Accès libre

Metal pollution status and health risk assessment of beach sediments along the Mersin coast, Turkey

Özgür Özbay
Özgür Özbay
 et 
İsmail Akçay
İsmail Akçay
   | 31 déc. 2023
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies's Cover Image
À propos de cet article
Article précédent
Article suivant
Citez
Article Category: Original Research Paper
Publié en ligne: 31 déc. 2023
Pages: 461 - 470
Reçu: 30 mai 2023
Accepté: 28 juil. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.4.07
© 2023 Özgür Özbay et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The location of Mersin province and the study area
The location of Mersin province and the study area

Figure 2

Ecological and health risk assessments of beach sediments along the Mersin coast
Ecological and health risk assessments of beach sediments along the Mersin coast

Figure 3

Correlations between the values of indices calculated to evaluate ecological and health risk
Correlations between the values of indices calculated to evaluate ecological and health risk

Mean metal concentrations of beach sediments obtained in the 2006–2009 period, sampling sites and references (sampling sites were shown on Figure 1)

Region/Location # of stations visited Heavy Metals (HM) (Mean)(mg kg-1) Reference
Cd Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Mn Fe
Mersin (Karataş-Kızkalesi) 60 0.21 15.85 10.23 52.55 1512.41 279.09 766.60 34078.00 Yalcın et al. (2013) Çevik (2009)
Kızkalesi 20 4.21 10.13 4.55 19.75 554.00 186.80 586.00 18803.00 Yalcın & İlhan (2008)
Susanoğlu 33 4.32 12.81 5.51 17.80 428.06 145.52 333.85 13909.09 Yalcın (2009)
Taşucu 33 4.45 7.50 3.39 13.52 349.61 99.09 230.42 5900.00 Yalcın et al. (2020)

Calculation of chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotients (HQ), hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR), and total lifetime cancer risk (TCR) (USEPA 2002; Pavilonis et al. 2017; Magni et al. 2021; Abbasi et al. 2022; Al-Kahtany & El-Sorogy 2023)

Non-Carcinogenic Carcinogenic Parameter* Unit Adult Child
ED (Exposure Duration) years 24 6 *USEPA (2002)
EF(Exposure Frequency) days years-1 350
HI < 1 non-carcinogenic risk TCR < 1.00E-06 No significant health hazards BW (Body Weight) kg 70 15
AT (Average Time) years (365 x ED) 8760 2190
TCR < 1.00E-06 No significant health hazards IngR (Ingestion Rate) mg day-1 100 200
HI < 1 non-carcinogenic risk SA (Skin Surface Area Exposed) cm2 5700 2800
TCR < 1.00E-04 High risk of carcinogenesis AFs (Skin-soil adherence factor) mg cm-2 0.07 0.2
CF (Conversion Factor) kg mg-1 1.00E-06
ABS (Absorption Factor Dermal) - 0.001
HM (Heavy Metals Sediment) mg kg-1 Table 1

Assessment of metal pollution in beach sediments along the Mersin coast based on EF, Igeo and CF

HM Enrichment factor (EF) Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) Contamination factor (CF)
Mersin Kızkalesi Susanoğlu Taşucu Mersin Kızkalesi Susanoğlu Taşucu Mersin Kızkalesi Susanoğlu Taşucu
Cd 0.98 35.08 48.66 118.16 -1.08 3.23 3.26 3.31 0.71 14.03 14.40 14.83
Cu 0.44 0.51 0.87 1.19 -8.46 -2.89 -2.55 -3.32 0.004 0.20 0.26 0.15
Pb 0.71 0.57 0.93 1.35 -1.55 -2.72 -2.45 -3.15 0.51 0.23 0.28 0.17
Zn 0.81 0.55 0.67 1.20 -1.36 -2.77 -2.92 -3.32 0.58 0.22 0.20 0.15
Cr 20.86 13.85 14.46 27.85 3.33 1.89 1.51 1.22 15.12 5.54 4.28 3.50
Ni 4.81 5.84 6.15 9.87 1.22 0.64 0.28 -0.28 3.49 2.34 1.82 1.24
Mn 1.24 1.72 1.33 2.16 -0.73 -1.12 -1.93 -2.47 0.90 0.69 0.40 0.27

