Left atrial fibrosis: an essential hallmark in chronic mitral regurgitation

1 Monteagudo Ruiz JM, Galderisi M, Buonauro A, Badano L, Aruta P, Swaans MJ, Sanchis L, Saraste A, Monaghan M, Theodoropoulos KC, Papitsas M, Liel-Cohen N, Kobal S, Bervar M, Berlot B, Filippatos G, Ikonomidis I, Katsanos S, Tanner FC, Cassani D, Faletra FF, Leo LA, Martinez A, Matabuena J, Grande-Trillo A, Alonso-Rodriguez D, Mesa D, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Sitges M, Carrasco-Chinchilla F, Li CH, Fernandez-Golfin C, Zamorano JL. Overview of mitral regurgitation in Europe: results from the European Registry of mitral regurgitation (EuMiClip). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(5):503–507. Monteagudo RuizJM GalderisiM BuonauroA BadanoL ArutaP SwaansMJ SanchisL SarasteA MonaghanM TheodoropoulosKC PapitsasM Liel-CohenN KobalS BervarM BerlotB FilippatosG IkonomidisI KatsanosS TannerFC CassaniD FaletraFF LeoLA MartinezA MatabuenaJ Grande-TrilloA Alonso-RodriguezD MesaD Gonzalez-AlujasT SitgesM Carrasco-ChinchillaF LiCH Fernandez-GolfinC ZamoranoJL Overview of mitral regurgitation in Europe: results from the European Registry of mitral regurgitation (EuMiClip) Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018 19 5 503 507 10.1093/ehjci/jey01129529191 Search in Google Scholar

2 Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Lansac E, Rodriguez Muñoz D, Rosenhek R, Sjögren J, Tornos Mas P, Vahanian A, Walther T, Wendler O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739–2791. BaumgartnerH FalkV BaxJJ De BonisM HammC HolmPJ IungB LancellottiP LansacE Rodriguez MuñozD RosenhekR SjögrenJ Tornos MasP VahanianA WaltherT WendlerO WindeckerS ZamoranoJL ESC Scientific Document Group 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease Eur Heart J 2017 38 36 2739 2791 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx39128886619 Search in Google Scholar

3 Harb SC, Griffin BP. Mitral Valve Disease: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(8):73. HarbSC GriffinBP Mitral Valve Disease: a Comprehensive Review Curr Cardiol Rep 2017 19 8 73 10.1007/s11886-017-0883-528688022 Search in Google Scholar

4 Cameli M, Mondillo S, Righini FM, Lisi M, Dokollari A, Lindqvist P, Maccherini M, Henein M. Left Ventricular Deformation and Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure Requiring Transplantation. J Card Fail. 2016;22(11):901–907. CameliM MondilloS RighiniFM LisiM DokollariA LindqvistP MaccheriniM HeneinM Left Ventricular Deformation and Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure Requiring Transplantation J Card Fail 2016 22 11 901 907 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.02.01226952240 Search in Google Scholar

5 Podlesnikar T, Delgado V, Bax JJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to assess myocardial fibrosis in valvular heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;34(1):97–112. PodlesnikarT DelgadoV BaxJJ Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to assess myocardial fibrosis in valvular heart disease Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018 34 1 97 112 10.1007/s10554-017-1195-y579756528642994 Search in Google Scholar

6 D’Ascenzi F, Anselmi F, Focardi M, Mondillo S. Atrial Enlargement in the Athlete’s Heart: Assessment of Atrial Function May Help Distinguish Adaptive from Pathologic Remodeling. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(2):148–157. D’AscenziF AnselmiF FocardiM MondilloS Atrial Enlargement in the Athlete’s Heart: Assessment of Atrial Function May Help Distinguish Adaptive from Pathologic Remodeling J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018 31 2 148 157 10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.00929246514 Search in Google Scholar

7 Burstein B, Nattel S. Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:802–9. BursteinB NattelS Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 51 802 9 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.06418294563 Search in Google Scholar

8 Cameli M, Pastore MC, Henein MY, Mondillo S. The left atrium and the right ventricle: two supporting chambers to the failing left ventricle. Heart Fail Rev. 2019;24(5):661–669. CameliM PastoreMC HeneinMY MondilloS The left atrium and the right ventricle: two supporting chambers to the failing left ventricle Heart Fail Rev 2019 24 5 661 669 10.1007/s10741-019-09791-431025236 Search in Google Scholar

