This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abd Alfadil NA, Suliman Mohamed M, Ali MM, El Nima EI. Characterization of pathogenic bacteria isolated from Sudanese banknotes and determination of their resistance profile. Int J Microbiol. 2018;4375164. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4375164Abd AlfadilNASuliman MohamedMAliMMEl NimaEI. Characterization of pathogenic bacteria isolated from Sudanese banknotes and determination of their resistance profile.Int J Microbiol.2018;4375164. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/437516410.1155/2018/4375164617478230344610Search in Google Scholar
Abrams BL, Waterman NG. Dirty Money. JAMA. 1972;219(9): 1202–1203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03190350038011AbramsBLWatermanNG. Dirty Money. JAMA.1972;219(9): 1202–1203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.0319035003801110.1001/jama.1972.03190350038011Search in Google Scholar
Akoachere J, Gaelle N, Dilonga HM, Nkuo-Akenji TK. Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-16AkoachereJGaelleNDilongaHMNkuo-AkenjiTK. Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens. BMC Res Notes.2014;7(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-1610.1186/1756-0500-7-16389585424401290Search in Google Scholar
Belić D, Ilinić M, Burian S, Talapko J, Drenjančević D. Dirty croatian money: how big is the threat? Southeast Eur Med J. 2017;1(1): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.26332/seemedj.v1i1.24BelićDIlinićMBurianSTalapkoJDrenjančevićD. Dirty croatian money: how big is the threat?Southeast Eur Med J.2017;1(1): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.26332/seemedj.v1i1.24Search in Google Scholar
Ben Dhia Thabet O, Fardeau ML, Joulian C, Thomas P, Hamdi M, Garcia JL, Ollivier B. Clostridium tunisiense sp. nov., a new proteolytic, sulfur-reducing bacterium isolated from an olive mill wastewater contaminated by phosphogypse. Anaerobe. 2004;10(3):185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.04.002Ben Dhia ThabetOFardeauMLJoulianCThomasPHamdiMGarciaJLOllivierB. Clostridium tunisiense sp. nov., a new proteolytic, sulfur-reducing bacterium isolated from an olive mill wastewater contaminated by phosphogypse. Anaerobe.2004;10(3):185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.04.00210.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.04.00216701517Search in Google Scholar
Bendjama E, Loucif L, Chelaghma W, Attal C, Bellakh FZ, Benaldjia R, Kahlat I, Meddour A, Rolain JM. First detection of an OXA-48-producing Enterobacter cloacae isolate from currency coins in Algeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;23:162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.003BendjamaELoucifLChelaghmaWAttalCBellakhFZBenaldjiaRKahlatIMeddourARolainJM. First detection of an OXA-48-producing Enterobacter cloacae isolate from currency coins in Algeria.J Glob Antimicrob Resist.2020;23:162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.00310.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.003750217032966913Search in Google Scholar
Ejaz H, Javeed A, Zubair M. Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(5):1225–1230. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.345.15477EjazHJaveedAZubairM. Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources. Pak J Med Sci.2018;34(5):1225–1230. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.345.1547710.12669/pjms.345.15477619177930344581Search in Google Scholar
Espírito Santo C, Morais PV, Grass G. Isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;75(5):1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01952-09Espírito SantoCMoraisPVGrassG. Isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol.2010;75(5):1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01952-0910.1128/AEM.01952-09283235720048058Search in Google Scholar
Firoozeh F, Dadgostar E, Akbari H, Zibaei M, Sadjjadian SS, Moshtaghi MM, Shakib A. Bacterial contamination of Iranian paper currency. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2017;5(4):106–110. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijep.2017.25FiroozehFDadgostarEAkbariHZibaeiMSadjjadianSSMoshtaghiMMShakibA. Bacterial contamination of Iranian paper currency. Int J Enteric Pathog.2017;5(4):106–110. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijep.2017.2510.15171/ijep.2017.25Search in Google Scholar
Gabriel EM, Coffey A, O’Mahony JM. Investigation into the prevalence, persistence and antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated from euro currency. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115(2):565–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12247GabrielEMCoffeyAO’MahonyJM. Investigation into the prevalence, persistence and antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated from euro currency.J Appl Microbiol.2013;115(2):565–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.1224710.1111/jam.1224723679680Search in Google Scholar
Girma G, Ketema T, Bacha K. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:843. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-843GirmaGKetemaTBachaK. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.BMC Res Notes.2014;7:843. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-84310.1186/1756-0500-7-843425543925424723Search in Google Scholar
Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PA, Staley JT, Williams ST. Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edition. Baltimore (USA): William and Wilkins; 1994.HoltJGKriegNRSneathPAStaleyJTWilliamsST. Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edition. Baltimore (USA): William and Wilkins; 1994.Search in Google Scholar
Ianiello NM, Andrade DC, Ivancic S, Eckardt PA, Lemos Ramirez JC. Native valve infective endocarditis due to Micrococcus luteus in a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patient. IDCases. 2019;18:e00657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00657IanielloNMAndradeDCIvancicSEckardtPALemos RamirezJC. Native valve infective endocarditis due to Micrococcus luteus in a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patient.IDCases.2019;18:e00657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e0065710.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00657Search in Google Scholar
Kalita M, Palusińska-Szysz M, Turska-Szewczuk A, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Isolation of cultivable microorganisms from Polish notes and coins. Pol J Microbiol. 2013;62(3): 281–286. https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2013-036KalitaMPalusińska-SzyszMTurska-SzewczukAWdowiak-WróbelSUrbanik-SypniewskaT. Isolation of cultivable microorganisms from Polish notes and coins. Pol J Microbiol.2013;62(3): 281–286. https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2013-03610.33073/pjm-2013-036Search in Google Scholar
Kraay AM, Hayashi ML, Hernandez-Ceron N, Spicknall IH, Eisenberg MC, Meza R, Eisenberg JS. Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3425-xKraayAMHayashiMLHernandez-CeronNSpicknallIHEisenbergMCMezaREisenbergJS. Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens.BMC Infect Dis.2018;18:540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3425-x10.1186/s12879-018-3425-xSearch in Google Scholar
Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096KumarSStecherGLiMKnyazCTamuraK. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol.2018;35(6):1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy09610.1093/molbev/msy096Search in Google Scholar
Logan NA. Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness. J Appl Microbiol. 2012;112(3):417–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.xLoganNA. Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness.J Appl Microbiol.2012;112(3):417–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.xSearch in Google Scholar
Lopez GU, Gerba CP, Tamimi AH, Kitajima M, Maxwell SL, Rose JB. Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(18):5728–5734. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01030-13LopezGUGerbaCPTamimiAHKitajimaMMaxwellSLRoseJB. Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol.2013;79(18):5728–5734. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01030-1310.1128/AEM.01030-13Search in Google Scholar
Lynch P, Pittet D, Borg MA, Mehtar S. Infection control in countries with limited resources. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(S2):148–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(07)60033-4LynchPPittetDBorgMAMehtarS. Infection control in countries with limited resources.J Hosp Infect.2007;65(S2):148–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(07)60033-410.1016/S0195-6701(07)60033-4Search in Google Scholar
Mändar K, Sõber T, Kõljalg S, Rööp T, Mändar R, and Sepp E. Microbiological contamination of the euro currency in Estonia. Inf Dis. 2016;48(10):772–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2016.1201725MändarKSõberTKõljalgSRööpTMändarR, and SeppE. Microbiological contamination of the euro currency in Estonia. Inf Dis.2016;48(10):772–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2016.120172510.1080/23744235.2016.120172527390053Search in Google Scholar
Melander E, Ekdahl K, Jönsson G, Mölstad S. Frequency of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in children is correlated to community utilization of antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(12):1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200012000-00011MelanderEEkdahlKJönssonGMölstadS. Frequency of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in children is correlated to community utilization of antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J.2000;19(12):1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200012000-0001110.1097/00006454-200012000-0001111144379Search in Google Scholar
Ramanan P, Barreto JN, Osmon DR, Tosh PK. Rothia bacteremia: a 10-year experience at Mayo clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(9):3184–3189. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01270-14RamananPBarretoJNOsmonDRToshPK. Rothia bacteremia: a 10-year experience at Mayo clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.J Clin Microbiol.2014;52(9):3184–3189. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01270-1410.1128/JCM.01270-14431313524951810Search in Google Scholar
Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4(4):406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454SaitouNNeiM. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol.1987;4(4):406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a04045410.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a0404543447015Search in Google Scholar
Sarwar A, Ahmad I, Amin A, Saleem MA. Paper currency harbours antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and integron integrase. J Appl Microbiol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14856SarwarAAhmadIAminASaleemMA. Paper currency harbours antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and integron integrase.J Appl Microbiol.2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.1485610.1111/jam.1485632966644Search in Google Scholar