Ecological assessment of metal pollution in sediments

Enrichment factor (EF)a EF=HMxHMFeSampleHMxsHMFeshale $$EF = {{{{\left( {{{H{M_x}} \over {H{M_{Fe}}}}} \right)}_{Sample}}} \over {{{\left( {{{H{M_{xs}}} \over {H{M_{Fe}}}}} \right)}_{shale}}}}$$ Geoaccumulation index (Igeo)b Igeo=log2HMx1.5×HMxs $${I_{geo}} = lo{g_2}\left( {{{H{M_x}} \over {1.5 \times H{M_{xs}}}}} \right)$$
EF classification Degree of enrichment Igeo value Class Designation of sediment quality
< 2 Depletion to mineral enrichment Igeo ≤ 0 Unpolluted
2 ≤ EF < 5 Moderate 0 < Igeo ≤ 1 Unpolluted - moderately polluted
5 ≤ EF < 20 Significant 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 Moderately polluted
20 ≤ EF < 40 Very high 2 < Igeo ≤ 3 Moderately - strongly polluted
EF > 40 Extremely high 3 < Igeo ≤ 4 Strongly polluted
4 <Igeo ≤ 5 Strongly - extremely polluted
lgeo > 5 Extremely polluted
Contamination factor (CF)c CF classification
CF=HMxHMxs $$CF = {{H{M_x}} \over {H{M_{xs}}}}$$ CF < 1 Low
1 ≤ CF < 3 Moderately
3≤ CF <6 Considerable
CF ≥ 6 Very high

Reference dose (RfD) and cancer slope factor (CSF) values of heavy metals

HM Non-Carcinogenic Carcinogenic
RfDing. (Reference Dose Ingestion) RfDder. (Reference Dose Dermal) CSFing. (Cancer Slope Factor Ingestion) CSFder. (Cancer Slope Factor Dermal)
mg kg-1 day-1
Cda 1.00E-03 2.50E-05 5.01E-01 2.00E+01
Cub 2.00E-02 5.40E-03 1.70E+00 4.25E+01
Pba 1.40E-04 5.24E-04 8.50E-03 8.50E-03
Zna 3.00E-01 6.00E-02 - -
Cra 3.00E-03 3.00E-03 5.01E-01 2.00E+01
Nia 2.00E-02 5.40E-03 1.70E+00 4.25E+01
Mnc 1.40E-01 5.60E-03 - -
Fed 7.00E-01 7.00E-01 - -

Health risk assessment of beach sediment along the Mersin coast based on CDI, HQ, HI, CR and TCR from ingestion and dermal contact pathways in children and adults

