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Impact of Maternal Essential Fatty Acid Intake on the Birth Weight of Infants

Manojna Masina
Manojna Masina
, 
Srujana Medithi
Srujana Medithi
 et 
Arti Muley
Arti Muley
   | 16 oct. 2023
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Article Category: Review
Publié en ligne: 16 oct. 2023
Pages: 147 - 157
Reçu: 23 sept. 2022
Accepté: 05 juin 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20232701.d-22-00052
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© 2023 Manojna Masina et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Studies indicating the dietary consumption of essential fatty acids along with supplementation strategy during pregnancy and their observed influence on newborn birth weight.

Stage of pregnancy Place/country of the study Existing comorbidities (Y/N) Number of women enrolled Age of the participant (years) Dietary sources of EFA Type of supplement Dosage of supplement Supplementation strategy Association with gestational length (Y/N) Infant birth weight (Y/N) Other parameters References
12 to 28 weeks of gestation Korea NA 1407 30 Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA Dietary supplement NA NA No. Yes, Increase in birth weight Length of the newborn 29
<16 weeks) Metro Health Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Ohio Obesity/increased 3:n6 ratio 72 NA Dietary sources of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA and saturated fatty acids Omega-3, DHA, EPA Two capsules twice a day Oral supplementation of 800 mg containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 1200 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) altogether making around 2000 mg of n-3 PUFA until delivery Yes, increased gestational length with supplementation Yes, increased birth weight with supplementation Fetal fat-free mass and fetal growth 25
≥34 completed weeks of gestation Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia NA 224 30–35 Total n–3 PUFA and the individual PUFAs, ALA, EPA, DHA, and LA. Fish oil supplementation NA NA No ALA-yes NA 28
16- and 22-weeks’ gestation 13 academic medical clinics in the United States Obesity and lean body weight 852 NA Fish intake Oral capsule of DHA and n3 fatty acids placebo group with (inert mineral oil) or 2 g of n3 FA and intervention group with a daily consumption consisting a combination of 800 mg of docosohexaenoic acid with 1200 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Daily supplementation throughput the pregnancy Yes, shorter gestational length Yes, increased birth weight Maternal plasma n6: n3 FA ratio and fetal growth 27
>15 weeks of gestation Munich area, Germany No 208 18–43 Reduced ratio of n−6 to n−3 LCPUFAs from 7:1 and moderate intake of arachidonic acid, abundant in meat products and eggs Fish-oil supplement Marinol D-40; Lipid Nutrition containing 1200 mg n−3 LCPUFAs (1020 mg DHA and 180 mg EPA) Daily supplementation throughout pregnancy Yes, showed prolonged gestational length but no significant difference with the control group (without supplementation and reduce intake only nutritional counselling being done) Yes, showed increased birth weight but no significant difference with the control group Head circumference and fat distribution 26
16 to 20 weeks of gestation Colorado No, healthy subjects 871 >18 Education arm with increased intake with 300 mg of docosahexaenoic acid from fish and other dietary sources Algal derived docosahexaenoic acid (or) olive oil placebo 300 to 600 mg of algal derived docosahexaenoic acid (or) olive oil placebo DHA was provided in the form of supplement bars containing docosahexaenoic acid CsOS oil with energy of 300kcal. Gel capsules containing olive oil were given to those who refused to consume nutrient bars, and upplementation was initiated at week 20 of gestation and continued until delivery Yes, showed a prolonged gestational length of 4 days. Yes, showed increased birth weight Maternal DHA levels, fetal DHA status and cognitive development 24

Studies indicating the consumption of maternal dietary essential fatty acid and the observed infant birth and gestational duration

