social networks, connections and human interactions
Connectedness to global system/network (flows of information, data, trade, and creativity)
Nodes for global transactions (key place in global service industries; central hubs in communications and transportation networks)
Clash between global flows and local agency (national/local networks)
Inner-city clustering (density)/suburban and urban ecologies
Cultural quarters (nexus of networks and urban cultural infrastructure)
Meso level (urban development and cultural dynamics)

Sensitivity Analysis of Rank Order of CCI Creative City Index

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX RANK (DIFF.) Brisbane (AUS) Melbourne (AUS) Berlin (GER) Bremen (GER) Cardiff (UK) London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. ECONOMY OF ATTN. -1 0 0 1 0 0
4. PARTICIPATION 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT -2 0 0 1 1 0
6. HUMAN CAPITAL 0 0 0 0 0 0
7. GLOBAL INT. -1 0 0 1 0 0
8. OPENNESS 0 0 0 0 0 0
CCI INDEX RANK 4 3 2 5 6 1

Differentiating the Media of Communication

Era 1. Premodern 2. Modern 3. Global
Medium Oral/manuscript Print Digital/online

Participation & Expenditure

4. PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
4.1 Attendance
Number of admissions to selected cultural events
Art galleries 587,005 763,627 – – 22,049 1,404,819
Libraries 783,005 940,268 – – 2,057,392 4,131,820
Archives 49,019 124,857 – – – 525,868
Museums 583,616 745,072 – – 268,966 3,155,208
TOTAL GLAM 2,002,645 2,573,824 13,335,000 1,354,000 2,348,407 9,217,715
1.0 15.0 19.3 100.0 10.2 17.6 69.1
Classical music concert 158,279 318,449 990,731 – 64,790 570,942
Theatre 327,038 519,405 905,874 – 122,760 1,878,100
Dance performances 208,907 274,666 25,000 – 30,690 330,546
Musicals and operas 324,815 634,613 714,606 – 34,100 1,765,414
Other performing arts 555,400 796,600 252,011 – 78,430 961,587
TOTAL PERFORMING ARTS 1,574,439 2,543,733 2,888,222 459,128 330,770 5,506,589
1.0 28.6 46.2 52.5 8.3 6.0 100.0
Cinema 1,534,025 1,964,166 9,522,000 178,731 27,280 39,800,000
1.0 3.9 4.9 23.9 0.4 0.1 100.0
Popular music concert 637,463 904,269 1,500,000 300,000 51,150 2,253,720
1.0 28.3 40.1 66.6 13.3 2.3 100.0
AT LEAST ONE CULTURAL EVENT 1,925,182 2,461,255 4,000,000 800,000 296,670 5,686,887
1.0 33.9 43.3 70.3 14.1 5.2 100.0
4.2 Expenditure
Household expenditure on arts and culture (in dollars at PPP) 1,663 1,663 1,991 2,673 2,035 2,187
1.0 62.2 62.2 74.5 100.0 76.1 81.8
Household expenditure on arts and culture as a percentage of total expenditure per household 3.98% 3.98% 7.40% 9.45% 5.90% 4.70%
1.0 42.1 42.1 78.3 100.0 62.4 49.7
PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE SUB- INDEX 37.0 41.5 69.5 54.6 37.8 79.8

Openness, Tolerance & Diversity

8 . OPENNESS, TOLERANCE & DIVERSITY 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
8.1 Openness and Tolerance
Proportion of marriages that end in divorce 16.92% 14.26% 18.02% 15.71% 9.89% 10.34%
1.0 93.9 79.1 100.0 87.2 54.9 57.4
Censorship/freedom of press 5.38 5.38 4.25 4.25 6.00 6.00
1.0 79.0 79.0 100.0 100.0 70.8 70.8
'Population of concern' residents per capita (e.g. refugees, asylum seekers) 0.0011 0.0011 0.0082 0.0049 0.0030 0.0041
1.0 14.0 14.0 100.0 59.7 36.8 49.6
Number of visas granted to refugees and asylum seekers per capita 0.0006 0.0006 0.0032 0.0019 0.0251 0.0008
1.0 2.5 2.5 12.8 7.6 100.0 3.2
Sexual Openness
Share of registered gay partnerships as a proportion of total partnerships of the city 0.73% 0.81% 2.20% 4.70% 4.78% 0.92%
0.5 15.3 17.0 46.0 98.3 100.0 19.2
Share of registered gay partnerships as a proportion of total partnerships of the city, relative to national share 1.09 1.22 1.47 15.60 1.72 3.07
0.5 7.0 7.8 9.4 100.0 11.0 19.7
Religious Openness
Number of people in the population with no religion 438,322 925,547 2,088,361 240,367 57,440 1,486,788
0.5 21.0 44.3 100.0 11.5 2.8 71.2
Proportion of the population with no religion 21.45% 22.70% 60.77% 43.90% 18.81% 19.00%
0.5 35.3 37.4 100.0 72.2 31.0 31.3
Nationality openness (by birthplace)
Number of people in the population not born in the country 600,492 1,512,173 836,100 144,001 21,186 2,660,568
0.5 22.6 56.8 31.4 5.4 0.8 100.0
Proportion of the population not born in the country 29.39% 37.09% 24.33% 26.30% 6.94% 34.00%
0.5 79.2 100.0 65.6 70.9 18.7 91.7
8.2 Diversity and Demographics
Religious diversity
Fragmentation index (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous) 0.40 0.50 0.53 0.6 0.42 0.63
0.5 64.0 79.3 83.7 95.4 66.8 100.0
Shannon's diversity index (higher=more diverse) 0.74 0.99 0.89 1.19 0.79 1.31
0.5 56.9 75.7 67.9 91.0 60.4 100.0
Nationality diversity (by birthplace)
Fragmentation index using 10 largest ethnic cohorts (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous) 0.50 0.60 0.25 0.23 0.1 0.55
0.5 82.6 100.0 41.2 38.3 16.6 91.8
Shannon's diversity index using 10 largest ethnic cohorts (higher = more diverse) 0.75 0.90 0.43 0.41 0.3 0.71
0.5 83.6 100.0 48.5 45.7 33.4 79.5
Youth population
Number of people aged 15-24 289,714 575,947 367,706 77,414 50,261 1,050,142
0.5 27.6 54.8 35.0 7.4 4.8 100.0
Proportion of people aged 15-24 14.18% 14.13% 10.70% 11.72% 16.46% 13.42%
0.5 86.1 85.8 65.0 71.2 100.0 81.5
Number of foreign higher education students 56,971 155,233 23,952 4,731 24,030 99,360
1.0 36.7 100.0 15.4 3.0 15.5 64.0
Income inequality (Gini co.) 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.33
1.0 85.7 85.7 100.0 96.8 88.2 92.3
8.3 Civic Engagement
Voter participation at last nation-wide election (proportion of eligible voters) 91.35% 90.09% 70.90% 70.30% 62.73% 64.50%
1.0 100.0 98.6 77.6 77.0 68.7 70.6
Voter participation at last
nation-wide election 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.994 96.36% 0.99
relative to national rate
1.0 97.8 96.5 100.0 99.2 96.2 98.9
Corruption index 8.7 8.7 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.6
1.0 100.0 100.0 90.8 90.8 87.4 87.4
OPENNESS, DIVERSITY SUB-TOLERANCE INDEX & 67.5 76.0 74.0 70.5 63.6 76.5