9 Travers JG, Kamal FA, Robbins J, Yutzey KE, Blaxall BC. Cardiac Fibrosis: The Fibroblast Awakens. Circulation research. 2016;118:1021–40. TraversJG KamalFA RobbinsJ YutzeyKE BlaxallBC Cardiac Fibrosis: The Fibroblast Awakens Circulation research 2016 118 1021 40 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306565480048526987915 Search in Google Scholar

10 Cameli M, Incampo E, Mondillo S. Left atrial deformation: Useful index for early detection of cardiac damage in chronic mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2017;17:17–22. CameliM IncampoE MondilloS Left atrial deformation: Useful index for early detection of cardiac damage in chronic mitral regurgitation Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2017 17 17 22 10.1016/j.ijcha.2017.08.003563534029034311 Search in Google Scholar

11 Dziadzko V, Clavel MA, Dziadzko M, Medina-Inojosa JR, Michelena H, Maalouf J, Nkomo V, Thapa P, Enriquez-Sarano M. Outcome and undertreatment of mitral regurgitation: a community cohort study. Lancet. 2018;391(10124):960–969. DziadzkoV ClavelMA DziadzkoM Medina-InojosaJR MichelenaH MaaloufJ NkomoV ThapaP Enriquez-SaranoM Outcome and undertreatment of mitral regurgitation: a community cohort study Lancet 2018 391 10124 960 969 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30473-2 Search in Google Scholar

12 Watanabe N. Acute mitral regurgitation. Heart. 2019;105(9):671–677. WatanabeN Acute mitral regurgitation Heart 2019 105 9 671 677 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-31337330824479 Search in Google Scholar

13 Thomas L, Abhayaratna WP. Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling: Mechanisms, Evaluation, and Clinical Significance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(1):65–77. ThomasL AbhayaratnaWP Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling: Mechanisms, Evaluation, and Clinical Significance JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017 10 1 65 77 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.11.00328057220 Search in Google Scholar

14 Verheule S, Wilson E, Everett T IV, Shanbhag S, Golden C, Olgin J. Alterations in atrial electrophysiology and tissue structure in a canine model of chronic atrial dilatation due to mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2003;107:2615e2622 VerheuleS WilsonE EverettTIV ShanbhagS GoldenC OlginJ Alterations in atrial electrophysiology and tissue structure in a canine model of chronic atrial dilatation due to mitral regurgitation Circulation 2003 107 2615e2622 10.1161/01.CIR.0000066915.15187.51199567212732604 Search in Google Scholar

15 Mary-Rabine L, Albert A, Pharm TD, Hordof A, Fenoglio JJ, Malm JR, Rosen MR. The relationship of human atrial cellular electrophysiology to clinical function and ultrastructure. Circ Res 1983;52:188e199 Mary-RabineL AlbertA PharmTD HordofA FenoglioJJ MalmJR RosenMR The relationship of human atrial cellular electrophysiology to clinical function and ultrastructure Circ Res 1983 52 188e199 10.1161/01.RES.52.2.1886218936 Search in Google Scholar

16 Kagiyama N, Mondillo S, Yoshida K, Mandoli GE, Cameli M. Subtypes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights Into Their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(3):820–835. KagiyamaN MondilloS YoshidaK MandoliGE CameliM Subtypes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights Into Their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020 13 3 820 835 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.04031422123 Search in Google Scholar

17 Mihaila S, Muraru D, Miglioranza MH, Piasentini E, Aruta P, Cucchini U, Iliceto S, Vinereanu D, Badano LP. Relationship between mitral annulus function and mitral regurgitation severity and left atrial remodelling in patients with primary mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(8):918–29. MihailaS MuraruD MiglioranzaMH PiasentiniE ArutaP CucchiniU IlicetoS VinereanuD BadanoLP Relationship between mitral annulus function and mitral regurgitation severity and left atrial remodelling in patients with primary mitral regurgitation Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016 17 8 918 29 10.1093/ehjci/jev30126758410 Search in Google Scholar

18 Kitkungvan D, Nabi F, Kim RJ, Bonow RO, Khan MA, Xu J, Little SH, Quinones MA, Lawrie GM, Zoghbi WA, Shah DJ. Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Primary Mitral Regurgitation With and Without Prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(8):823–834. KitkungvanD NabiF KimRJ BonowRO KhanMA XuJ LittleSH QuinonesMA LawrieGM ZoghbiWA ShahDJ Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Primary Mitral Regurgitation With and Without Prolapse J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 72 8 823 834 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.04830115220 Search in Google Scholar

