The Potential of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide as a Biomarker in Predicting and Optimizing Use of Treatment in Asthma

1 Dharmage SC, Perret JL, Custovic A. Epidemiology of asthma in children and adults. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00246 PMid:31275909 Search in Google Scholar

2 World Health Organization. Asthma. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/causes/en [Last accessed on 2023 Jan 14]. Search in Google Scholar

3 Yung JA, Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Sex hormones, gender and asthma. HHS Public Access. 2019;176:139-48. Search in Google Scholar

4 Kuruvilla ME, Lee FE, Lee GB. Understanding asthma phenotypes, endotypes, and mechanisms of disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56(2):219-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8712-1 PMid:30206782 Search in Google Scholar

5 Padem N, Saltoun C. Classification of asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019;40(6):385-8. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2019.40.4253 PMid:31690376 Search in Google Scholar

6 Breiteneder H, Peng YQ, Agache I, Diamant Z, Eiwegger T, Fokkens WJ, et al. Biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses in allergic diseases and asthma. Allergy. 2020;75(12):3039-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14582 PMid:32893900 Search in Google Scholar

7 Papi A, Brightling C, Pedersen SE, Reddel HK. Asthma. Lancet. 2018;391(10122):783-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33311-1 PMid:29273246 Search in Google Scholar

8 Busse WW, Kraft M, Rabe KF, Deniz Y, Rowe PJ, Ruddy M, et al. Understanding the key issues in the treatment of uncontrolled persistent asthma with Type 2 inflammation. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2003393. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2020 PMid:33542055 Search in Google Scholar

9 Rupani H, Chauhan AJ. Measurement of FeNO in asthma: What the hospital doctor needs to know. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2019;80(2):99-104. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.80.2.99 PMid:30746998 Search in Google Scholar

10 Russell RJ, Brightling CE. Pathogenesis of asthma: Implications for precision medicine. Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131(14):1723-35. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20160253 PMid:28667070 Search in Google Scholar

11 Hoyte FC, Gross LM, Katial RK. Exhaled nitric oxide: An update. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2018;38(4):573-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2018.06.001 PMid:30342580 Search in Google Scholar

12 Tiotiu A. Biomarkers in asthma: State of the art. Asthma Res Pract. 2018;4:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-018-0047-4 PMid:30598830 Search in Google Scholar

13 Busse WW. Biological treatments for severe asthma: A major advance in asthma care. Allergol Int. 2019;68(2):158-66. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.alit.2019.01.004 PMid:30792118 Search in Google Scholar

14 Choy DF, Hart KM, Borthwick LA, Shikotra A, Nagarkar DR, Siddiqui S, et al. TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(301):301ra129. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aab3142 PMid:26290411 Search in Google Scholar

15 Mastalerz L, Celejewska-Wójcik N, Ćmiel A, Wójcik K, Szaleniec J, Hydzik-Sobocińska K, et al. Non-eosinophilic asthma in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug exacerbated respiratory disease. Clin Transl Allergy. 2023;13(3):e12235. https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12235 PMid:36973957 Search in Google Scholar

16 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) Testing? United States: National Institute of Health; 2020. p. 20-HL-8146. Search in Google Scholar

17 Högman M, Lehtimäki L, Dinh-Xuan AT. Utilising exhaled nitric oxide information to enhance diagnosis and therapy of respiratory disease-current evidence for clinical practice and proposals to improve the methodology. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2017;11(12):101-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2017.1281746 PMid:28076986 Search in Google Scholar

18 Ricciardolo FL, Sprio AE, Baroso A, Gallo F, Riccardi E, Bertolini F, et al. Characterization of T2-low and T2-high asthma phenotypes in real-life. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111684 PMid:34829913 Search in Google Scholar

19 Denton E, Price DB, Tran TN, Canonica GW, Menzies-Gow A, FitzGerald JM, et al. Cluster analysis of inflammatory biomarker expression in the international severe asthma registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(7):2680-8.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.02.059 PMid:33744476 Search in Google Scholar

20 Khatri SB, Iaccarino JM, Barochia A, Soghier I, Akuthota P, Brady A, et al. Use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide to guide the treatment of asthma: An official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204(10):E97-109. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202109-2093ST PMid:34779751 Search in Google Scholar

21 Gao J, Wu F. Association between fractional exhaled nitric oxide, sputum induction and peripheral blood eosinophil in uncontrolled asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-018-0248-7 PMid:29796021 Search in Google Scholar

22 American Thoracic Society. New Clinical Practice Guideline on Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) to Help Guide Asthma Treatment. New York: American Thoracic Society; 2021. Search in Google Scholar

23 Zhu H, Zhang R, Hao C, Yu X, Tian Z, Yuan Y. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) combined with pulmonary function parameters shows increased sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of cough variant asthma in children. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:3832-8. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.913761 PMid:31120043 Search in Google Scholar

24 Wang Y, Zhao L, Chen F, Guo Y, Ma H, Han B, et al. Diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and small Airway function in differentiating cough-variant asthma from typical asthma. Can Respir J. 2021;2021:9954411. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9954411 PMid:34457097 Search in Google Scholar