Human Capital & Research

6 . HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
6.1 Employment
Employment in R&D as % of total employment (business sector, government and higher education) 0.57% 0.64% 2.77% 2.68% 1.48% 2.23%
1.0 20.6 23.1 100.0 96.8 53.4 80.5
6.2 Education
Number of qualified people as a % of total population 56.40% 57.90% 63.49% 60.70% 51.00% 56.45%
1.0 88.8 91.2 100.0 95.6 80.3 88.9
Number of university graduates (Bachelor degree or higher) as a % of total population 26.67% 23.22% 19.34% 14.60% 32.30% 28.00%
1.0 82.6 71.9 59.9 45.2 100.0 86.7
Number of higher education students 124,102 301,962 147,030 31,573 50,430 433,000
0.5 28.7 69.7 34.0 7.3 11.6 100.0
Number of higher education students as a % of total population 6.07% 7.41% 4.28% 5.80% 14.79% 5.53%
0.5 41.1 50.1 28.9 39.2 100.0 37.4
Number of places of higher education (i.e. universities, colleges, institutes) 4 9 11 8 4 68
1.0 5.9 13.2 16.2 11.8 5.9 100.0
Number of places of cultural higher education (i.e. film school) 1 3 2 0 0 11
1.0 9.1 27.3 18.2 0.0 0.0 100.0
6.3 Research and Development
Number of patents issued per capita 0.000082 0.000103 0.000202 0.000099 0.000147 0.000088
1.0 40.6 51.0 100.0 49.0 72.6 43.7
R&D expenditure (in millions of dollars at PPP)
Business sector 2,222 3,490 1,164 196 490 1,658
Government 293 563 1,296 328 60 595
Higher education 942 1,583 1,011 178 544 3,386
TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE 3,456 5,636 3,472 702 1,094 5,639
0.5 61.3 99.9 61.6 12.4 19.4 100.0
R&D expenditure (in dollars at PPP) per capita 1,691.51 1,382.46 1,010.20 325.00 522.00 720.65
0.5 100.0 81.7 59.7 19.2 30.9 42.6
HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH SUB- INDEX 41.8 48.9 75.2 54.8 50.2 75.6

Differentiating the Creative City

“World City” “Creative City”
Source Empire (court) Institution (rules)
Locus Castle/ palace (politics) Port/hub/fair/marketplace(commerce)
Value Greatness (past) Attractant (potential)
Competitive Advantage Size/ power Inflow/smarts (crucible of ideas)
Dynamics Growth Non-linear dynamics
Resources Sunk capital Complex of factors (capable, entrepreneurial people)
Driver Leadership Enterprise
Outcome of … Monarchical power Mobile-elite choices
Temporality Past Present/future

Rank Order of CCI Creative City Index Results

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX RANK Brisbane (AUS) Melbourne (AUS) Berlin (GER) Bremen (GER) Cardiff (UK) London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES 5 2 3 6 4 1
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY 6 4 2 5 3 1
3. ECONOMY OF ATTN. 4 3 2 5 6 1
4. PARTICIPATION 6 4 2 3 5 1
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT 1 3 5 4 6 2
6. HUMAN CAPITAL 6 5 2 3 4 1
7. GLOBAL INT. 4 2 3 5 6 1
8. OPENNESS 5 2 3 4 6 1
CCI INDEX RANK 4 3 2 5 6 1