19 Sharma H, Liu B, Mahmoud-Elsayed H, Myerson SG, Steeds RP. Multimodality Imaging in Secondary Mitral Regurgitation. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020 Dec 22;7:546279. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.546279. PMID: 33415127; PMCID: PMC7782243. SharmaH LiuB Mahmoud-ElsayedH MyersonSG SteedsRP Multimodality Imaging in Secondary Mitral Regurgitation Front Cardiovasc Med 2020 Dec 22 7 546279 10.3389/fcvm.2020.546279 PMID: 33415127; PMCID: PMC7782243. 778224333415127 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20 Muraru D, Guta AC, Ochoa-Jimenez RC, Bartos D, Aruta P, Mihaila S, Popescu BA, Iliceto S, Basso C, Badano LP. Functional Regurgitation of Atrioventricular Valves and Atrial Fibrillation: An Elusive Pathophysiological Link Deserving Further Attention. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(1):42–53. MuraruD GutaAC Ochoa-JimenezRC BartosD ArutaP MihailaS PopescuBA IlicetoS BassoC BadanoLP Functional Regurgitation of Atrioventricular Valves and Atrial Fibrillation: An Elusive Pathophysiological Link Deserving Further Attention J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020 33 1 42 53 10.1016/j.echo.2019.08.01631685293 Search in Google Scholar

21 Callegari S, Macchi E, Monaco R, Magnani L, Tafuni A, Croci S, Nicastro M, Garrapa V, Banchini A, Becchi G, Corradini E, Goldoni M, Rocchio F, Sala R, Benussi S, Ferrara D, Alfieri O, Corradi D. Clinicopathological Bird’s-Eye View of Left Atrial Myocardial Fibrosis in 121 Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Developing Architecture and Main Cellular Players. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020; 13(7):e007588. CallegariS MacchiE MonacoR MagnaniL TafuniA CrociS NicastroM GarrapaV BanchiniA BecchiG CorradiniE GoldoniM RocchioF SalaR BenussiS FerraraD AlfieriO CorradiD Clinicopathological Bird’s-Eye View of Left Atrial Myocardial Fibrosis in 121 Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Developing Architecture and Main Cellular Players Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020 13 7 e007588 10.1161/CIRCEP.119.00758832538131 Search in Google Scholar

22 Foglieni C, Rusconi R, Mantione ME, Fragasso G, Alfieri O, Maisano F. Early left atrial tissue features in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation and sinus rhythm: Alterations of not remodeled left atria. Int J Cardiol. 2016;219:433–8. FoglieniC RusconiR MantioneME FragassoG AlfieriO MaisanoF Early left atrial tissue features in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation and sinus rhythm: Alterations of not remodeled left atria Int J Cardiol 2016 219 433 8 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.04727372606 Search in Google Scholar

23 Pastore MC, Mandoli GE, Aboumarie HS, Santoro C, Bandera F, D’Andrea A, Benfari G, Esposito R, Evola V, Sorrentino R, Cameli P, Valente S, Mondillo S, Galderisi M, Cameli M; Working Group of Echocardiography of the Italian Society of Cardiology. Basic and advanced echocardiography in advanced heart failure: an overview. Heart Fail Rev. 2020;25(6):937–948. PastoreMC MandoliGE AboumarieHS SantoroC BanderaF D’AndreaA BenfariG EspositoR EvolaV SorrentinoR CameliP ValenteS MondilloS GalderisiM CameliM Working Group of Echocardiography of the Italian Society of Cardiology Basic and advanced echocardiography in advanced heart failure: an overview Heart Fail Rev 2020 25 6 937 948 10.1007/s10741-019-09865-331617033 Search in Google Scholar

24 Pellman J, Lyon RC, Sheikh F. Extracellular matrix remodelling in atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and implications in atrial fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010;48:461e467. PellmanJ LyonRC SheikhF Extracellular matrix remodelling in atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and implications in atrial fibrillation J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010 48 461e467 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.09.001282394119751740 Search in Google Scholar

25 Daccarett M, Badger TJ, Akoum N, Burgon NS, Mahnkopf C, Vergara G, Kholmovski E, McGann CJ, Parker D, Brachmann J, MacLeod RS, Marrouche NF. Association of left atrial fibrosis by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:831e838. DaccarettM BadgerTJ AkoumN BurgonNS MahnkopfC VergaraG KholmovskiE McGannCJ ParkerD BrachmannJ MacLeodRS MarroucheNF Association of left atrial fibrosis by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 831e838 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.049312450921310320 Search in Google Scholar