HM Adult Child
Mersin Kızkalesi Susanoğlu Taşucu Mersin Kızkalesi Susanoğlu Taşucu
CDIing. Cd 2.91E-07 5.77E-06 5.92E-06 6.10E-06 2.72E-06 5.38E-05 5.52E-05 5.69E-05
Cu 2.17E-05 1.39E-05 1.75E-05 1.03E-05 2.03E-04 1.30E-04 1.64E-04 9.59E-05
Pb 1.40E-05 6.23E-06 7.55E-06 4.64E-06 1.31E-04 5.82E-05 7.04E-05 4.33E-05
Zn 7.20E-05 2.71E-05 2.44E-05 1.85E-05 6.72E-04 2.53E-04 2.28E-04 1.73E-04
Cr 2.07E-03 7.59E-04 5.86E-04 4.79E-04 1.93E-02 7.08E-03 5.47E-03 4.47E-03
Ni 3.82E-04 2.56E-04 1.99E-04 1.36E-04 3.57E-03 2.39E-03 1.86E-03 1.27E-03
Mn 1.05E-03 8.03E-04 4.57E-04 3.16E-04 9.80E-03 7.49E-03 4.27E-03 2.95E-03
Fe 4.67E-02 2.58E-02 1.91E-02 8.08E-03 4.36E-01 2.40E-01 1.78E-01 7.54E-02
CDIder. Cd 1.16E-09 2.30E-08 2.36E-08 2.43E-08 7.61E-09 1.51E-07 1.55E-07 1.59E-07
Cu 8.66E-08 5.54E-08 7.00E-08 4.10E-08 5.67E-07 3.63E-07 4.59E-07 2.68E-07
Pb 5.59E-08 2.49E-08 3.01E-08 1.85E-08 3.66E-07 1.63E-07 1.97E-07 1.21E-07
Zn 2.87E-07 1.08E-07 9.73E-08 7.39E-08 1.88E-06 7.07E-07 6.37E-07 4.84E-07
Cr 8.27E-06 3.03E-06 2.34E-06 1.91E-06 5.41E-05 1.98E-05 1.53E-05 1.25E-05
Ni 1.53E-06 1.02E-06 7.95E-07 5.42E-07 9.99E-06 6.69E-06 5.21E-06 3.55E-06
Mn 4.19E-06 3.20E-06 1.82E-06 1.26E-06 2.74E-05 2.10E-05 1.20E-05 8.25E-06
Fe 1.86E-04 1.03E-04 7.60E-05 3.22E-05 1.22E-03 6.73E-04 4.98E-04 2.11E-04
Non-carcinogenic HQing. Cd 2.91E-04 5.77E-03 5.92E-03 6.10E-03 2.72E-03 5.38E-02 5.52E-02 5.69E-02
Cu 1.09E-03 6.94E-04 8.77E-04 5.14E-04 1.01E-02 6.48E-03 8.19E-03 4.79E-03
Pb 1.00E-01 4.45E-02 5.39E-02 3.32E-02 9.34E-01 4.16E-01 5.03E-01 3.10E-01
Zn 2.40E-04 9.02E-05 8.13E-05 6.17E-05 2.24E-03 8.42E-04 7.59E-04 5.76E-04
Cr 6.91E-01 2.53E-01 1.95E-01 1.60E-01 6.45E+00 2.36E+00 1.82E+00 1.49E+00
Ni 1.91E-02 1.28E-02 9.97E-03 6.79E-03 1.78E-01 1.19E-01 9.30E-02 6.33E-02
Mn 7.50E-03 5.73E-03 3.27E-03 2.25E-03 7.00E-02 5.35E-02 3.05E-02 2.10E-02
Cd 6.67E-02 3.68E-02 2.72E-02 1.15E-02 6.22E-01 3.43E-01 2.54E-01 1.08E-01
HQder. Cd 4.65E-05 9.20E-04 9.44E-04 9.73E-04 3.05E-04 6.03E-03 6.19E-03 6.37E-03
Cu 1.60E-05 1.03E-05 1.30E-05 7.59E-06 1.05E-04 6.72E-05 8.49E-05 4.97E-05
Pb 1.07E-04 4.75E-05 5.75E-05 3.54E-05 6.99E-04 3.11E-04 3.76E-04 2.32E-04
Zn 4.79E-06 1.80E-06 1.62E-06 1.23E-06 3.14E-05 1.18E-05 1.06E-05 8.07E-06