Sensitivity Analysis of CCI Creative City Index Results

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX Avg. Brisbane (AUS) Melbourne (AUS) Berlin (GER) Bremen (GER) Cardiff (UK) London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT -12.8% -12.8% -12.8% -10.5% -12.7% -14.1% -14.2%
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY -11.1% -9.5% -9.8% -11.1% -10.1% -13.8% -12.3%
3. ATTRACTIONS & ECONOMY OF ATTENTION -7.1% -4.0% -7.2% -10.8% -3.2% -3.0% -14.4%
4. PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE -11.6% -9.5% -9.7% -13.7% -14.1% -10.6% -11.7%
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT -18.9% -25.7% -18.8% -15.3% -20.4% -19.3% -13.9%
6. HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH -12.7% -10.7% -11.5% -14.8% -14.1% -14.1% -11.1%
7. GLOBAL INTEGRATION -9.6% -10.4% -12.3% -9.1% -7.3% -7.2% -11.3%
8. OPENNESS, TOLERANCE & DIVERSITY -16.2% -17.3% -17.8% -14.6% -18.2% -17.9% -11.2%

Infrastructure & Institutions

For ideas to be implemented
Copyright laws/intellectual property vs. innovation/emergence/sharing
Suitable arts, culture and entertainment infrastructure
Ancillary service industries (e.g. media post-production, fashion, tourism)
Structure of the sector/s (e.g. concentration of TNCs and micro enterprises)
Interactions between public and private in the sector
Key educational institutions
Buildings, transport systems, communications infrastructure and public institutions

CI-4 Creative Cities

Urban mixture definition
Clash and friction between systems: industry/economy and culture (e.g. in conflicting interests in the sharing of IP)
Sites for social meeting and mixture as well as friction: connecting culture and economy, diversity, tolerance, civility
Creative cities are therefore those that cohabitate all four types – industry, economy, culture, and city
Population-wide (macro level) creativity

Broad Classification of City Indexes

City Index Classes
Creativity and Culture Stocks Global Cities, Networks and Tech/ ICT Flows Other Approaches
Florida’s Creative Cities Index The Global Power Cities Index Oslo Manual
The Euro- Creativity Index The Global Cities Index Creativity Grid
Czech Creativity Index Global City Indicators Facility Landry’s Index
Sharpie’s Creativity Index Fundamental Index and Flow
Creative Communities Index The Globalization and World Cities Index
The Creative Vitality Index The Shift Index
European Creativity Index World Knowledge Competitive Index
Hong Kong Creativity Index Information Society Index
Cultural Life Index
Composite Index of the Creative Economy
Design, Creativity and Innovation Scoreboard

CI-3 Creative Citizens

Cultural definition
Open innovation network (innovation from beyond firms and professionals)
Number of ‘creative citizens’ – population, workforce, consumers, users, and entrepreneurs, artists
Personal (micro level) creativity/microproductivity/market-based and non-market
Focus now on user productivity (cloud computing, crowd-sourcing, etc.)
Social media/user-created content
Measures of emergent production from social networks
Scaled-up via micro-productive institutions (e.g. YouTube, Google)

Summary of CCI Creative City Index Results

CCI CREATIVE CITY INDEX Brisbane (AUS) Melbourne (AUS) Berlin (GER) Bremen (GER) Cardiff (UK) London (UK)
1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT 49.8 54.4 53.4 49.2 51.7 96.6
2. MICROPRODUCTIVITY 37.0 41.8 56.3 39.2 49.2 83.6
3. ATTRACTIONS & ECONOMY OF ATTENTION 15.7 30.8 54.9 12.6 10.7 97.8
4. PARTICIPATION & EXPENDITURE 37.0 41.5 69.5 54.6 37.8 79.8
5. PUBLIC SUPPORT 100.0 80.1 77.3 79.3 68.5 94.4
6. HUMAN CAPITAL & RESEARCH 41.8 48.9 75.2 54.8 50.2 75.6
7. GLOBAL INTEGRATION 40.5 52.2 46.0 28.3 25.4 76.7
8. OPENNESS, TOLERANCE & DIVERSITY 67.5 76.0 74.0 70.5 63.6 76.5
CCI INDEX CREATIVE CITY 48.7 53.2 63.3 48.6 44.5 85.1

Public Support

5. PUBLIC SUPPORT 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
5.1 Expenditure
Cultural and arts funding per person by level of government (in dollars at PPP)
Federal 82.56 82.56 16.45 16.45 144.15 144.15
State 113.80 70.13 166.68 171.43 18.18 79.63
Local 40.59 37.14 – – – –
Total 236.95 189.83 183.13 187.88 162.33 223.78
1.0 100.0 80.1 77.3 79.3 68.5 94.4
PUBLIC SUPPORT SUB-INDEX 100.0 80.1 77.3 79.3 68.5 94.4

