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Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of the world’s highest aquatic environments from the Western Himalayas, India

Samadhan Pardhi
Samadhan Pardhi
, 
Thiruvalan Kokila
Thiruvalan Kokila
, 
Mital Thacker
Mital Thacker
, 
B. Alakananda
B. Alakananda
 et 
Balasubramanian Karthick
Balasubramanian Karthick
   | 28 juin 2023
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publié en ligne: 28 juin 2023
Pages: 172 - 205
Reçu: 23 sept. 2022
Accepté: 24 mars 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.2.04
© 2023 Samadhan Pardhi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map showing the different study sites of Ladakh, Western Himalayas, India
Map showing the different study sites of Ladakh, Western Himalayas, India

Figure 2

1-3. Stephanocyclus meneghinianus; 4-6. Lindavia biswashanti; 7-9. Diatoma vulgaris; 10-12. D. moniliformis; 13, 14. Fragilaria rinoi; 15-19. F. vaucheriae; 20-22. Hannaea arcus; 23-25. H. baicalensis; 26-27. Odontidium mesodon; 28-32. Pseudostaurosira cf. brevistriata; 33-35. P. subconstricta; 36-38. Staurosira cf. tabellaria; 39-40. Ulnaria ulna; 41-42. Anomoeoneis sphaerophora; 43-45. Stauroneis seperanda; 46-48. Brachysira cf. procera; 49-51. Caloneis falcifera. Scale bar = 10μm
1-3. Stephanocyclus meneghinianus; 4-6. Lindavia biswashanti; 7-9. Diatoma vulgaris; 10-12. D. moniliformis; 13, 14. Fragilaria rinoi; 15-19. F. vaucheriae; 20-22. Hannaea arcus; 23-25. H. baicalensis; 26-27. Odontidium mesodon; 28-32. Pseudostaurosira cf. brevistriata; 33-35. P. subconstricta; 36-38. Staurosira cf. tabellaria; 39-40. Ulnaria ulna; 41-42. Anomoeoneis sphaerophora; 43-45. Stauroneis seperanda; 46-48. Brachysira cf. procera; 49-51. Caloneis falcifera. Scale bar = 10μm

Figure 3

52-55. Craticula simplex; 56-60. Craticula sp.; 61-62. Fallacia pygmaea; 63-65. Frustulia vulgaris; 66-68. Navicula radiosa; 69-70. N. tripunctata; 71-73. N. cf. krammerae; 74-78. N. cf. libonensis; 79-83. N. cincta; 84-86. N. gregaria; 87-89. N. caterva. Scale bar =10 μm
52-55. Craticula simplex; 56-60. Craticula sp.; 61-62. Fallacia pygmaea; 63-65. Frustulia vulgaris; 66-68. Navicula radiosa; 69-70. N. tripunctata; 71-73. N. cf. krammerae; 74-78. N. cf. libonensis; 79-83. N. cincta; 84-86. N. gregaria; 87-89. N. caterva. Scale bar =10 μm

Figure 4

90-92. Navicula reinhardtii; 93-94. Pinnularia sp.1; 95-97. Pinnularia globiceps; 98-101. P. brebissonii; 102-103. Neidium sp.1; 104-105. Neidium bisulcatum var. subampliatum; 106-108. Sellaphora cf. auldreekie; 109-111. Sellaphora sp.1; 112-116. Achnanthidium pyrenaicum; 117-120. A. saprophilum; 121-123. Gogorevia exilis; 124-128. Cocconeis lineata; 129-131. Aneumastus minor. Scale bar = 10μm
90-92. Navicula reinhardtii; 93-94. Pinnularia sp.1; 95-97. Pinnularia globiceps; 98-101. P. brebissonii; 102-103. Neidium sp.1; 104-105. Neidium bisulcatum var. subampliatum; 106-108. Sellaphora cf. auldreekie; 109-111. Sellaphora sp.1; 112-116. Achnanthidium pyrenaicum; 117-120. A. saprophilum; 121-123. Gogorevia exilis; 124-128. Cocconeis lineata; 129-131. Aneumastus minor. Scale bar = 10μm