26 Kitkungvan D, Yang EY, El Tallawi KC, Nagueh SF, Nabi F, Khan MA, Nguyen DT, Graviss EA, Lawrie GM, Zoghbi WA, Bonow RO, Quinones MA, Shah DJ. Extracellular Volume in Primary Mitral Regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020:S1936-878X(20)30917-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.10.010. KitkungvanD YangEY El TallawiKC NaguehSF NabiF KhanMA NguyenDT GravissEA LawrieGM ZoghbiWA BonowRO QuinonesMA ShahDJ Extracellular Volume in Primary Mitral Regurgitation JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020 S1936-878X(20)30917-7. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.10.010 33341409 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27 Li D, Fareh S, Leung TK, Nattel S. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation. 1999;100:87–95. LiD FarehS LeungTK NattelS Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort Circulation 1999 100 87 95 10.1161/01.CIR.100.1.87 Search in Google Scholar

28 Li B, Luo F, Luo X, Li B, Qi L, Zhang D, Tang Y. Effects of atrial fibrosis induced by mitral regurgitation on atrial electrophysiology and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in pigs. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2019;40:32–40. LiB LuoF LuoX LiB QiL ZhangD TangY Effects of atrial fibrosis induced by mitral regurgitation on atrial electrophysiology and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in pigs Cardiovasc Pathol 2019 40 32 40 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.01.00630836303 Search in Google Scholar

29 Dzeshka MS, Lip GY, Snezhitskiy V, Shantsila E. Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(8):943–59. DzeshkaMS LipGY SnezhitskiyV ShantsilaE Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 66 8 943 59 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.131326293766 Search in Google Scholar

30 Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Jama. 2013;309:896–908. GulatiA JabbourA IsmailTF Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy Jama 2013 309 896 908 10.1001/jama.2013.136323462786 Search in Google Scholar

31 Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, Jais P, Akoum N, Marchlinski F, Kholmovski E, Burgon N, Hu N, Mont L, Deneke T, Duytschaever M, Neumann T, Mansour M, Mahnkopf C, Herweg B, Daoud E, Wissner E, Bansmann P, Brachmann J. Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study. JAMA. 2014;311(5):498–506. MarroucheNF WilberD HindricksG JaisP AkoumN MarchlinskiF KholmovskiE BurgonN HuN MontL DenekeT DuytschaeverM NeumannT MansourM MahnkopfC HerwegB DaoudE WissnerE BansmannP BrachmannJ Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study JAMA 2014 311 5 498 506 10.1001/jama.2014.324496537 Search in Google Scholar

32 Kuppahally SS, Akoum N, Burgon NS et al. Left atrial strain and strain rate in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation: relationship to left atrial structural remodeling detected by delayed-enhancement MRI. Circulation Cardiovascular imaging. 2010;3:231–9. KuppahallySS AkoumN BurgonNS Left atrial strain and strain rate in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation: relationship to left atrial structural remodeling detected by delayed-enhancement MRI Circulation Cardiovascular imaging 2010 3 231 9 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.86568320133512 Search in Google Scholar

33 Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Loiacono F, Sparla S, Iardino E, Mondillo S. Left atrial strain: A useful index in atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol; 220:208–13. CameliM MandoliGE LoiaconoF SparlaS IardinoE MondilloS Left atrial strain: A useful index in atrial fibrillation Int J Cardiol 220 208 13 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.19727389443 Search in Google Scholar

34 Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, Focardi M, Alfieri O, Mondillo S. Left atrial speckle tracking analysis in patients with mitral insufficiency and history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;28(7):1663–70. CameliM LisiM RighiniFM FocardiM AlfieriO MondilloS Left atrial speckle tracking analysis in patients with mitral insufficiency and history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012 28 7 1663 70 10.1007/s10554-011-9987-y22130899 Search in Google Scholar

35 Candan O, Ozdemir N, Aung SM, et al. Left atrial longitudinal strain parameters predict postoperative persistent atrial fibrillation following mitral valve surgery: a speckle tracking echocardiography study. Echocardiography 2013;30:1061e8. CandanO OzdemirN AungSM Left atrial longitudinal strain parameters predict postoperative persistent atrial fibrillation following mitral valve surgery: a speckle tracking echocardiography study Echocardiography 2013 30 1061e8 10.1111/echo.1222223600893 Search in Google Scholar