Attractions & Economy of Attention

3. ATTRACTIONS & ECONOMY OF ATTENTION 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
3.1 Creative Attractions
Lonely Planet's "All Things to Do" (= Entertainment + Shopping + Tours + Activities + Restaurants + Sights) 183 751 815 50 105 1,428
1.0 12.8 52.6 57.1 3.5 7.4 100.0
Proportion of the world’s top retailers located in the city 15.40% 23.00% 37.20% 25.10% 22.40% 56.00%
0.5 27.5 41.1 66.4 44.8 40.0 100.0
Retail rental value per square foot per annum (at PPP) 436.00 400.10 454.42 482.23 456.00 2,024.99
0.5 21.5 19.8 22.4 23.8 22.5 100.0
Number of hotels 124 194 750 87 58 823
1.0 15.1 23.6 91.1 10.6 7.0 100.0
Number of cinema theatres 57 68 274 8 5 105
0.5 20.8 24.8 100.0 2.9 1.8 38.3
Number of cinema seats 55,628 69,460 54,421 10,215 6,172 129,609
0.5 42.9 53.6 42.0 7.9 4.8 100.0
Number of performing arts theatres, concert halls and live music venues 47 131 294 13 24 464
1.0 10.1 28.2 63.4 2.8 5.2 100.0
Number of museums 16 59 129 27 5 184
1.0 8.7 32.1 70.1 14.7 2.7 100.0
Number of libraries 92 127 88 22 20 395
1.0 23.3 32.2 22.3 5.6 5.1 100.0
3.2 Economy of Attention
Number of pages in Lonely Planet guides 64 194 296 14 18 420
1.0 15.2 46.2 70.5 3.3 4.3 100.0
Number of words in Wikipedia entry 9,040 13,393 13,533 12,880 11,841 16,875
1.0 53.6 79.4 80.2 76.3 70.2 100.0
Google Trends index score (2010) 0.12 0.25 0.57 0.08 0.06 1.00
0.5 12.0 25.0 57.0 8.0 6.0 100.0
Google Trends index score (cumulative to 2010) 0.10 0.20 0.52 0.08 0.06 1.00
0.5 10.0 20.0 52.0 8.0 6.0 100.0
Frequency of city name appearing in published books (English corpus) 0.0001% 0.0006% 0.0029% 0.0001% 0.0002% 0.0185%
1.0 0.8 3.2 15.7 0.5 0.9 100.0
Number of items in iTunes catalogue
Songs 428 1,688 8,467 1,773 673 8,603
iPod apps 130 293 559 113 63 1,368
iPad apps 39 68 178 37 21 393
Books 3 105 149 15 11 431
Audiobooks 0 4 141 11 2 348
Podcast episodes 1,593 3,848 8,004 239 220 8,005
iTunes U episodes 61 530 334 3 6 5,507
TOTAL ITEMS 2,254 6,536 17,832 2,191 996 24,655
1.0 9.1 26.5 72.3 8.9 4.0 100.0
Number of items in IMDB
Films with city in plot 38 203 868 14 39 3,428
Films with city as filming location 295 1,470 4,428 139 223 9,290
TOTAL ITEMS 333 1,673 5,296 153 262 12,718
1.0 2.6 13.2 41.6 1.2 2.1 100.0
Number of items in Amazon catalogue
Books 1,793 8,704 51,403 3,959 2,575 366,994
Kindle editions 39 152 628 22 30 2,256
eBooks (HTML & PDF) 61 261 475 17 28 1,811
TOTAL ITEMS 1,893 9,117 52,506 3,998 2,633 371,061
1.0 0.5 2.5 14.2 1.1 0.7 100.0
ATTRACTIONS OF ATTENTION & SUB-ECONOMY INDEX 15.7 30.8 54.9 12.6 10.7 97.8

16 General Themes of City Index Dimensions

1. Culture, Recreation & Tourism
2. Creative Output & Employment
3. Cultural Capital & Participation
4. Venues, Resources & Facilities
5. Liveability & Amenities
6. Transportation & Accessibility
7. Globalisation, Networks & Exchange
8. Openness, Tolerance & Diversity
9. Human Capital, Talent & Education
10. Social Capital, Engagement & Support
11. Government & Regulations
12. Business Activity & Economy
13. Entrepreneurship
14. Innovation & R&D
15. Technology & ICT
16. Environment & Ecology

CI-2 Creative Services

Economic definition
Closed expert system of innovation (professionals across firms)
Size of ‘creative services’ – creative inputs by creative occupations and companies
Value-added to ‘non-creative’ sectors (e.g. health, government) by creative services – institutional (meso level) creativity
Measures of employment of specialist creative people (professional designers, producers, performers and writers)

Population Characteristics

Citizen demographics and profiles
Youth quotient
Consumer/audience sophistication or attentiveness
Population creativity
Experimental consumers
Social dynamics
Creative class/density
Human resources, patterns of use, micro-level
Highly skilled and ambitious people
Risk-taking, creatively talented, technologically capable, and energetic