Figure 5

132-135. Psammothidium bioretii; 136-139. Gomphonema minutum; 140-144. G. parvulum; 145-146. Gomphonella cf. qii; 147-151. Gomphosinica hedinii; 152-154. Gomphonella cf. olivacea; 155-157. Reimeria sinuata; 158-159. Amphora ovalis; 160-161. A. copulata; 162-164. Cymbella nepalensis; 165-166. C. lange-bertalotii; 167-170. C. alpestris; 171-173. Encyonema silesiacum. Scale bar = 10μm
132-135. Psammothidium bioretii; 136-139. Gomphonema minutum; 140-144. G. parvulum; 145-146. Gomphonella cf. qii; 147-151. Gomphosinica hedinii; 152-154. Gomphonella cf. olivacea; 155-157. Reimeria sinuata; 158-159. Amphora ovalis; 160-161. A. copulata; 162-164. Cymbella nepalensis; 165-166. C. lange-bertalotii; 167-170. C. alpestris; 171-173. Encyonema silesiacum. Scale bar = 10μm

Figure 6

174-178. Encyonema ventricosum; 179-181. Encyonopsis cesatii; 182-183. E. microcephala; 184-186. Epithemia turgida; 187-189. E. proboscidea; 190-192. E. sorex; 193-194. Rhopalodia gibberula; 195-198. Denticula valida; 199-202. Denticula thermaloides. Scale bar = 10μm
174-178. Encyonema ventricosum; 179-181. Encyonopsis cesatii; 182-183. E. microcephala; 184-186. Epithemia turgida; 187-189. E. proboscidea; 190-192. E. sorex; 193-194. Rhopalodia gibberula; 195-198. Denticula valida; 199-202. Denticula thermaloides. Scale bar = 10μm

Figure 7

203-205. Nitzschia commutata; 206-208. Nitzschia palea; 209-212. N. denticula; 213-216. N. pusilla; 217-221. N. hantzschiana; 222-224. N. puriformis; 225-227. N. paleaeformis; 228-230.Tryblionella hungarica; 231-233. Cymatopleura apiculata; 234-236. Surirella angusta; 237-239. Surirella brebissonii. Scale bar = 10μm
203-205. Nitzschia commutata; 206-208. Nitzschia palea; 209-212. N. denticula; 213-216. N. pusilla; 217-221. N. hantzschiana; 222-224. N. puriformis; 225-227. N. paleaeformis; 228-230.Tryblionella hungarica; 231-233. Cymatopleura apiculata; 234-236. Surirella angusta; 237-239. Surirella brebissonii. Scale bar = 10μm

The sample collection details of different localities of the study area (– indicates that no information is available)

S.No. Acc. No. AHMA Location Habitat/Microhabitat Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E) Elevation (a.m.s.l.) Temp. (°C) Collector’s Name
1 1343 Puga, Ladakh - 33.227699 78.303133 4422 – Dr. Raymond Duraiswami
2 1344 - 33.227731 78.303027 4421 –
3 1345 Chumathang hot Spring, Ladakh Stream, Epiphytic 33.602777 78.323055 4022 80
4 1346 33.360277 78.323055 4022 53
5 1347 33.360555 78.324444 4028 42
6 1348 33.360555 78.324444 4028 32
7 1349 Pool, Epiphytic 33.360277 78.324722 4024 50
8 1350 33.360555 78.324722 4030 50
9 1351 33.360277 78.323055 4024 53
10 1352 Stream, Epiphytic 33.360277 78.323055 4021 52
11 1353 33.361001 78.323055 4017 30
12 1354 Small man made gutter, Epilithic 33.36055 78.323333 4024 80
13 2097 Nacho Resort, Hunder, Nubra Valley, Leh Stream, Epibryophytic 34.58945 77.462821 3150 – Dr. Aravind Madhyastha
14 2098 Stream, Epilithic 34.58945 77.462821 3150 –
15 2643 Guphunks, Spituk, Leh Pond, Epiphytic 34.1352 77.50394 3196 –
16 2644 Indus river, Leh River, Epilithic 34.1021 77.58858 3229 –
17 2645 Stream, Epilithic 34.10215 77.58858 3229 –
18 2646 34.10215 77.58858 3229 –
19 2647 Tiri Village, Leh Stream, Epiphytic 34.5895 77.4628 3229 –
20 2648 River, Epiphytic 33.61345 78.08371 3705 –
21 2649 Chumathang, Leh River, Epilithic 33.36108 78.32324 4031 –
22 2650 Tso Moriri Lake, Ladakh Stream, Epilithic 33.19381 78.35872 4543 –
23 2651 Lake, Epilithic 32.96487 78.26185 4552 –
24 2652 Lake, Epiphytic 32.99837 78.25989 4541 –
25 2653 Puga, Ladakh Stream, Epiphytic 33.22669 78.31535 4420 –
26 2654 33.22669 78.31535 4420 –
27 2655 Tso kar lake, Leh Lake, Epiphytic 33.32573 77.7433 4126 –
28 2656 Gya village, (near ice stupa cafe) Stream, Epilithic 33.64404 77.7633 4126 –
29 2657 Hunder, Nubra valley River, Epiphytic 34.5738 77.50023 3100 –
30 3320 Shey-chuchot road. Indus river 34.05812 77.640838 3240 –
31 3321 34.05812 77.640838 3240 –
32 3322 River, Sediment+Episamic 34.05812 77.640838 3240 –
33 3323 34.05812 77.640838 3240 –
34 3324 Mathoo raod, near Husainiya Chuchot Gongma River, Epilithic 33.99742 77.63501 3484 –
35 3325 Stakna Bridge, Indus river River, Epiphytic 34.007556 77.688138 3273 –
36 3326 River, Epilithic 34.007556 77.688138 3273 –
37 3327 Mughalpura, Srinagar-Leh Highway Stream, Epiphytic 34.330304 75.572423 3271 –