36 Leung M, Abou R, van Rosendael PJ, van der Bijl P, van Wijngaarden SE, Regeer MV, Podlesnikar T, Ajmone Marsan N, Leung DY, Delgado V, Bax JJ. Relation of Echocardiographic Markers of Left Atrial Fibrosis to Atrial Fibrillation Burden. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(4):584–591. LeungM AbouR van RosendaelPJ van der BijlP van WijngaardenSE RegeerMV PodlesnikarT Ajmone MarsanN LeungDY DelgadoV BaxJJ Relation of Echocardiographic Markers of Left Atrial Fibrosis to Atrial Fibrillation Burden Am J Cardiol 2018 122 4 584 591 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.04.04730049466 Search in Google Scholar

37 Cameli M, Mondillo S, Galderisi M, Mandoli GE, Ballo P, Nistri S, Capo V, D’Ascenzi F, D’Andrea A, Esposito R, Gallina S, Montisci R, Novo G, Rossi A, Mele D, Agricola E. L’ecocardiografia speckle tracking: roadmap per la misurazione e l’utilizzo clinico [Speckle tracking echocardiography: a practical guide]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2017;18:253–269. CameliM MondilloS GalderisiM MandoliGE BalloP NistriS CapoV D’AscenziF D’AndreaA EspositoR GallinaS MontisciR NovoG RossiA MeleD AgricolaE L’ecocardiografia speckle tracking: roadmap per la misurazione e l’utilizzo clinico [Speckle tracking echocardiography: a practical guide] G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2017 18 253 269 Search in Google Scholar

38 Pathan F, D’Elia N, Nolan MT, Marwick TH, Negishi K. Normal Ranges of Left Atrial Strain by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(1):59–70.e8. PathanF D’EliaN NolanMT MarwickTH NegishiK Normal Ranges of Left Atrial Strain by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017 30 1 59 70.e8 10.1016/j.echo.2016.09.00728341032 Search in Google Scholar

39 Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T, D’Hooge J, Donal E, Fraser AG, Marwick T, Mertens L, Popescu BA, Sengupta PP, Lancellotti P, Thomas JD, Voigt JU; Industry representatives; Reviewers: This document was reviewed by members of the 2016–2018 EACVI Scientific Documents Committee. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(6):591–600. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042. Erratum in: Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(7):830–833. BadanoLP KoliasTJ MuraruD AbrahamTP AurigemmaG EdvardsenT D’HoogeJ DonalE FraserAG MarwickT MertensL PopescuBA SenguptaPP LancellottiP ThomasJD VoigtJU Industry representatives Reviewers: This document was reviewed by members of the 2016–2018 EACVI Scientific Documents Committee Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018 19 6 591 600 10.1093/ehjci/jey042 Erratum in: Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(7):830–833. 29596561 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40 Cameli M, Miglioranza MH, Magne J, Mandoli GE, Benfari G, Ancona R, Sibilio G, Reskovic Luksic V, Dejan D, Griseli L, Van De Heyning CM, Mortelmans P, Michalski B, Kupczynska K, Di Giannuario G, Devito F, Dulgheru R, Ilardi F, Salustri A, Abushahba G, Morrone D, Fabiani I, Penicka M, Katbeh A, Sammarco G, Esposito R, Santoro C, Pastore MC, Comenale Pinto S, Kalinin A, Pičkure Ž, Ažman Juvan K, Zupan Mežnar A, Coisne A, Coppin A, Opris MM, Nistor DO, Paakkanen R, Biering-Sørensen T, Olsen FJ, Lapinskas T, Vaškelyté JJ, Galian-Gay L, Casas G, Motoc AI, Papadopoulos CH, Loizos S, Ágoston G, Szabó I, Hristova K, Tsonev SN, Galli E, Vinereanu D, Mihaila Baldea S, Muraru D, Mondillo S, Donal E, Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, Popescu BA. Multicentric Atrial Strain COmparison between Two Different Modalities: MASCOT HIT Study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020 Nov 13;10(11):946. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10110946. CameliM MiglioranzaMH MagneJ MandoliGE BenfariG AnconaR SibilioG Reskovic LuksicV DejanD GriseliL Van De HeyningCM MortelmansP MichalskiB KupczynskaK Di GiannuarioG DevitoF DulgheruR IlardiF SalustriA AbushahbaG MorroneD FabianiI PenickaM KatbehA SammarcoG EspositoR SantoroC PastoreMC Comenale PintoS KalininA PičkureŽ Ažman JuvanK Zupan MežnarA CoisneA CoppinA OprisMM NistorDO PaakkanenR Biering-SørensenT OlsenFJ LapinskasT VaškelytéJJ Galian-GayL CasasG MotocAI PapadopoulosCH LoizosS ÁgostonG SzabóI HristovaK TsonevSN GalliE VinereanuD Mihaila BaldeaS MuraruD MondilloS DonalE GalderisiM CosynsB EdvardsenT PopescuBA Multicentric Atrial Strain COmparison between Two Different Modalities: MASCOT HIT Study Diagnostics (Basel) 2020 Nov 13 10 11 946 10.3390/diagnostics10110946 769689933202837 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41 Mandoli GE, Sisti N, Mondillo S, Cameli M. Left atrial strain in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: have we finally found the missing piece of the puzzle? Heart Fail Rev. 2020 May;25(3):409–417. doi: 10.1007/s10741-019-09889-9. PMID: 31773504. MandoliGE SistiN MondilloS CameliM Left atrial strain in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: have we finally found the missing piece of the puzzle? Heart Fail Rev. 2020 May 25 3 409 417 10.1007/s10741-019-09889-9 PMID: 31773504. 31773504 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42 D〉Ascenzi F, Cameli M, Henein M, Iadanza A, Reccia R, Lisi M, Curci V, Sinicropi G, Torrisi A, Pierli C, Mondillo S. Left atrial remodelling in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a speckle-tracking prospective, longitudinal study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29(8):1717–24. D〉AscenziF CameliM HeneinM IadanzaA RecciaR LisiM CurciV SinicropiG TorrisiA PierliC MondilloS Left atrial remodelling in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a speckle-tracking prospective, longitudinal study Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013 29 8 1717 24 10.1007/s10554-013-0265-z23852277 Search in Google Scholar