Cr 2.76E-03 1.01E-03 7.80E-04 6.37E-04 1.80E-02 6.61E-03 5.11E-03 4.17E-03
Ni 2.82E-04 1.89E-04 1.47E-04 1.00E-04 1.85E-04 1.24E-04 9.65E-05 6.57E-05
Mn 7.48E-04 5.72E-04 3.26E-04 2.25E-04 4.90E-03 3.75E-03 2.13E-03 1.47E-03
Fe 2.66E-04 1.47E-04 1.09E-04 4.61E-05 1.74E-03 9.62E-04 7.11E-04 3.02E-04
HI Cd 3.38E-04 6.69E-03 6.86E-03 7.07E-03 3.02E-03 5.99E-02 6.14E-02 6.33E-02
Cu 1.10E-03 7.04E-04 8.90E-04 5.21E-04 1.02E-02 6.54E-03 8.27E-03 4.84E-03
Pb 1.00E-01 4.46E-02 5.40E-02 3.32E-02 9.35E-01 4.16E-01 5.04E-01 3.10E-01
Zn 2.45E-04 9.20E-05 8.29E-05 6.30E-05 2.27E-03 8.53E-04 7.69E-04 5.84E-04
Cr 6.93E-01 2.54E-01 1.96E-01 1.60E-01 6.46E+00 2.37E+00 1.83E+00 1.49E+00
Ni 1.94E-02 1.30E-02 1.01E-02 6.89E-03 1.79E-01 1.20E-01 9.31E-02 6.34E-02
Mn 8.25E-03 6.31E-03 3.59E-03 2.48E-03 7.49E-02 5.73E-02 3.26E-02 2.25E-02
Fe 6.70E-02 3.69E-02 2.73E-02 1.16E-02 6.24E-01 3.44E-01 2.55E-01 1.08E-01
Carcinogenic CRing. Cd 1.46E-07 2.89E-06 2.96E-06 3.05E-06 1.36E-06 2.70E-05 2.77E-05 2.85E-05
Cu 3.69E-05 2.36E-05 2.98E-05 1.75E-05 3.45E-04 2.20E-04 2.78E-04 1.63E-04
Pb 1.19E-07 5.30E-08 6.42E-08 3.95E-08 1.11E-06 4.94E-07 5.99E-07 3.68E-07
Cr 1.04E-03 3.80E-04 2.94E-04 2.40E-04 9.69E-03 3.55E-03 2.74E-03 2.24E-03
Ni 6.50E-04 4.35E-04 3.39E-04 2.31E-04 6.07E-03 4.06E-03 3.16E-03 2.15E-03
CRder. Cd 2.33E-08 4.60E-07 4.72E-07 4.86E-07 1.52E-07 3.01E-06 3.09E-06 3.19E-06
Cu 3.68E-06 2.35E-06 2.98E-06 1.74E-06 2.41E-05 1.54E-05 1.95E-05 1.14E-05
Pb 4.75E-10 2.11E-10 2.56E-10 1.57E-10 3.11E-09 1.38E-09 1.68E-09 1.03E-09
Cr 1.65E-04 6.06E-05 4.68E-05 3.82E-05 1.08E-03 3.97E-04 3.06E-04 2.50E-04
Ni 6.48E-05 4.34E-05 3.38E-05 2.30E-05 4.25E-04 2.84E-04 2.21E-04 1.51E-04
TCR c 1.69E-07 3.35E-06 3.44E-06 3.54E-06 1.51E-06 3.00E-05 3.08E-05 3.17E-05
Cu 4.06E-05 2.59E-05 3.28E-05 1.92E-05 3.69E-04 2.36E-04 2.98E-04 1.74E-04
Pb 1.20E-07 5.32E-08 6.44E-08 3.96E-08 1.11E-06 4.96E-07 6.00E-07 3.69E-07
Cr 1.20E-03 4.41E-04 3.41E-04 2.78E-04 1.08E-02 3.95E-03 3.05E-03 2.49E-03
Ni 7.15E-04 4.78E-04 3.73E-04 2.54E-04 6.49E-03 4.34E-03 3.38E-03 2.30E-03
eISSN:
1897-3191
Langue:
Anglais
Périodicité:
4 fois par an
Sujets de la revue:
Chemistry, other, Geosciences, Life Sciences
RSS Feed de la revue