Microproductivity

2. MICRO-PRODUCTIVITY 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
2.1 Population-wide Microproduction (CI-3: Creative Citizens)
Number of videos uploaded to YouTube
   Per month 6,380 16,000 21,000 4,360 2,490 29,100
   Per 1,000 population 3.12 3.92 6.05 7.96 7.30 3.72
1.0 39.2 49.3 76.0 100.0 91.7 46.7
   Anytime (number of videos currently available for viewing) 236,000 577,000 1,150,000 147,000 111,000 1,630,000
   Per 1,000 population 115.51 141.52 331.52 268.48 325.46 208.30
1.0 34.8 42.7 100.0 81.0 98.2 62.8
Number of music profiles uploaded on the Internet
   Number of artists, songs, albums, and music videos tagged with city name on Myspace Music 1,837 3,260 30,368 1,966 1,856 61,538
   Number of taggers using city name in tag on Last.fm 317 856 4,847 262 272 3,934
   Number of pages on Bandcamp with city tagged as location 60 212 182 6 26 527
   TOTAL 2,214 4,328 35,397 2,234 2,154 65,999
   PER 1,000 POPULATION 1.08 1.06 10.20 4.08 6.32 8.43
1.0 10.6 10.4 100.0 40.0 61.9 82.7
Number of images uploaded to the Internet
   Google Images 4,630,000 4,630,000 6,510,000 1,370,000 10,200,000 82,300,000
   Flickr 485,646 1,579,129 3,373,740 144,169 297,199 9,655,532
   Picasa 225,014 274,703 324,673 163,439 161,360 390,859
   Photobucket 32,067 75,580 121,614 6,321 18,433 534,032
   TOTAL 5,372,727 6,559,412 10,330,027 1,683,929 10,676,992 92,880,423
   PER CAPITA 2.63 1.61 2.98 3.08 31.31 11.87
1.0 8.4 5.1 9.5 9.8 100.0 37.9
Number of blogs uploaded to the Internet (search blogs for tagged items) 19.1M 34.8M 71.7M 6.9M 15.0M 231.0M
   Per capita 9.35 8.54 20.67 12.67 43.98 29.52
1.0 21.3 19.4 47.0 28.8 100.0 67.1
2.2 Virtual Connectivity (CI-4: Creative Cities)
Number of personal computers as a % of total population 89.03% 84.79% 77.00% 81.00% 63.10% 86.00%
1.0 100.0 95.2 86.5 91.0 70.9 96.6
Number of Internet users as a % of total population 86.28% 83.65% 75.00% 75.00% 54.18% 78.39%
1.0 100.0 97.0 86.9 86.9 62.8 90.9
Number of broadband users as a % of total population 68.13% 66.00% 77.00% 66.00% 45.00% 76.00%
1.0 88.5 85.7 100.0 85.7 58.4 98.7
Number of social networking users (of most popular platform)
   Number of profiles 1,165,940 1,970,440 1,148,660 192,900 225,040 8,299,340
0.5 14.0 23.7 13.8 2.3 2.7 100.0
   Number of profiles as a % of total population 57.06% 48.33% 33.43% 35.20% 65.99% 59.51%
0.5 86.5 73.2 50.6 53.3 100.0 90.2
   Number of profiles that 'like' Pitchfork Media 320 880 780 40 100 2,560
0.5 12.5 34.4 30.5 1.6 3.9 100.0
   Proportion of profiles that 'like' Pitchfork Media 0.03% 0.04% 0.07% 0.02% 0.04% 0.03%
0.5 40.4 65.8 100.0 29.5 65.4 45.4
Number of professional networking users (of most popular platform)
   Number of profiles 170,336 334,798 100,647 15,907 32,250 1,257,430
0.5 13.5 26.6 8.0 1.3 2.6 100.0
   Number of profiles as a % of total population 8.34% 8.21% 2.93% 2.91% 9.46% 9.02%
0.5 88.2 86.8 31.0 30.8 100.0 95.3
   Number of profiles filtered by creative industries 22,767 57,176 33,777 2,450 4,578 320,117
0.5 7.1 17.9 10.6 0.8 1.4 100.0
   Proportion of profiles filtered by creative industries 13.37% 17.08% 33.56% 15.40% 14.20% 25.46%
0.5 39.8 50.9 100.0 45.9 42.3 75.9
2.3 Local Networks and Interaction (CI-4: Creative Cities)
Number of charity organizations per 1,000 people 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.10
1.0 13.3 16.5 16.4 9.7 11.4 100.0
Number of festivals 75 100 122 45 6 200
1.0 37.5 50.0 61.0 22.5 3.0 100.0
MICROPRODUCTIVITY SUB-INDEX 37.0 41.8 53.6 39.2 49.2 83.6

Urban Planning & Attractions

The creative city attracts creative citizens
Large-scale events (arts, showcases, tourism, etc.)
Cultural tourism; cultural resources, heritage, and symbolic assets
Drawing power of cities (related to culture/creativity)
Attraction, retention and leakage of populations and/or other resources
Self-expression, civic pride and community identification
Urban amenities (e.g. outdoor dining, walking streets, vibrant night life, river walks)
Outdoor recreation activities (e.g. urban kayaking, rock climbing and bike trails)
Historic as well as modern structures, excellent public transportation, diverse residential neighbourhoods, a variety of foot traffic, wide sidewalks, and different types of buildings, open and green spaces, vibrant downtowns and centres of learning
Infrastructure fostering creativity (e.g. arts and culture, nightlife, music scene, restaurants, artists and designers, innovators, entrepreneurs, affordable spaces, lively neighbourhoods, spirituality, education, density, public spaces and third places)
Inherited features (e.g. history, climate, natural resources and population)
Housing affordability (including renters, owners with mortgage, and owners without mortgage)
Affordability, free events, public infrastructure, commons
Vital network of mixed-use informal spaces and passageways (pockets of social activity and neighbourhood life)
Edge spaces and adjacent suburban residential zones (many multicultural forms come from these in-between spaces e.g. hip hop)
Income and wealth inequality and social safety net

j.csci.41.tab.0001

CI-1 Creative clusters (an industry definition)
CI-2 Creative services (an economic definition)
CI-3 Creative citizens (a cultural definition)
CI-4 Creative cities (a complex definition)