Stage of pregnancy Existing comorbiditis Place/country of the study Number of women enrolled Age of the participant (years) Dietary sources of EFA Association with gestational length (Y/N) Infant birth weight (Y/N) Other parameters Reference
First trimester None reported Bangalore, India 1838 17–40 Total fats, short-chain fatty acids, ALA, LC n-3 PUFA intake (fish, fats/oil, eggs, cereals, nuts, milk, and vegetables) NA Mixed results (inverted U shaped)High and low birth weight was seen Gestational age 14
16th–20th week of gestation (singleton) None reported Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati hospital Pune, India 111 NA Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids, SFA, MUFA, AA, DHA NA DHA-increased birth weightLCPUFA-low birth weight NA 16
Third trimester None reported Torbat-e Jam, Mashhad, Iran 453 18–40 Total fat intake NA Yes, positively associated Head circumference and length of the infant 13
33–41 weeks Diabetes, hypertension, chronic diseases Isfahan, Iran. 225 NA Foods high in protein, such as bread and cereals, fruits, vegetables, shrimp, and fish Yes, positively associated Yes, positively associated NA 11
16th–20th week of gestation No medical or obstetrical complications. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati hospital Pune, India NA NA Food sources rich in omega-3 fatty acids were noted using food frequency questionnaire No. DHA-positively associated with birth weight Maternal total erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acid and infant length 15
8–28 weeks None reported United Kingdom 1289 18–45 SFA, MUFA, and PUFA Yes, increased gestational length up to 40 weeks Yes, negatively associated with lower birth weight Birth centile 18
<17 wk of gestation None reported Turku and neighboring areas in south-west Finland 256 NA Dietary counselling Yes, increased gestational length up to 40 weeks Yes, positively associated NA 17
>32 week of gestation (data unpublished) None reported NA 282 19–40 Tempeh, tofu, and the water extracts of some legumes like mung bean and soybean Yes, low intake of ALA with lower gestational weight, DHA, and EPA were not associated Yes, low intake of ALA with lower birth weight and DHA and EPA has not been associated NA 12

Studies indicating the consumption of essential fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and the observed birth weight of infants.

Stage of pregnancy Place/country of the study Existing comorbidities Number of women enrolled Age of the participant Type of supplement Dosage of supplement Supplementation strategy Association with gestational length (Y/N) Infant birth weight (Y/N) Other parameters References
≤ 20 weeks India None reported. 1200 18–35 Algal DHA supplement 635 mg soft gel capsules Started between 12 and 18 weeks of pregnancy, with a median value of 15 weeks No, as a secondary outcome No Length and head circumference at the time of birth 23
8–20 weeks of gestation Kansas city, USA Diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and other chronic diseases. 350 16–36 Marine algae-oil source of DHA Three capsules/day In the placebo group, three capsules containing 50/50 soybean and maize oil containing 200 mg of DHA were given Yes, gestational length was found to be high Yes, infant birth weight was the high Birth length, head circumference, and total fatty acid in blood 20
First trimester – singleton pregnancy India N None reported 200 25 years Omega-3 fatty acid capsules MEGA3 contains eicosapentatonic acid (EPA) 180mg + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 120mg/day (MEGA3) Supplementation was started in the first trimester at the first visit and iron and calcium supplement to other group followed till 28 weeks No Yes, increasing birth weight Morbidity rate 19
12 and before 20 weeks gestation Kansas City metropolitan area NA NA 20–30 DHA and corn and soybean mixture 600 mg of DHA per day or a placebo (corn and soybean combination) Intake of supplementation after 12 weeks of pregnancy till the end of gestation period NA Yes, decreased birth weight Maternal age 21
16–20 of pregnancy Tabriz, Iran NO 150 18 to 35 Fish oil capsule and placebo Daily supplementation of fish oil capsules containing 1000 mg and placebo intervention of capsules with 1000 mg of liquid paraffin One capsule was taken each day with a total of 140 capsules taken till the end of intervention NA Yes, increasing birth weight but is not statistically significant Head circumference and length of the infant 22
24 wks of pregnancy From prospective Danish study Diseased conditions 736 NA Fish oil capsule and olive oil 1g of fish oil capsule containing (55% of EPA and 37% DHA and other intervention group with 1 g of olive oil containing (72% of oleic acid and 12% omega-6 linoleic acid) Daily supplementation of one capsule per starting from 22 week till delivery Yes, prolongation of gestational length and age Yes, increase in birth weight NA 9
20–36 weeks of gestation Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of IIMCT-Railway Hospital Rawalpindi No 500 32 Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation NA Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was given to group A participants from a gestational period and participants in the Group B have not received any such treatment Yes Yes Fetal DHA stores 8
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