Internet Addiction among Egyptian Teens during COVID-19 Pandemic

1 Scarabel L, Guardascione M, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G. Pharmacological strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and treat the early phases of COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:441-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.035 PMid:33476760 Search in Google Scholar

2 Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L, et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264 PMid:32622172 Search in Google Scholar

3 Duner P, Salehi A. COVID-19 and possible pharmacological preventive options. J Clin Med Res. 2020;12(12):758-72. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4383 PMid:33447309 Search in Google Scholar

4 Raquib A, Raquib R, Jamil S, Hossain A, Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward the prevention of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:1425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.856156 PMid:35733876 Search in Google Scholar

5 Abou El Wafa HE, Ashry MH, Mekky JF, Elweshahi HM. Internet abuse in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt. Egypt J Psychiatry. 2021;42(1):36-42. https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpsy.ejpsy_43_20 Search in Google Scholar

6 Evli M, Şimşek N. The effect of COVID-19 uncertainty on internet addiction, happiness and life satisfaction in adolescents. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2022;41:20-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.008 PMid:36428049 Search in Google Scholar

7 Statista. Number of Smartphone Users Worldwide from 2014 to 2023; 2021. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-ofsmartphone-users-worldwide [Last accessed on 2023 Jan 14]. Search in Google Scholar

8 Masaeli N, Farhadi H. Prevalence of internet-based addictive behaviors during Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. J Addict Dis. 2021;39(4):468-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2021.1895962 PMid:33749537 Search in Google Scholar

9 Serra G, Lo Scalzo L, Giuffrè M, Ferrara P, Corsello G. Smartphone use and addiction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Cohort study on 184 Italian children and adolescents. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-021-01102-8 PMid:34215311 Search in Google Scholar

10 Chopdar PK, Paul J, Prodanova J. Mobile shoppers’ response to Covid-19 phobia, pessimism and Smartphone addiction: does social influence matter? Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2022;174:121249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121249 PMid:36540714 Search in Google Scholar

11 Hu Q, Liu Q, Wang Z. Meaning in life as a mediator between interpersonal alienation and Smartphone addiction in the context of Covid-19: A three-wave longitudinal study. Comput Hum Behav. 2022;127:107058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107058 PMid:34690416 Search in Google Scholar

12 de Freitas BH, Gaíva MA, Diogo PM, Bortolini J. Self-reported Smartphone addiction among Brazilian adolescents in the COVID-19 pandemic context: A mixed-method study. Trends Psychol. 2022:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-022-00208-0 Search in Google Scholar

13 Zhao J, Ye B, Luo L, Yu L. The effect of parent phubbing on Chinese adolescents’ Smartphone addiction during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing a moderated mediation model. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022;15:569-79. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S349105 PMid:35281997 Search in Google Scholar

14 Hong W, Liu RD, Oei TP, Zhen R, Jiang S, Sheng X. The mediating and moderating roles of social anxiety and relatedness need satisfaction on the relationship between shyness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents. Comput Hum Behav. 2019;93:301-8. Search in Google Scholar

15 Yue H, Yue X, Liu B, Li X, Dong Y, Bao H. Short version of the Smartphone addiction scale: Measurement invariance across gender. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0283256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283256 PMid:36947534 Search in Google Scholar

16 Saadeh H, Al Fayez RQ, Al Refaei A, Shewaikani N, Khawaldah H, Abu-Shanab S, et al. Smartphone use among university students during COVID-19 quarantine: An ethical trigger. Front Public Health. 2021;9:600134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.600134 PMid:34381747 Search in Google Scholar

17 de Freitas BH, Gaíva MA, Diogo PM, Bortolini J. Relationship between lifestyle and self-reported smartphone addiction in adolescents in the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2022b;65:82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2022.03.001 PMid:35331609 Search in Google Scholar

18 Eldesokey S, Gomaa Z, Sabri Y, El-Gilany A, Mohamed Elwasify M. Smartphone addiction among medical students in Mansoura university. Egypt J Psychiatry. 2021;42:50-6. Search in Google Scholar

19 Young KS. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychol Behav. 1998;1:237-44. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237 Search in Google Scholar

20 Yilmaz YA, Aydogdu F, Kocturk N. A systematic overview of adolescents’ smartphone habits and internet addiction during the COVID-19 era. Curr Approach Psychiatry. 2022;14(4):510-7. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1064501 Search in Google Scholar

21 Ilesanmi OS, Afolabi AA, Adebayo AM. Problematic internet use (PIU) among adolescents during COVID-19 lockdown: A study of high school students in Ibadan, Nigeria. The African Journal of Information and Communication. 2021;27:1-22. Search in Google Scholar

22 Onukwuli VO, Onyinye EN, Udigwe IB, Umeh UM. Internet addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents in southeast Nigeria and implications for adolescent care in the post-pandemic era: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231152763. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121231152763 PMid:36860685 Search in Google Scholar

23 Duan L, He J, Li M, Dai J, Zhou Y, Lai F, et al. Based on a decision tree model for exploring the risk factors of Smartphone addiction among children and adolescents in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:652356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.652356 PMid:34168575 Search in Google Scholar

24 Albursan IS, Al Qudah MF, Al-Barashdi HS, Bakhiet SF, Darandari E, Al-Asqah SS, et al. Smartphone addiction among university students in light of the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence, relationship to academic procrastination, quality of Life, gender and educational stage. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16):10439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610439 PMid:36012073 Search in Google Scholar

25 Paulus FW, Joas J, Gerstner I, Kühn A, Wenning M, Gehrke T, et al. problematic internet use among adolescents 18 months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Children (Basel). 2022;9(11):1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111724 PMid:36360452 Search in Google Scholar

