Epidemiological Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Responsible for Infections in the Polish Pediatric Population

Bai X, Scheutz F, Dahlgren HM, Hedenström I, Jernberg C. Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli strains producing a novel Shiga toxin 2 subtype in Sweden and Denmark. Microorganisms. 2021 Nov;9(11):2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112374 Bai X Scheutz F Dahlgren HM Hedenström I Jernberg C. Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli strains producing a novel Shiga toxin 2 subtype in Sweden and Denmark . Microorganisms . 2021 Nov ; 9 ( 11 ): 2374 . https://doi.org/ 10.3390/microorganisms9112374 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bibbal D, Ruiz P, Sapountzis P, Mazuy-Cruchaudet C, Loukiadis E, Auvray F, Forano E, Brugère H. Persistent circulation of entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in cattle farms: Characterization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and fecal microbial communities of bovine shedders and non-shedders. Front Vet Sci. 2022 Mar;9:852475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.852475 Bibbal D Ruiz P Sapountzis P Mazuy-Cruchaudet C Loukiadis E Auvray F Forano E Brugère H. Persistent circulation of entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in cattle farms: Characterization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and fecal microbial communities of bovine shedders and non-shedders . Front Vet Sci . 2022 Mar ; 9 : 852475 . https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fvets.2022.852475 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bielaszewska M, Mellmann A, Zhang W, Köck R, Fruth A, Bauwens A, Peters G, Karch H. Characterisation of the Escherichia coli strain associated with an outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, 2011: A microbiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;11(9):671–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70165-7 Bielaszewska M Mellmann A Zhang W Köck R Fruth A Bauwens A Peters G Karch H. Characterisation of the Escherichia coli strain associated with an outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, 2011: A microbiological study . Lancet Infect Dis . 2011 Sep ; 11 ( 9 ): 671 – 676 . https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70165-7 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bitzan M. Treatment options for HUS secondary to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Kidney Int Suppl. 2009 Feb;(112):62–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.624 Bitzan M. Treatment options for HUS secondary to Escherichia coli O157:H7 . Kidney Int Suppl . 2009 Feb ;( 112 ): 62 – 66 . https://doi.org/ 10.1038/ki.2008.624 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bouzari S, Farhang E, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhea. Iran J Microbiol. 2018 Jun;10(3):151–157. Bouzari S Farhang E Hosseini SM Alikhani MY. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhea . Iran J Microbiol . 2018 Jun ; 10 ( 3 ): 151 – 157 . Search in Google Scholar

Chen ML, Hao Z, Tian Y, Zhang QY, Gao PJ, Jin JL. Different effects of six antibiotics and ten traditional Chinese medicines on Shiga toxin expression by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:121407. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/121407 Chen ML Hao Z Tian Y Zhang QY Gao PJ Jin JL. Different effects of six antibiotics and ten traditional Chinese medicines on Shiga toxin expression by Escherichia coli O157:H7 . Evid Based Complement Alternat Med . 2013 ; 2013 : 121407 . https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2013/121407 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Contreras CA, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J, Lacher DW, Rivera FP, Saenz Y, Chea-Woo E, Zavaleta N, Gil AI, Lanata CF, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian children. J Med Microbiol. 2011 May;60(Pt_5):639–646. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.026666-0 Contreras CA Ochoa TJ Ruiz J Lacher DW Rivera FP Saenz Y Chea-Woo E Zavaleta N Gil AI Lanata CF . Phylogenetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian children . J Med Microbiol . 2011 May ; 60 (Pt_5): 639 – 646 . https://doi.org/ 10.1099/jmm.0.026666-0 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

ECDC. STEC infection. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2021. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2022 [cited 2023 Oct 30]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/AER%20STEC%20-%202021.pdf ECDC . STEC infection . In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2021 . Stockholm (Sweden) : European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ; 2022 [ cited 2023 Oct 30 ]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/AER%20STEC%20-%202021.pdf Search in Google Scholar

EUCAST. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 12.0. Basel (Switzerland): The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2022. EUCAST. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing . Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters . Version 12.0. Basel (Switzerland) : The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ; 2022 . Search in Google Scholar

Fatima R, Aziz M. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. [Internet, updated 2023 Jun 26]. Treasure Island (USA): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 30]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519509 Fatima R Aziz M. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. [Internet, updated 2023 Jun 26] . Treasure Island (USA) : StatPearls Publishing ; 2023 [ cited 2023 Oct 30 ]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519509 Search in Google Scholar