Checklist of City Index Dimensions and Indicators: Stocks

CITY INDEX CHECKLIST Culture, Recreation, Tourism Creative Output, Employment Cultural Capital, Participation Venues, Resources, Facilities Liveability, Amenities Transport, Accessibility Globalization, Networks, Exchange Openness, Tolerance, Diversity Human Capital, Talent, Education Social Capital, Engagement, Support Government, Regulation Business Activity, Economy Entrepreneurship Innovation, R&D Technology, ICT Environment, Ecology
CREATIVITY AND CULTURE
Florida's Creative Cities Index □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □
The Euro Creativity Index □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □
Czech Creativity Index □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □
Sharpie's Creativity Index ✓ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ □ □ ✓ ✓ <□ ✓ □ □ □ ✓ < ✓
Creative Communities Index ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ < ✓ □ □ □ ✓ □
The Creative Vitality Index □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
European Creativity Index ✓ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ < ✓ □ □ □ □
Hong Kong Creativity Index ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ < ✓ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ □
Cultural Life Index ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ □
Composite Index of the Creative Economy □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ □
Design, Creativity and Innovation Scoreboard □ □ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □

Differentiating the Creative Arts

Mode Art Entertainment
Locus Cultural institution (GLAM)

GLAM = Galleries, Libraries, Archives,

 Scene, festival, mall, novelty
Value National identity Global diversity and difference
Attractant Prestige (“to see the queen”)

Museums 24 As in the nursery rhyme: 'Pussy cat, pussy cat, where have you been? I've been to London to see the Queen.'– Traditionally, it's the obvious reason for ordinary folk to visit the capital.

 Social network (media, music, clubs, crowds)
Agency Citizenship Digital literacy

Interaction and Intermediation of the CCI Models

Institutions intermediating economy (CI-1 & CI-2) and business/social/virtual networks (CI-3 & CI-4)
Coordination between models/levels
Intermediaries who facilitate interactions between CI’s
Anchor firms (innovative companies that stimulate the growth of many others e.g. Microsoft helping create the software cluster in Seattle)
Mediating organizations (institutions for collaboration or mediating, exchange of information)
Outstanding university research and commercial linkages (conduit for establishing key social networks e.g. internships, visits by industry leaders)
High-end cultural institutions including galleries, museums and universities
Commercial or entrepreneurial enterprises including street markets, shopping malls and the HQs of global media companies

Categories and Indicator Groups of the Global Power Cities Index

The Global Power Cities Index
ECONOMY
Market attractiveness
Economic vitality
Business environment
Regulations and risks
R&D
Research background
Readiness for accepting and supporting researchers
Research achievement
CULTURE
Trendsetting potential
Accommodation environment
Resources for attracting visitors
Shopping and dining
Volume of interaction
LIVEABILITY
Working environment
Cost of living
Security and safety
Life support functions
ECOLOGY AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Ecology
Pollution degree
Natural environment
ACCESSABILITY
Infrastructure of international transportation
Infrastructure of inner-city transportation

Creative Milieu

Creative opportunities, marketplaces, spaces
Integration of cultural and economic/interaction between productive consumers and creative enterprise/relationship formation
‘Novelty bundling markets’ (scenes, festivals, competitions, awards, venues allowing integration of culture and economy, productive consumers and creative enterprise)
Concerts, festivals and other dually-productive/participatory events
Integrate expert and amateur
Integrate play and work

Education, Social Learning & Experimentation

Formal and informal education including social learning
Number of students/universities/institutions
Experimentation, learning and adaption (informal, peer-to-peer);
Emergence of novelty/innovation/discovery
Input prices (range of price indexes) to education, learning and innovation
Velocity of ideas, or churn/turnover of new fads, fashions, styles, etc.

Dimensions and Indicators of Florida’s Creative Cities Index

Florida’s Creative Cities Index
TALENT
Human capital (e.g. number of university graduates, ranking of local universities, concentration of people with Bachelor’s degrees)
Creative class (e.g. percentage of workforce defined as the ‘creative class’, 'creative occupations' ISCO-88)
Researchers (number of people working in R&D-intensive jobs; creative core)
TECHNOLOGY
Innovation (e.g. number of registered patents, patents per capita)
High-tech innovation (e.g. number of registered high-tech patents, high-tech patents per capita)
High-tech industry (e.g. Milken Institute’s Tech Pole Index, number of technology-heavy companies, share of workforce employed in high-tech industry)
TOLERANCE
Foreign-borns (e.g. percentage of foreign-born population, size of foreign student population, number of international schools)
Diversity Index (e.g. fragmentation index based on ethnic background of foreign born population 1 – ! pop. share2)
Gay Index (e.g. fraction of gay people living in a region divided by the fraction of the total (US) population living in the area, tolerance surveys)
Bohemian Index (e.g. concentration of workforce engaged in artistic or avant-garde – experimental – activities)

Global City Indicators Facility ‘Themes’

City Services Quality of Life
Education Civic Engagement
Energy Culture
Recreation Economy
Fire Emergency Environment
Response Shelter
Governance Social Equity
Health Subjective
Social Services Well-Being
Solid Waste Technology And Innovation
Transportation
Urban Planning
Waste Water
Water

CI-1 Creative Clusters

Industry definition
Closed expert pipeline of innovation (internal to the firm)
Creative clusters of different industry sectors – advertising, architecture, publishing, software, performing arts, media production, art, design, fashion etc. – that together produce creative works or outputs (e.g. the DCMS list)
Provider-led or supply-based definition – institutional (meso level) creativity; measures of elaborate production by specialist organizations
‘Creative outputs’ – i.e. consumer goods based on creative values, including music, writing, design, performance