43 Pastore MC, De Carli G, Mandoli GE, D’Ascenzi F, Focardi M, Contorni F, Mondillo S, Cameli M. The prognostic role of speckle tracking echocardiography in clinical practice: evidence and reference values from the literature. Heart Fail Rev. doi: 10.1007/s10741-020-09945-9. PastoreMC De CarliG MandoliGE D’AscenziF FocardiM ContorniF MondilloS CameliM The prognostic role of speckle tracking echocardiography in clinical practice: evidence and reference values from the literature Heart Fail Rev 10.1007/s10741-020-09945-9 32219615 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44 Mandoli GE, Pastore MC, Benfari G, Bisleri G, Maccherini M, Lisi G, Cameli P, Lisi M, Dokollari A, Carrucola C, Vigna M, Montesi G, Valente S, Mondillo S, Cameli M. Left atrial strain as a pre-operative prognostic marker for patients with severe mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol. 2021;324:139–145. MandoliGE PastoreMC BenfariG BisleriG MaccheriniM LisiG CameliP LisiM DokollariA CarrucolaC VignaM MontesiG ValenteS MondilloS CameliM Left atrial strain as a pre-operative prognostic marker for patients with severe mitral regurgitation Int J Cardiol 2021 324 139 145 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.00932920069 Search in Google Scholar

45 Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, Massoni A, Natali BM, Focardi M, Tacchini D, Geyer A, Curci V, Di Tommaso C, Lisi G, Maccherini M, Chiavarelli M, Massetti M, Tanganelli P, Mondillo S. Usefulness of atrial deformation analysis to predict left atrial fibrosis and endocardial thickness in patients undergoing mitral valve operations for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(4):595–601 CameliM LisiM RighiniFM MassoniA NataliBM FocardiM TacchiniD GeyerA CurciV Di TommasoC LisiG MaccheriniM ChiavarelliM MassettiM TanganelliP MondilloS Usefulness of atrial deformation analysis to predict left atrial fibrosis and endocardial thickness in patients undergoing mitral valve operations for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse Am J Cardiol 2013 111 4 595 601 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.04923211360 Search in Google Scholar