Harkins VJ, McAllister DA, Reynolds BC. Shiga-toxin E. coli Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Review of management and longterm outcome. Curr Pediatr Rep. 2020;8:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-020-00208-7 Harkins VJ McAllister DA Reynolds BC. Shiga-toxin E. coli Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Review of management and longterm outcome . Curr Pediatr Rep . 2020 ; 8 : 16 – 25 . https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40124-020-00208-7 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hermos CR, Janineh M, Han LL, McAdam AJ. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in children: Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Mar;49(3):955–959. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02119-10 Hermos CR Janineh M Han LL McAdam AJ. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in children: Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 infection . J Clin Microbiol . 2011 Mar ; 49 ( 3 ): 955 – 959 . https://doi.org/ 10.1128/jcm.02119-10 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Herold S, Karch H, Schmidt H. Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages – genomes in motion. Int J Med Microbiol. 2004 Sep; 294 (2–3):115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.06.023 Herold S Karch H Schmidt H. Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages – genomes in motion . Int J Med Microbiol . 2004 Sep ; 294 ( 2–3 ): 115 – 121 . https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.06.023 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hua Y, Chromek M, Frykman A, Jernberg C, Georgieva V, Hansson S, Zhang J, Marits AK, Wan C, Matussek A, et al. Wholegenome characterization of hemolytic uremic syndrome-causing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Sweden. Virulence. 2021 Dec;12(1):1296–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1922010 Hua Y Chromek M Frykman A Jernberg C Georgieva V Hansson S Zhang J Marits AK Wan C Matussek A . Wholegenome characterization of hemolytic uremic syndrome-causing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Sweden . Virulence . 2021 Dec ; 12 ( 1 ): 1296 – 1305 . https://doi.org/ 10.1080/21505594.2021.1922010 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Januszkiewicz A, Rastawicki W. Molecular characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated in Poland. Pol J Microbiol. 2016 Aug;65(3):261–269. https://doi.org/10.5604/17331331.1215601 Januszkiewicz A Rastawicki W. Molecular characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated in Poland . Pol J Microbiol . 2016 Aug ; 65 ( 3 ): 261 – 269 . https://doi.org/ 10.5604/17331331.1215601 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Jenssen GR, Hovland E, Bjerre A, Bangstad HJ, Nygard K, Vold L. Incidence and etiology of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children in Norway, 1999-2008 – A retrospective study of hospital records to assess the sensitivity of surveillance. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 May; 14:265. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-265 Jenssen GR Hovland E Bjerre A Bangstad HJ Nygard K Vold L. Incidence and etiology of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children in Norway, 1999-2008 – A retrospective study of hospital records to assess the sensitivity of surveillance . BMC Infect Dis . 2014 May ; 14 : 265 . https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2334-14-265 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kagkli DM, Weber TP, Van den Bulcke M, Folloni S, Tozzoli R, Morabito S, Ermolli M, Gribaldo L, Van den Eede G. Application of the modular approach to an in-house validation study of realtime PCR methods for the detection and serogroup determination of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct;77(19):6954–6963. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.05357-11 Kagkli DM Weber TP Van den Bulcke M Folloni S Tozzoli R Morabito S Ermolli M Gribaldo L Van den Eede G. Application of the modular approach to an in-house validation study of realtime PCR methods for the detection and serogroup determination of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli . Appl Environ Microbiol . 2011 Oct ; 77 ( 19 ): 6954 – 6963 . https://doi.org/ 10.1128/aem.05357-11 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kawamori F, Hiroi M, Harada T, Ohata K, Sugiyama K, Masuda T, Ohashi N. Molecular typing of Japanese Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolates from clinical specimens by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and PFGE. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Jan; 57(Pt_1): 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47213-0 Kawamori F Hiroi M Harada T Ohata K Sugiyama K Masuda T Ohashi N. Molecular typing of Japanese Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolates from clinical specimens by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and PFGE . J Med Microbiol . 2008 Jan ; 57 (Pt_1): 58 – 63 . https://doi.org/ 10.1099/jmm.0.47213-0 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kikuchi K, Lee K, Ueno H, Tomari K, Kobori S, Kaetsu A, Matsui M, Suzuki S, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, et al. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O121:H19 acquired an extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene during the development of an outbreak in two nurseries. Microb Genom. 2019 Jul;5(7):e000278. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000278 Kikuchi K Lee K Ueno H Tomari K Kobori S Kaetsu A Matsui M Suzuki S Sekizuka T Kuroda M . Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O121:H19 acquired an extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene during the development of an outbreak in two nurseries . Microb Genom . 2019 Jul ; 5 ( 7 ) :e000278. https://doi.org/ 10.1099/mgen.0.000278 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Koyanagi Y, Suzuki R, Ihara K, Miyagi H, Isogai H, Yoneyama H, Isogai E. Intestinal Clostridium species lower host susceptibility to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Pathog Dis. 2019 Jun;77(4):ftz036. https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftz036 Koyanagi Y Suzuki R Ihara K Miyagi H Isogai H Yoneyama H Isogai E. Intestinal Clostridium species lower host susceptibility to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection . Pathog Dis . 2019 Jun ; 77 ( 4 ) :ftz036. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/femspd/ftz036 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kurabayashi K, Tanimoto K, Fueki S, Tomita H, Hirakawa H. Elevated expression of GlpT and UhpT via FNR activation contributes to increased fosfomycin susceptibility in Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Oct;59(10):6352–6360. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01176-15 Kurabayashi K Tanimoto K Fueki S Tomita H Hirakawa H. Elevated expression of GlpT and UhpT via FNR activation contributes to increased fosfomycin susceptibility in Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions . Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2015 Oct ; 59 ( 10 ): 6352 – 6360 . https://doi.org/ 10.1128/aac.01176-15 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Matussek A, Mernelius S, Chromek M, Zhang J, Frykman A, Hansson S, Georgieva V, Xiong Y, Bai X. Genome-wide association study of hemolytic uremic syndrome causing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from Sweden, 1994-2018. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2023 Jun;42(6):771–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-023-04600-1 Matussek A Mernelius S Chromek M Zhang J Frykman A Hansson S Georgieva V Xiong Y Bai X. Genome-wide association study of hemolytic uremic syndrome causing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from Sweden, 1994-2018 . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis . 2023 Jun ; 42 ( 6 ): 771 – 779 . https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10096-023-04600-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mele C, Remuzzi G, Noris M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Immunopathol. 2014 Jul;36(4):399–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0416-x Mele C Remuzzi G Noris M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome . Semin Immunopathol . 2014 Jul ; 36 ( 4 ): 399 – 420 . https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00281-014-0416-x Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mühlen S, Dersch P. Treatment strategies for infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 May;10:169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00169 Mühlen S Dersch P. Treatment strategies for infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli . Front Cell Infect Microbiol . 2020 May ; 10 : 169 . https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00169 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Nielsen EM, Andersen MT. Detection and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli by automated 5’ nuclease PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jul;41(7):2884–2893. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.7.2884-2893.2003 Nielsen EM Andersen MT. Detection and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli by automated 5’ nuclease PCR assay . J Clin Microbiol . 2003 Jul ; 41 ( 7 ): 2884 – 2893 . https://doi.org/ 10.1128/jcm.41.7.2884-2893.2003 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Nitschke M, Sayk F, Härtel C, Roseland RT, Hauswaldt S, Steinhoff J, Fellermann K, Derad I, Wellhöner P, Büning J, et al. Association between azithromycin therapy and duration of bacterial shedding among patients with Shiga toxin-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4. JAMA. 2012 Mar;307(10):1046–1052. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.264 Nitschke M Sayk F Härtel C Roseland RT Hauswaldt S Steinhoff J Fellermann K Derad I Wellhöner P Büning J . Association between azithromycin therapy and duration of bacterial shedding among patients with Shiga toxin-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 . JAMA . 2012 Mar ; 307 ( 10 ): 1046 – 1052 . https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2012.264 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Noris M, Bresin E, Mele C, Remuzzi G. Genetic atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. [Internet, update 2021 Sep 23]. In: Adam MP, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA et al., editors. GeneReviews^®. Seattle (USA): University of Washington; 1993-2023 [cited 2023 Nov 30]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1367/ Noris M Bresin E Mele C Remuzzi G. Genetic atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome . [Internet, update 2021 Sep 23] . In: Adam MP Mirzaa GM Pagon RA ., editors. GeneReviews^® . Seattle (USA) : University of Washington ; 1993-2023 [ cited 2023 Nov 30 ]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1367/ Search in Google Scholar

