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Latent Pathogenic Fungi in the Medicinal Plant Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Are Modulated by Secondary Metabolites and Colonizing Microbiota Originating from Soil

HAI-TAO YE
HAI-TAO YE
, 
SHI-QIONG LUO
SHI-QIONG LUO
, 
ZHAN-NAN YANG
ZHAN-NAN YANG
, 
YUAN-SHUAI WANG
YUAN-SHUAI WANG
 et 
QIAN DING
QIAN DING
   | 17 sept. 2021
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Article Category: original-paper
Publié en ligne: 17 sept. 2021
Pages: 359 - 372
Reçu: 12 mars 2021
Accepté: 19 juil. 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-034
Mots clés
© 2021 Hai-Tao Ye et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

The hypothesis of maintaining the stable colonized microbes of the plant-LPFs in H. cordata.
The hypothesis of maintaining the stable colonized microbes of the plant-LPFs in H. cordata.

Fig. 2.

Phylogenetic tree of the fungi isolated from the rhizomes of H. cordata based on sequences of the ITS region.
Phylogenetic tree of the fungi isolated from the rhizomes of H. cordata based on sequences of the ITS region.

Fig. 3.

LPFs isolated from stems of H. cordata: A) surface side, B) reverse side and C) a germinated spore of IL on PDA, D) surface side, E) reverse side and F) two types including smooth (a) and rough (b) of mycelium of UFS on PDA, G) surface side, H) reverse side and I) broom-shaped sporangia of PC on PDA. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum.
LPFs isolated from stems of H. cordata: A) surface side, B) reverse side and C) a germinated spore of IL on PDA, D) surface side, E) reverse side and F) two types including smooth (a) and rough (b) of mycelium of UFS on PDA, G) surface side, H) reverse side and I) broom-shaped sporangia of PC on PDA. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum.

Fig. 4.

Direct inoculation assays showed the effects of the LPFs on H. cordata sterile seedlings in sterilized soils (A, B, C and D) and non-sterile soils (D, E, F and H) at the 15th day.A) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in sterilized soils, B) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in sterilized soils, C) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in sterilized soils, D) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in sterilized soils, E) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in non-sterile soils, F) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in non-sterile soils, G) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in non-sterile soils, H) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in non-sterile soils.
Direct inoculation assays showed the effects of the LPFs on H. cordata sterile seedlings in sterilized soils (A, B, C and D) and non-sterile soils (D, E, F and H) at the 15th day.A) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in sterilized soils, B) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in sterilized soils, C) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in sterilized soils, D) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in sterilized soils, E) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in non-sterile soils, F) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in non-sterile soils, G) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in non-sterile soils, H) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in non-sterile soils.

Fig. 5.

The effects of inoculating the LPFs in sterilized soils (A, B, C and D) and non-sterile soils (D, E, F and H) on H. cordata at the 15th day.A) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in sterilized soils, B) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in sterilized soils, it died, C) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in sterilized soils, D) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in sterilized soils, E) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in non-sterile soils, F) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in non-sterile soils, G) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in non-sterile soils, H) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in non-sterile soils. Different letters in the one group represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
The effects of inoculating the LPFs in sterilized soils (A, B, C and D) and non-sterile soils (D, E, F and H) on H. cordata at the 15th day.A) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in sterilized soils, B) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in sterilized soils, it died, C) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in sterilized soils, D) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in sterilized soils, E) the sterile seedling was watered with sterile water as a control in non-sterile soils, F) the sterile seedling was added with I. liriodendri in non-sterile soils, G) the sterile seedling was added with an unidentified fungal sp. in non-sterile soils, H) the sterile seedling was added with P. citrinum in non-sterile soils. Different letters in the one group represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Fig. 6.

A direct antagonisms on PDA medium. Antagonism assays among LPFs: 4 mm fungal plugs were placed 3 cm at distance and cultured at 28°C in darkness. The image was taken at the 7th day.A) interaction between IL and PC, B) interactions between IL and UFS, C) interactions between UFS and PC. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum.
A direct antagonisms on PDA medium. Antagonism assays among LPFs: 4 mm fungal plugs were placed 3 cm at distance and cultured at 28°C in darkness. The image was taken at the 7th day.A) interaction between IL and PC, B) interactions between IL and UFS, C) interactions between UFS and PC. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum.

Fig. 7.

Average diameter of LPFs including A) IL, B) UFS, and C) PC on PDA comprising of different concentrations of from H. cordata rhizome extracts. The diameter was recorded at the 8th day. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum. Different letters in the one group represent significant differences (p < 0.05), ns – not significant difference.
Average diameter of LPFs including A) IL, B) UFS, and C) PC on PDA comprising of different concentrations of from H. cordata rhizome extracts. The diameter was recorded at the 8th day. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum. Different letters in the one group represent significant differences (p < 0.05), ns – not significant difference.

Fig. 8.

Effects of IL, UFS, and PC on H. cordata rhizome phenolic compounds including A) chlorogenic acid, B) rutin, C) afzelin, D) isoquercitrin, and E) quercitin in H. cordata. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum. There not the quercetin concentrations in the Figure because quercetin was not detected in any of the H. cordata rhizome samples. Any two samples in the same column with different letters were significantly different (p < 0.05).
Effects of IL, UFS, and PC on H. cordata rhizome phenolic compounds including A) chlorogenic acid, B) rutin, C) afzelin, D) isoquercitrin, and E) quercitin in H. cordata. IL – I. liriodendri, UFS – an unidentified fungal sp., PC – P. citrinum. There not the quercetin concentrations in the Figure because quercetin was not detected in any of the H. cordata rhizome samples. Any two samples in the same column with different letters were significantly different (p < 0.05).

Colony radius (CR) and inhibition rate (IR) of mycelia grown and the colony radius compared with other fungi on PDA at the 7th day.

StrainsCKILUFSPC
CR (mm)CR (mm)IR (%)CR (mm)IR (%)CR (mm)IR (%)
NSF-127.2 ± 0.5a––21 ± 0.8b26.715.0 ± 0c52.6
NSF-222.2 ± 0.5a6.7 ± 1.5b85.7––10.7 ± 1.2c62.2
NSF-315.9 ± 0.4a9.7 ± 0.6b52.113.7 ± 1.2c18.5––

Inhibition rate (IR) of three LPFs on PDA added with different concentrations of extracts from H. cordata.

Concentrations (mg/ml)IL IR (%)UFS IR (%)PC IR (%)
0–––
211. 97 4.49-1.69
412.39 3.37-3.39
823.0812.360.00
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