46 Her AY, Choi EY, Shim CY, Song BW, Lee S, Ha JW, Rim SJ, Hwang KC, Chang BC, Chung N. Prediction of left atrial fibrosis with speckle tracking echocardiography in mitral valve disease: a comparative study with histopathology. Korean Circ J. 2012;42(5):311–8. HerAY ChoiEY ShimCY SongBW LeeS HaJW RimSJ HwangKC ChangBC ChungN Prediction of left atrial fibrosis with speckle tracking echocardiography in mitral valve disease: a comparative study with histopathology Korean Circ J 2012 42 5 311 8 10.4070/kcj.2012.42.5.311336996222701133 Search in Google Scholar

47 Cameli M, Pastore MC, Righini FM, Mandoli GE, D’Ascenzi F, Lisi M, Nistor D, Sparla S, Curci V, Di Tommaso C, Marino F, Stricagnoli M, Mondillo S. Prognostic value of left atrial strain in patients with moderate asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;35(9):1597–1604. CameliM PastoreMC RighiniFM MandoliGE D’AscenziF LisiM NistorD SparlaS CurciV Di TommasoC MarinoF StricagnoliM MondilloS Prognostic value of left atrial strain in patients with moderate asymptomatic mitral regurgitation Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019 35 9 1597 1604 10.1007/s10554-019-01598-630972528 Search in Google Scholar

48 Sugimoto T, Bandera F, Generati G, Alfonzetti E, Barletta M, Losito M, Labate V, Rovida M, Caracciolo M, Pappone C, Ciconte G, Guazzi M. Left Atrial Dynamics During Exercise in Mitral Regurgitation of Primary and Secondary Origin: Pathophysiological Insights by Exercise Echocardiography Combined With Gas Exchange Analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(1 Pt 1):25–40. SugimotoT BanderaF GeneratiG AlfonzettiE BarlettaM LositoM LabateV RovidaM CaraccioloM PapponeC CiconteG GuazziM Left Atrial Dynamics During Exercise in Mitral Regurgitation of Primary and Secondary Origin: Pathophysiological Insights by Exercise Echocardiography Combined With Gas Exchange Analysis JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 13 1 Pt 1 25 40 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.P6028 Search in Google Scholar

49 Toprak C, Kahveci G, Kilicgedik A, Pala S, Kirma C, Tabakci MM, Inanir M, Esen AM. Left atrial remodeling in patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system: an advanced echocardiography study. Echocardiography. 2016;33(10):1504–1511. ToprakC KahveciG KilicgedikA PalaS KirmaC TabakciMM InanirM EsenAM Left atrial remodeling in patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system: an advanced echocardiography study Echocardiography 2016 33 10 1504 1511 10.1111/echo.1328827350336 Search in Google Scholar

50 Miller CA, Naish JH, Bishop P, Coutts G, Clark D, Zhao S, Ray SG, Yonan N, Williams SG, Flett AS, Moon JC, Greiser A, Parker GJ, Schmitt M. Comprehensive validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques for the assessment of myocardial extracellular volume. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(3):373–83. MillerCA NaishJH BishopP CouttsG ClarkD ZhaoS RaySG YonanN WilliamsSG FlettAS MoonJC GreiserA ParkerGJ SchmittM Comprehensive validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques for the assessment of myocardial extracellular volume Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013 6 3 373 83 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.00019223553570 Search in Google Scholar

51 Moon JC, Messroghli DR, Kellman P, Piechnik SK, Robson MD, Ugander M, Gatehouse PD, Arai AE, Friedrich MG, Neubauer S, Schulz-Menger J, Schelbert EB; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15(1):92. MoonJC MessroghliDR KellmanP PiechnikSK RobsonMD UganderM GatehousePD AraiAE FriedrichMG NeubauerS Schulz-MengerJ SchelbertEB Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013 15 1 92 10.1186/1532-429X-15-92385445824124732 Search in Google Scholar

52 Disertori M, Rigoni M, Pace N et al. Myocardial Fibrosis Assessment by LGE Is a Powerful Predictor of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Ischemic and Nonischemic LV Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis. JACC Cardiovascular imaging. 2016;9:1046–55. (43–46). DisertoriM RigoniM PaceN Myocardial Fibrosis Assessment by LGE Is a Powerful Predictor of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Ischemic and Nonischemic LV Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis JACC Cardiovascular imaging 2016 9 1046 55 (43–46). 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.01.03327450871 Search in Google Scholar

53 Parwani P, Avierinos JF, Levine RA, Delling FN. Mitral Valve Prolapse: Multimodality Imaging and Genetic Insights. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(3):361–369 ParwaniP AvierinosJF LevineRA DellingFN Mitral Valve Prolapse: Multimodality Imaging and Genetic Insights Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 60 3 361 369 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.10.007580557329122631 Search in Google Scholar