Seng R, Kitti T, Thummeepak R, Kongthai P, Leungtongkam U, Wannalerdsakun S, Sitthisak S. Biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolated from community and hospital environments. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12(8):e0184172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184172SengRKittiTThummeepakRKongthaiPLeungtongkamUWannalerdsakunSSitthisakS. Biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolated from community and hospital environments. PLOS ONE.2017; 12(8):e0184172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018417210.1371/journal.pone.0184172557867728859149Search in Google Scholar
Sergelidis D, Angelidis AS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a controversial food-borne pathogen. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017;64(6):409–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12735SergelidisDAngelidisAS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a controversial food-borne pathogen. Lett Appl Microbiol.2017;64(6):409–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.1273510.1111/lam.1273528304109Search in Google Scholar
Shi L, Wu D, Wei L, Liu S, Zhao P, Tu B, Xie Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu L, Zhang X, Xu Z, Wang F, Qin E. Nosocomial and community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis in china: comparative microbiology and therapeutic implications. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46025. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46025ShiLWuDWeiLLiuSZhaoPTuBXieYLiuYWangXLiuLZhangXXuZWangFQinE. Nosocomial and community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis in china: comparative microbiology and therapeutic implications.Sci Rep.2017;7:46025. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep4602510.1038/srep46025538254328382951Search in Google Scholar
Stephens B, Azimi P, Thoemmes MS, Heidarinejad M, Allen JG, Gilbert JA. Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health. Curr Poll Rep. 2019;5:198–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-019-00123-6StephensBAzimiPThoemmesMSHeidarinejadMAllenJGGilbertJA. Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health.Curr Poll Rep.2019;5:198–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-019-00123-610.1007/s40726-019-00123-6714918234171005Search in Google Scholar
Sunil S, Panchmal GS, Shenoy RP, Kumar V, Jodalli P, Somaraj V. Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation – An in vitro study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent. 2020;18(2):179–182. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_19SunilSPanchmalGSShenoyRPKumarVJodalliPSomarajV. Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation – An in vitro study.J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent.2020;18(2):179–182. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_1910.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_19Search in Google Scholar
Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(30):11030–11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101TamuraKNeiMKumarS. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2004;101(30):11030–11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040420610110.1073/pnas.040420610149198915258291Search in Google Scholar
Thomas Y, Vogel G, Suter P, Witschi M, Koch D, Tapparel C, Kaiser L. Survival of Influenza virus on banknotes. Appl Eviron Microbiol. 2008;74(10):3002–3007. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00076-08ThomasYVogelGSuterPWitschiMKochDTapparelCKaiserL. Survival of Influenza virus on banknotes. Appl Eviron Microbiol.2008;74(10):3002–3007. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00076-0810.1128/AEM.00076-08239492218359825Search in Google Scholar
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(22):4673–4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673ThompsonJDHigginsDGGibsonTJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res.1994;22(22):4673–4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.467310.1093/nar/22.22.46733085177984417Search in Google Scholar
Vriesekoop F, Russell C, Alvarez-Mayorga B, Aidoo K, Yuan Q, Scannell A, Beumer RR, Barro N, Otokunefor K, Smith-Arnold C, et al. Dirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world’s currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7(12):1497–1502. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0606VriesekoopFRussellCAlvarez-MayorgaBAidooKYuanQScannellABeumerRRBarroNOtokuneforKSmith-ArnoldCDirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world’s currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis.2010;7(12):1497–1502. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.060610.1089/fpd.2010.060620704502Search in Google Scholar
Wieland K, Chhatwal P, Vonberg RP. Nosocomial outbreaks caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Results of a systematic review. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(6):643–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.12.014WielandKChhatwalPVonbergRP. Nosocomial outbreaks caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Results of a systematic review. Am J Infect Control.2018;46(6):643–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.12.01410.1016/j.ajic.2017.12.01429398072Search in Google Scholar