26 Afolabi AA, Ilesanmi OS, Adebayo AM. Prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22293. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22293 PMid:35350489 Search in Google Scholar

27 Mokhtarinia HR, Torkamani MH, Farmani O, Biglarian A, Gabe CP. Smartphone addiction in children: Patterns of use and musculoskeletal discomfort during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):681. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03748-7 PMid:36435748 Search in Google Scholar

28 Lin MP. Prevalence of internet addiction during the covid-19 outbreak and its risk factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228547 PMid:33218018 Search in Google Scholar

29 Fernandes B, Biswas UN, Tan-Mansukhani R, Vallejo A, Essau CA. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Rev Psicol Clin Ninos Adolesc. 2020;7:59-65. https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2020.mon.2056 Search in Google Scholar

30 Kumar VA, Chandrasekaran V, Brahadeeswari H. Prevalence of Smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality: A cross-sectional study among medical students. Ind Psychiatry J. 2019;28(1):82-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_56_19 PMid:31879452 Search in Google Scholar

31 Mescollotto FF, Castro EM, Pelai EB, Pertille A, Bigaton DR. Translation of the short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale into Brazilian Portuguese: Cross-cultural adaptation and testing of measurement properties. Braz J Phys Ther. 2019;23(3):250-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.08.013 PMid:30249438 Search in Google Scholar

32 Harris B, McCredie M, Fields S. Examining the psychometric properties of the Smartphone Addiction Scale and its short version for use with emerging adults in the U.S. Comput Hum Behav Rep. 2020;1:100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100011 Search in Google Scholar

33 Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The Smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558 PMid:24391787 Search in Google Scholar

34 Chi X, Hong X, Chen X. Profiles and socio-demographic correlates of Internet addiction in early adolescents in southern China. Addict Behav. 2020;106:106385. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.944085 PMid:35812472 Search in Google Scholar

35 Tateno M, Kim DJ, Teo AR, Skokauskas N, Guerrero AP, Kato TA. Smartphone addiction in Japanese college students: Usefulness of the Japanese version of the smartphone addiction scale as a screening tool for a new form of internet addiction. Psychiatry Investig. 2019;16(2):115-20. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2018.12.25.2 PMid:30808117 Search in Google Scholar

36 Tomaszek K, Muchacka-Cymerman A. Sex differences in the relationship between student school burnout and problematic internet use among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214107 PMid:31653105 Search in Google Scholar

37 Duan L, Shao X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Miao J, Yang X, et al. An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:112-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029 PMid:32658812 Search in Google Scholar

38 Andrade AL, Kim DJ, Scatena A, Enes CC, Enumo SR, De Micheli D. Validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the smartphone addiction scale-long version (SAS-LV). Trends Psychol. 2020;29:302-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-020-00046-y Search in Google Scholar

39 Chatterjee S, Kar SK. Smartphone addiction and quality of sleep among Indian medical students. Psychiatry. 2021;84(2):182-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2021.1907870 PMid:33856961 Search in Google Scholar

40 Kapus K, Nyulas R, Nemeskeri Z, Zadori I, Muity G, Kiss J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of internet addiction among Hungarian high school students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136989 PMid:34208800 Search in Google Scholar

41 Mamun M, Griffiths MD. The assessment of internet addiction in Bangladesh: Why are prevalence rates so different? Asian J Psychiatry. 2019;40:46. Search in Google Scholar

42 Chandrima RM, Kircaburun K, Kabir H, Riaz BK, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, et al. Adolescent problematic internet use and parental mediation: A Bangladeshi structured interview study. Addict Behav Rep. 2020;12:100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100288 PMid:32637564 Search in Google Scholar

43 Cha SS, Seo BK. Smartphone use and Smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychol Open. 2018;5(1):2055102918755046. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102918755046 PMid:29435355 Search in Google Scholar

44 Tenzin K, Dorji T, Choeda T, Wangdi P, Oo MM, Tripathy JP, et al. Internet addiction among secondary school adolescents A mixed methods study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2019;57(219):344-51. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.4292 PMid:32329462 Search in Google Scholar

45 Schimmenti A, Musetti A, Costanzo A, Terrone G, Maganuco N, Rinella C, et al. The unfabulous four: Maladaptive personality functioning, insecure attachment, dissociative experiences, and problematic internet use among young adults. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19:447-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00079-0 Search in Google Scholar

46 Lai CM, Mak KK, Watanabe H, Ang RP, Pang JS, Ho RC. Psychometric properties of the internet addiction test in Chinese adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2013;38(7):794-807. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst022 PMid:23671059 Search in Google Scholar

47 Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, et al. Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):e319-29. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1353 PMid:21242221 Search in Google Scholar

48 Yıldız Durak H. Modeling of variables related to problematic internet usage and problematic social media usage in adolescents. Curr Psychol. 2020;39:1375-87. Search in Google Scholar

49 Sun Y, Li Y, Bao Y, Meng S, Sun Y, Schumann G, et al. Brief report: increased addictive internet and substance use behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Am J Addict. 2020;29:268-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13066 PMid:32500608 Search in Google Scholar

50 Eales L, Gillespie S, Alstat RA, Ferguson GM, Carlson SM. Children’s screen and problematic media use in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Dev. 2021;92:e866-82. Search in Google Scholar

51 Drouin M, McDaniel BT, Pater J, Toscos T. How parents and their children used social media and technology at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with anxiety. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2020;23(11):727-36. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284 PMid:32726144 Search in Google Scholar

52 Paschke K, Austermann M, Simon-Kutscher K, Thomasius R. Adolescent gaming and social media usage before and during the COVID-19 pandemic interim results of a longitudinal study. Sucht. 2021;67:13-22. Search in Google Scholar