54 Han Y, Peters DC, Salton CJ, Bzymek D, Nezafat R, Goddu B, Kissinger KV, Zimetbaum PJ, Manning WJ, Yeon SB. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of mitral valve prolapse. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1(3):294–303 HanY PetersDC SaltonCJ BzymekD NezafatR GodduB KissingerKV ZimetbaumPJ ManningWJ YeonSB Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of mitral valve prolapse JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008 1 3 294 303 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.01.01319356441 Search in Google Scholar

55 Perazzolo Marra M, Basso C, De Lazzari M, Rizzo S, Cipriani A, Giorgi B, Lacognata C, Rigato I, Migliore F, Pilichou K, Cacciavillani L, Bertaglia E, Frigo AC, Bauce B, Corrado D, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Morphofunctional Abnormalities of Mitral Annulus and Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(8):e005030. Perazzolo MarraM BassoC De LazzariM RizzoS CiprianiA GiorgiB LacognataC RigatoI MiglioreF PilichouK CacciavillaniL BertagliaE FrigoAC BauceB CorradoD ThieneG IlicetoS Morphofunctional Abnormalities of Mitral Annulus and Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016 9 8 e005030 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005030499134527516479 Search in Google Scholar

56 Basso C, Perazzolo Marra M, Rizzo S, De Lazzari M, Giorgi B, Cipriani A, Frigo AC, Rigato I, Migliore F, Pilichou K, Bertaglia E, Cacciavillani L, Bauce B, Corrado D, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death. Circulation. 2015; 132(7):556–66. BassoC Perazzolo MarraM RizzoS De LazzariM GiorgiB CiprianiA FrigoAC RigatoI MiglioreF PilichouK BertagliaE CacciavillaniL BauceB CorradoD ThieneG IlicetoS Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death Circulation 2015 132 7 556 66 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.01629126160859 Search in Google Scholar

57 Siebermair J, Kholmovski EG, Marrouche N. Assessment of Left Atrial Fibrosis by Late Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Methodology and Clinical Implications. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2017;3(8):791–802. SiebermairJ KholmovskiEG MarroucheN Assessment of Left Atrial Fibrosis by Late Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Methodology and Clinical Implications JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2017 3 8 791 802 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.07.00429759774 Search in Google Scholar

58 Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, et al. Association of atrial tissuefibrosis identified bydelayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study. JAMA 2014;311:498–506. MarroucheNF WilberD HindricksG Association of atrial tissuefibrosis identified bydelayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study JAMA 2014 311 498 506 10.1001/jama.2014.324496537 Search in Google Scholar

59 McGann C, Akoum N, Patel A, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation outcome is predicted by leftatrial remodeling on MRI. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:23–30. McGannC AkoumN PatelA Atrial fibrillation ablation outcome is predicted by leftatrial remodeling on MRI Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014 7 23 30 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000689408667224363354 Search in Google Scholar

60 Khurram IM, Habibi M, Gucuk Ipek E, Chrispin J, Yang E, Fukumoto K, Dewire J, Spragg DD, Marine JE, Berger RD, Ashikaga H, Rickard J, Zhang Y, Zipunnikov V, Zimmerman SL, Calkins H, Nazarian S. Left Atrial LGE and Arrhythmia Recurrence Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Paroxysmal and Persistent AF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(2):142–8. KhurramIM HabibiM Gucuk IpekE ChrispinJ YangE FukumotoK DewireJ SpraggDD MarineJE BergerRD AshikagaH RickardJ ZhangY ZipunnikovV ZimmermanSL CalkinsH NazarianS Left Atrial LGE and Arrhythmia Recurrence Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Paroxysmal and Persistent AF JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 9 2 142 8 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.10.015474410526777218 Search in Google Scholar

61 Ghosh N, Al-Shehri H, Chan K, Mesana T, Chan V, Chen L, Yam Y, Chow BJ. Characterization of mitral valve prolapse with cardiac computed tomography: comparison to echocardiographic and intra-operative findings. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;28(4):855–63. GhoshN Al-ShehriH ChanK MesanaT ChanV ChenL YamY ChowBJ Characterization of mitral valve prolapse with cardiac computed tomography: comparison to echocardiographic and intra-operative findings Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012 28 4 855 63 10.1007/s10554-011-9888-021604082 Search in Google Scholar