Perelle S, Dilasser F, Grout J, Fach P. Detection by 5’-nuclease PCR of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O26, O55, O91, O103, O111, O113, O145 and O157:H7, associated with the world’s most frequent clinical cases. Mol Cell Probes. 2004 Jun;18(3):185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2003.12.004 Perelle S Dilasser F Grout J Fach P. Detection by 5’-nuclease PCR of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O26, O55, O91, O103, O111, O113, O145 and O157:H7, associated with the world’s most frequent clinical cases . Mol Cell Probes . 2004 Jun ; 18 ( 3 ): 185 – 192 . https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.mcp.2003.12.004 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Perelle S, Dilasser F, Grout J, Fach P. Detection of Escherichia coli serogroup O103 by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(5): 1162–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02545.x Perelle S Dilasser F Grout J Fach P. Detection of Escherichia coli serogroup O103 by real-time polymerase chain reaction . J Appl Microbiol . 2005 ; 98 ( 5 ): 1162 – 1168 . https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02545.x Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Prado V, Basualdo W, Arellano C, Martínez J, Levine MM. [In vitro susceptibility of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to 11 antimicrobials. Relationship between antibiotic resistance and toxigenic genotype] (in Spanish). Rev Med Chil. 1995 Sep;123(9): 1085–1090. Prado V Basualdo W Arellano C Martínez J Levine MM. [In vitro susceptibility of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to 11 antimicrobials . Relationship between antibiotic resistance and toxigenic genotype] (in Spanish). Rev Med Chil . 1995 Sep ; 123 ( 9 ): 1085 – 1090 . Search in Google Scholar