The Value Chain of Meaning and Global Cities

Era 1. Premodern 2. Modern 3. Global
Value Chain
Of merchandise Origination/ production Commodity/ distribution Consumption/use
Of meaning Author/ producer Text/ performance Reader/ audience
When, where, who (time, place, population)
When Medieval Modern Global
Where Church Public sphere Private life
Who (population) The faithful The public DIY citizen
Who (Intermediary) Priest Publisher Marketing
How (regime)
Theorist Bible Marx Foucault
Subjectivity Soul Individual (-ism) Experience
Power base Pain of death/hell War Administration of life
Sovereignty Monarch/divine Nation state Self
Military unit Knight/crusader Conscript/ volunteer Terrorist
Enemy Peer/ heretic Country Civilian
State ‘Hobbesian’ ‘Machiavellian’ ‘Kantian’
Why (knowledge)
Philosophy Revelation Scarcity Plenty
Epistemology Theology Empiricism Plebiscite
Educational reach Elite Mass Universal
What (form)
Interpretive form Exegesis Criticism Redaction (editing)
Creative form Ritual/liturgy Realism (science/ journalism/ novel) Reality (TV)
What for (communicative politics)
Mode of literacy Hear only Read only Read/ write
Mode of address To convert To convince (campaign) To converse
Who says (choice control)
Source of control ‘Him’ – divine control ‘Them’ – expert control ‘Me’ – self control
Broker of choices No choices Publisher/provider Navigator/ aggregator
Agent of knowledge Cleric Reading public/ media audience ‘Consumer entrepreneur’

Global Integration

7 . GLOBAL INTEGRATION 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
7.1 International Airport Traffic
Number of international flights 27,002 31,909 218,200 35,739 9,261 375,944
1.0 7.2 8.5 58.0 9.5 2.5 100.0
Number of international passengers 4,282,458 5,872,602 12,860,429 124,125 1,133,290 115,610,443
1.0 3.7 5.1 11.1 0.1 1.0 100.0
International freight (tonnes) 95,351 216,869 19,678 21,563 38 1,470,504
1.0 6.5 14.7 1.3 1.5 0.0 100.0
Number of cities linked by direct international flights 76 69 171 27 44 176
1.0 43.2 39.2 97.2 15.3 25.0 100.0
Travel distance between inner city and airport (km) 15 24 12 6 21 27
1.0 40.0 25.0 50.0 100.0 28.6 22.2
Travel time between inner city and airport (minutes) 21 23 22 13 35 32
1.0 61.9 56.5 59.1 100.0 37.1 40.6
7.2 Flow of People
Total migration
   Arrivals 108,913 161,801 147,769 31,446 27,858 604,785
   Departures 78,378 102,436 130,951 30,555 24,750 601,227
   NET TOTAL MIGRATION 30,536 59,365 16,818 891 3,108 3,558
1.0 51.4 100.0 28.3 1.5 5.2 6.0
Population turnover
   From overseas migration 4.22% 3.75% 3.51% 3.76% 3.13% 3.50%
   From interstate migration 4.95% 2.73% 4.60% 7.56% 12.30% 11.91%
   FROM TOTAL MIGRATION 9.17% 6.48% 8.11% 11.32% 15.42% 15.41%
1.0 59.4 42.0 52.6 73.4 100.0 99.9
7.3 Globalization
GaWC globalization 50 75 67 8 8 100
1.0 50.0 75.0 66.7 8.3 8.3 100.0
Number of ✓connectives" (GaWC specification of the World City Network) 17,537 29,599 23,035 6,989 4,900 63,354
1.0 27.7 46.7 36.4 11.0 7.7 100.0
GLOBAL SUB-INDEX INTEGRATION 40.5 52.2 46.0 28.3 25.4 76.7

‘Virtual’ Clustering & Networks

Online digital networks
Social networks, real or online
Digital technologies/social networks
Technologically equipped culture
Entrepreneurial (or experimental) consumption (signalling, social learning)
An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern transnational corporations rely, such as fibre optics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications

Cultural Clash

Diversity and quality of place
Competition/contestation
City density
Urban metabolism rate (population turnover)
Places in flux – new socioeconomic and ethnic groups, challenge to an old, established order)
Culturally diverse populations (multiculturalism, backgrounds, experiences and talents) and tolerance
Subversion of conventional wisdom
Clusters of people/visitors/consumers (diversity of clusters)
Festivals, events, happenings, novelty, places to mingle, scenes, competitions, venues
The role of ‘place’/localness

Creative Industries Scale, Scope & Employment

1. CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT 𝛚 BRI MEL BER BRE CAR LON
1.1 Creative Industries Scale (CI-1: Creative Clusters)
Size of the creative sector (in millions of dollars at PPP)
   Music & performing arts 77 154 574 37 37 1,854
   Film, television & radio 254 785 483 59 111 3,533
   Advertising & marketing 73 154 486 100 27 4,518
   Software development & interactive content 865 2,298 683 105 36 15,292
   Writing, publishing & print media 473 1,052 914 168 55 5,851
   Architecture, design & visual arts 262 616 371 110 47 3,070
   TOTAL CREATIVE INDUSTRIES 2,003 5,059 3,512 579 313 33,981
   PER CAPITA 980.18 1,240.88 1,012.48 1,057.47 917.74 4,342.45
1.0 22.6 28.6 23.3 24.4 21.1 100.0
Size of the creative sector (in number of firms)
   Music & performing arts 1,117 2,232 5,329 180 335 11,621
   Film, television & radio 496 1,528 1,263 224 279 6,716
   Advertising & marketing 1,164 2,465 2,183 230 419 5,584
   Software development & interactive content 3,568 9,494 2,158 224 113 30,826
   Writing, publishing & print media 389 867 1,732 314 64 2,905
   Architecture, design & visual arts 4,001 9,405 4,967 628 508 10,036
   TOTAL CREATIVE INDUSTRIES 10,735 25,990 17,632 1,800 1,718 67,688
   PER 1,000 POPULATION 5.25 6.37 5.08 3.29 5.04 8.65
1.0 15.9 38.4 26.0 2.7 2.5 100.0
1.2 Creative Industries Scope (CI-1: Creative Clusters)
Diversity of the creative sector (taken of the above categories in millions of dollars at PPP)
   Fragmentation index (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous) 0.72 0.71 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.73
0.5 88.2 86.7 100.0 98.1 96.5 89.0
   Shannon's diversity index (higher = more diverse) 1.48 1.44 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.54
0.5 84.4 82.5 100.0 97.2 95.5 88.1
Diversity of the creative sector (taken of the above categories in number of firms)
   Fragmentation index (1 = diverse, 0 = homogenous) 0.72 0.71 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.72
0.5 91.7 90.5 99.3 100.0 98.7 91.5
   Shannon's diversity index (higher = more diverse) 1.47 1.45 1.65 1.68 1.62 1.51
0.5 87.7 86.3 98.3 100.0 96.4 90.1
1.3 Creative Industries Employment (CI-1: Creative Clusters; CI-2: Creative Services)
Number of people employed in creative sector
   Music & performing arts 2,869 7,452 11,523 746 1,122 115,380
   Film, television & radio 5,291 13,742 11,948 933 2,178 75,084
   Advertising & marketing 1,435 3,726 9,649 1,297 528 112,889
   Software development & interactive content 15,965 41,466 16,693 2,483 726 284,110
   Writing, publishing & print media 5,831 15,144 15,902 2,253 792 89,270
   Architecture, design & visual arts 10,266 26,664 5,300 2,289 1,254 137,150
   TOTAL CREATIVE INDUSTRIES 41,657 108,194 71,015 10,001 6,600 813,883
   PER 1,000 POPULATION 20.39 26.54 20.47 18.27 19.35 104.01
1.0 19.6 25.5 19.7 17.6 18.6 100.0
CREATIVE INDUSTRIES SCALE, SCOPE & EMPLOYMENT SUB-INDEX 49.8 54.4 53.4 49.2 51.7 96.6

Checklist of City Index Dimensions and Indicators: Flows

CITY INDEX CHECKLIST Culture, Recreation, Tourism Creative Output, Employment Cultural Capital, Participation Venues, Resources, Facilities Liveability, Amenities Transport, Accessibility Globalization, Networks, Exchange Openness, Tolerance, Diversity Human Capital, Talent, Education Social Capital, Engagement, Support Government, Regulation Business Activity, Economy Entrepreneurship Innovation, R&D Technology, ICT Environment, Ecology
GLOBAL CITIES, NETWORKS AND TECH/ICT
The Global Power Cities Index ✓ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ ✓ □ ✓
The Global Cities Index ✓ □ □ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ □ □ □
Global City Indicators Facility ✓ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ ✓
Fundamental and Flow Index ✓ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ □
The Globalization and World Cities Index □ ✓ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
The Shift Index □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ □ □
World Knowledge Competitive Index □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □ ✓ □
Information Society Index □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ □
OTHER APPROACHES
Oslo Manual □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ ✓ □
Creativity Grid ✓ □ □ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ □ □ ✓ □ ✓ □
Landry's Index □ □ □ □ ✓ □ ✓ ✓ ✓ □ ✓ □ ✓ □ □ □

The Activities Included Within CCI’s Creative Segments Definition

SEGMENT AND SECTOR SUB-SEGMENT MAJOR ACTIVITIES
Music and Performing Arts Music Music Composition
Music Performance
Music Recording
Music Composition Publishing
Performing Arts Performing Arts General
Performing Arts Dance and Ballet
Performing Arts Drama
Performing Arts Venues
Performing Arts Opera
Film, TV and Radio Radio Radio Program Production
Film and TV Film Production
Film Special Effects Post Production
Film Scriptwriting
TV Broadcasting
Film and Video Libraries
Advertising and Marketing Services Advertising Services
Marketing Services
Advertising Media
Software and Interactive Content Software Software Development
Software Product Publishing
Interactive Content Multimedia Internet Development
Interactive and Online Games Development
Interactive Games Publishers
Multimedia Internet Service Providers
Multimedia Internet Content Publishing
Publishing Publishing Newspaper Publishing
Periodicals Publishing
Book Publishing
Composition Writing
Libraries
Architecture, Design and Visual Arts Design Architecture
Graphic Arts and Illustration
Jewellery Design
Fashion Design
Interior Design
Product Design
Marine Architecture
Other Specialised Design
Visual Arts Museums and Gallaries
Visual Arts, Painters, Sculpters
Photography

Interaction of Agents

For ideas to be generated and propagated
Relations among networked agents (producers or consumers)
Social learning via widespread participation in mediated interaction
Social contagion dynamics/social network markets (Potts et al 2008a)
Role of the consumer/integration of consumer and producer
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