List of taxa present in each of the diatom samples collected from Ladakh

S.no Taxa name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
1 Stephanocyclus meneghinianus +
2 Lindavia biswashanti +
3 Diatoma vulgaris + + + + +
4 Diatoma moniliformis + + + + + +
5 Fragilaria rinoi + +
6 Fragilaria vaucheriae + + + + +
7 Hannaea arcus + + +
8 Hannaea baicalensis +
9 Odontidium mesodon + + +
10 Pseudostaurosira cf. brevistriata +
11 Pseudostaurosira subconstricta +
12 Staurosira cf. tabellaria + +
13 Ulnaria ulna +
14 Anomoeoneis sphaerophora +
15 Stauroneis seperanda +
16 Brachysira cf. procera +
17 Caloneis falcifera + +
18 Craticula simplex + + + + + +
19 Craticula sp. + +
20 Fallacia pygmaea +
21 Frustulia vulgaris +
22 Navicula radiosa + + +
23 Navicula tripunctata + + + + + +
24 Navicula cf. krammerae + +
25 Navicula cf. libonensis + + +
26 Navicula cincta + + + +
27 Navicula gregaria + +
28 Navicula caterva + + + + +
29 Navicula reinhardtii +
30 Pinnularia sp.1
31 Pinnularia globiceps +
32 Pinnularia brebissonii + + + +
33 Neidium sp.1 +
34 Neidium bisulcatum var. subampliatum +
35 Sellaphora cf. auldreekie + +
36 Sellaphora sp.1 + + + + +
37 Achnanthidium pyrenaicum + + + + + + + + +
38 Achnanthidium saprophilum + + + + + +
39 Gogorevia exilis + + +
40 Cocconeis lineata + + + + + + + + +
41 Aneumastus minor +
42 Psammothidium bioretii + +
43 Gomphonema minutum + + +
44 Gomphonema parvulum + + + + + + + +
45 Gomphonella cf. qii +
46 Gomphosinica hedinii + + + + +
47 Gomphonella cf. olivacea + + + + + + + +
48 Reimeria sinuata + + + + +
49 Amphora ovalis +
50 Amphora copulata +
51 Cymbella nepalensis + + + + + +
52 Cymbella lange-bertalotii + +
53 Cymbella alpestris + + + + + +
54 Encyonema silesiacum + + +
55 Encyonema ventricosum + + + + +
56 Encyonopsis cesatii + + + +
57 Encyonopsis microcephala + + + + + +
58 Epithemia turgida + +
59 Epithemia proboscidea +
60 Epithemia sorex + +
61 Rhopalodia gibberula +
62 Denticula valida + + + + + +
63 Denticula thermaloides + + + + + + +
64 Nitzschia commutata + +
65 Nitzschia palea + + + + + +
66 Nitzschia denticula + + + + +
67 Nitzschia pusilla +
68 Nitzschia hantzschiana + + +
69 Nitzschia puriformis + +
70 Nitzschia paleaeformis + + + + + + +
71 Tryblionella hungarica + + + + + +
72 Cymatopleura apiculata +
73 Surirella angusta + + +
74 Surirella brebissonii +
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