Rastawicki W, Śmietańska K, Rokosz-Chudziak N, Wolkowicz T. Antibody response to lipopolysaccharides and recombinant proteins of Shiga toxin (STX)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Poland. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2020 Jun;70(6):440–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13295 Rastawicki W Śmietańska K Rokosz-Chudziak N Wolkowicz T. Antibody response to lipopolysaccharides and recombinant proteins of Shiga toxin (STX)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Poland . Lett Appl Microbiol . 2020 Jun ; 70 ( 6 ): 440 – 446 . https://doi.org/ 10.1111/lam.13295 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Sallée M, Ismail K, Fakhouri F, Vacher-Coponat H, Moussi-Francés J, Frémaux-Bacchi V, Burtey S. Thrombocytopenia is not mandatory to diagnose haemolytic and uremic syndrome. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Jan;14:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-3 Sallée M Ismail K Fakhouri F Vacher-Coponat H Moussi-Francés J Frémaux-Bacchi V Burtey S. Thrombocytopenia is not mandatory to diagnose haemolytic and uremic syndrome . BMC Nephrol . 2013 Jan ; 14 : 3 . https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2369-14-3 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Skinner C, Zhang G, Patfield S, He X. An in vitro combined antibiotic-antibody treatment eliminates toxicity from Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Sep; 59(9):5435–5444. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00763-15 Skinner C Zhang G Patfield S He X. An in vitro combined antibiotic-antibody treatment eliminates toxicity from Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli . Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2015 Sep ; 59 ( 9 ): 5435 – 5444 . https://doi.org/ 10.1128/aac.00763-15 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Tarr GAM, Oltean HN, Phipps AI, Rabinowitz P, Tarr PI. Strength of the association between antibiotic use and hemolytic uremic syndrome following Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection varies with case definition. Int J Med Microbiol. 2018 Oct;308(7):921–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.06.009 Tarr GAM Oltean HN Phipps AI Rabinowitz P Tarr PI. Strength of the association between antibiotic use and hemolytic uremic syndrome following Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection varies with case definition . Int J Med Microbiol . 2018 Oct ; 308 ( 7 ): 921 – 926 . https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.06.009 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

The Institut Pasteur. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) [Internet]. Paris (France): Institut Pasteur; 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 30]. Available from https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/enterohemorrhagic-escherichia-coli-ehec The Institut Pasteur . Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) [Internet] . Paris (France) : Institut Pasteur ; 2023 [ cited 2023 Oct 30 ]. Available from https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/enterohemorrhagic-escherichia-coli-ehec Search in Google Scholar

WHO. E. coli. [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2023 Oct 30]. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli WHO . E. coli . [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland) : World Health Organization ; 2018 [ cited 2023 Oct 30 ]. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli Search in Google Scholar

Wong CS, Mooney JC, Brandt JR, Staples AO, Jelacic S, Boster DR, Watkins SL, Tarr PI. Risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7: A multivariable analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jul;55(1):33–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis299 Wong CS Mooney JC Brandt JR Staples AO Jelacic S Boster DR Watkins SL Tarr PI. Risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7: A multivariable analysis . Clin Infect Dis . 2012 Jul ; 55 ( 1 ): 33 – 41 . https://doi.org/ 10.1093/cid/cis299 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Yoshii N, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Ajiro T, Sameshima T, Nakazawa M, Kusumoto M, Iwata T, Akiba M. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile changes resulting from spontaneous chromosomal deletions in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 during passage in cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;75(17):5719–5726. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00558-09 Yoshii N Ogura Y Hayashi T Ajiro T Sameshima T Nakazawa M Kusumoto M Iwata T Akiba M. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile changes resulting from spontaneous chromosomal deletions in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 during passage in cattle . Appl Environ Microbiol . 2009 Sep ; 75 ( 17 ): 5719 – 5726 . https://doi.org/ 10.1128/aem.00558-09 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Zhu W, Guo H, Xu J, Wu W, Yi Y, Wang J, Duan R, Tong J, Du Y. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 – Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, 2001–2021. China CDC Wkly. 2023 Apr;5(14): 311–314. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2023.057 Zhu W Guo H Xu J Wu W Yi Y Wang J Duan R Tong J Du Y. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 – Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, 2001–2021 . China CDC Wkly . 2023 Apr ; 5 ( 14 ): 311 – 314 . https://doi.org/ 10.46234/ccdcw2023.057 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar